Stress field calculation around a particle in elastic–plastic polymer matrix under multiaxial loading as basis for the determination of adhesion strength

The stress distribution around a single particle coated with an elastic interphase embedded within an elastic–plastic polymer matrix under multiaxial load was considered. The specimen has a curved (necked) geometry, which causes multiaxial local stresses in the neighbourhood of the particle. The motivation for the calculations is to determine the maximum radial stress (debonding strength) at the particle surface as a function of applied load. The effect of the particle size on failure initiation is considered. Assuming that the normal stress at the interface is responsible for debonding, the adhesion strength can be determined from the critical load at debonding initiation. Because of the matrix yielding, the relation between the applied load and the maximum radial stress at the particle/interphase interface is a non-linear one. Using this relation, the determination of interfacial strength will be possible by a tensile test.     

多晶体压剪试样静态加载有限元计算

基于晶体塑性理论研究了晶体织构对数值计算结果的影响,建立了带有织构的多晶体压剪试样(SCS)模型。从材料和试样结构两方面研究了静态加载条件下微观晶粒在有限变形过程中对试样宏观力学性能的影响。由于模型几何结构的特殊性,重点对模型斜槽部分的应力、应变及变形特点进行了分析。考虑到试样在压缩过程中受摩擦的影响,数值分析了不同摩擦系数对变形过程的影响,在此基础上计算了相同摩擦系数下不同晶粒数目、不同单元数目以及单元类型对多晶体压剪模型力学性能的影响,并对试件关键部位不同取向晶粒的应力状态进行了分析。     

99氧化铝陶瓷在不同应变率下的破碎特性

开展了99氧化铝陶瓷在不同应变率下的轴向压缩实验,通过对相应应变率下的试件碎片进行软回收,并结合筛余法对碎片进行几何表征,获得了不同应变率下的碎片尺寸分布曲线和试件破坏的能量吸收过程,建立了颗粒陶瓷的外力功与相对破碎率之间的关系。采用数字图像相关(Digital image correlation,DIC)技术获取了不同应变率下沿加载方向的应变场,并结合能量吸收过程和碎片级配表现分析了破坏模式。实验结果表明:99氧化铝陶瓷的破坏强度与应变率呈正相关,在中应变率下,能量吸收率与应变率呈负相关,由于能量吸收机制的改变,样品初始为劈裂破坏;当应变率达到401 s^?1时,破坏模式变为劈裂-粉碎混合破坏;随着应变率继续增大,试件变为粉碎破坏,颗粒平均粒径减小,碎片尺寸趋同,应力集中的影响逐渐减弱。分析了能量、破坏过程、碎片分布之间的关系,最终获得了碎片分布规律以及破碎特性。     

AD95陶瓷的层裂强度及冲击压缩损伤机理研究

采用激光位移干涉测试技术测量了AD95 陶瓷在一维应变冲击压缩下的自由面或样品/窗口界面粒子速度剖面, 确定了层裂强度及其与加载应力的变化关系, 在此基础上讨论了冲击压缩损伤程度与加载应力的关系. 研究结果表明: AD95陶瓷发生冲击压缩损伤的阈值应力约为3.7 GPa, 小于其雨贡纽弹性极限(HEL, 约5.47 GPa); 小于阈值应力不发生冲击压缩损伤, 层裂强度随加载应力的增加逐渐增大; 大于阈值应力冲击压缩损伤快速发展, 层裂强度迅速降低; 在HEL附近层裂强度降低到零, 丧失了抗拉能力, 表明材料发生了严重的冲击压缩损伤.     

Stress measurement under high pressure using Kawai‐type multi‐anvil apparatus combined with synchrotron radiation

A system for stress measurement under high pressure has been developed at beamline BL04B1, SPring‐8, Japan. A Kawai‐type multi‐anvil apparatus, SPEED‐1500, was used to pressurize polycrystalline KCl to 9.9 GPa in a mechanically anisotropic cell assembly with the KCl sample sandwiched between dense Al₂O₃ pistons. The variation of deviatoric stress was determined from the lattice distortion measured using two‐dimensional X‐ray diffraction with monochromatic synchrotron X‐rays. The low‐pressure B1 phase transformed to the high‐pressure polymorph B2 during compression. The deviatoric stress increased with increasing pressure in both the B1 and B2 phases except for the two‐phase‐coexisting region at a pressure of 2–3 GPa. This new system provides one of the technical foundations for conducting precise rheological measurements at conditions of the Earth's lower mantle.     

Determination of residual stresses within plasma spray coating using Moiré interferometry method

In this paper, residual stresses of the Ni-Cr-B-Si coatings prepared by supersonic plasma spray processing were measured by moiré interferometry and X-ray diffraction method. Moiré interferometry method was used in measuring the distribution of residual stresses of the Ni-Cr-B-Si coatings alongside the specimen thickness direction, then the distribution of residual stresses both in the substrate and the coating was also analyzed. Experimental results showed that residual stresses in the coating and the substrate are tensile and compressive separately; residual stresses of the coating are diminished with the increase of the distance from the coating surface and almost zero at the coating-substrate interface; the maximum of compressive residual stresses of the substrate are present to the vicinity of the coating-substrate interface. It could be concluded that residual stresses in the specimen would result from the dismatch of thermophysical properties between the coating and substrate during the spray process, and the distribution of residual stresses of the substrate would be influenced by the sandblasting prior to spraying.     

3D Raman mapping of uniaxially loaded 6H‐SiC crystals

Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the three‐dimensional stress distribution in 6H‐silicon carbide (SiC) specimens subjected to stresses up to 3.7 GPa along the c‐axis. Specifically, the relative Raman shift of the longitudinal optic phonon of 6H‐SiC is used to evaluate the local stress across the bulk crystal. For this purpose, an anvil device with opposed 6H‐SiC and sapphire specimens was used. After subjecting the anvils to uniaxial load, several series of two‐dimensional Raman maps were registered at different depths in the 6H‐SiC anvil. The analysis of the Raman spectra reveals an exponential decay of the stress as a function of the depth. A novel phenomenological Grüneisen‐like model is introduced here to account for such observation. On the contrary, the in‐plane stress analysis shows a radial Gaussian‐like distribution regardless the depth, a distinct behavior that is attributed to the appearance of shear stress components. The suitability of both models and their applicability to other materials are discussed, along with some future directions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

压应力场下PLZT铁电陶瓷的原位Raman观测

铁电陶瓷材料在外场加载下的畴变所引起的材料结构变化,是导致材料性能衰变和破坏的主要原因,Raman光谱技术是一种研究铁电材料畴变和微结构变化的无损伤性及原位微区的观测方法。采用传统固相法合成Zr/Ti原子比为53/478的掺镧锆钛酸铅(PLZT)铁电陶瓷材料 ,采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜及Precision_LC铁电测试系统分别对试样进行结构形貌表征和铁电物理性能测试,利用自制的应力加载装置与Raman光谱仪联用,实现不同压应力场作用下试样的原位Raman谱测试,考察和分析Raman谱软模E(2TO)和E(3TO+2LO)+B1的峰强和峰位随散射偏振方向的变化规律。结果表明,不同压应力场下Raman软模E(2TO)和E(3TO+2LO)+B1的峰强均随散射偏振角度呈现正弦式的变化规律,在60°偏振角度上软模峰强最大,在150°偏振角度上软模峰强最小。随着压应力场的增加,在0°和60°偏振角度获得的软模峰强随应力场的增加呈现明显的下降趋势,而在90°和150°偏振角度获得的软模峰强基本不变。压应力场变化对PLZT陶瓷的Raman软模E(2TO)和E(3TO+2LO)+B1的峰位均不产生影响。     

Influence of the size and concentration of soft-phase inclusion agglomerates on ceramic specimen strength

The paper is a theoretical study into the influence of the content and distribution of soft-phase inclusion agglomerates in the matrix of a ceramic composite specimen on its strength and deformation properties. The movable cellular automata method was used to simulate uniaxial compression of two-dimensional composite material specimens with an aspect ratio of 1:1. It is found that the strength and deformation properties of the generated composites decrease nonlinearly with the growing volume fraction of inclusions. The average size of inclusion agglomerates at the same volume fraction of the soft-phase particles slightly affects the strength and deformation properties of the simulated specimens. The obtained theoretical results can be used to develop new ceramic materials, such as composite ceramics with dimensions preserved at varying temperature.     

The Wall Stresses and Insert Load in a Two‐Dimensional Flat‐bottomed Bin with an Equilateral Triangle Insert

The wall stresses and insert load in a two‐dimensional flat‐bottomed bin with a flow corrective insert were investigated. The static wall stress distributions produced by the granular solids were measured and compared with the theoretical prediction using the differential slice method. The variations in the dynamic wall stresses and the dynamic response of the insert load with time were obtained. The comparison of the experimental insert load to the theoretical prediction was demonstrated. In addition, the effect of the flow corrective insert upon the wall stress and insert load was investigated. As the insert half‐angle increases, the effect of disrupting the contact force network above the insert decreases, and the insert load produced by the granular solids increases. Employing the results obtained using stress measurements, the pulsation phenomena of wall stress and insert load in a bin with a triangle flow corrective insert may be further understood.     

金刚石层厚度对复合片(PDC)残余应力的影响

 通过X射线应力测试和有限元分析相结合的方法,研究了金刚石层厚度对聚晶金刚石复合片（PDC）残余应力的影响,并根据实验测试结果推导出了PDC表面中心与边缘的应力随金刚石层厚度变化的关系式。随着金刚石层厚度由0.5 mm增加到2.0 mm,PDC表面中心的压应力从1 800 MPa下降至700 MPa左右,而边缘部分的应力逐渐由压应力转为拉应力。金刚石层加厚虽然对边缘部分的最大拉应力影响不大,但使PDC边缘拉应力区宽度由0.76 mm增加到了2.85 mm。金刚石层厚度的增加还使得PDC边缘界面附近y方向的最大拉应力和位于界面边缘处的最大剪应力显著加大,这是金刚石层较厚的PDC界面容易产生裂纹的主要原因。     

Compression behavior of NiO in a diamond cell

Abstract

The compressibility of synthetic polycrystalline NiO was studied in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature utilizing two different X-ray sources. A standard film with a conventional X-ray source and the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) method with synchrotron radiation were used for data acquisition. In the film method, the sample was compressed in a 4:1 methanol to ethanol solution up to 7 GPa with ruby fluorescence as a pressure calibrant. In the energy dispersive method, NiO powder was mixed with gold and compressed in two different conditions: gasketed and ungasketed up to 30 GPa. In the gasketed run, water was used as the pressure transmitting medium while gold was used as pressure calibrant in both runs.

Hydrostatic compression of NiO in both diffraction methods yields a bulk modulus (K _o) of 187 ± 7 GPa assuming K′ = 4. The compression of gasketed NiO of the synchrotron experiment, however, showed an obvious break at pressure exceeding 4 GPa due to the loss of hydrostaticity. NiO in a nonhydrostatic condition behaves with less compressibility than the hydrostatic results with a nominal K _o of 238 ± 10 GPa. The lower compressibility of NiO in synchrotron runs is attributed to the uniaxial loading effect which was more easily detected by the EDXRD geometry. The discrepancy in the bulk modulus can be attributed to the contrast in the shear strength between the sample and pressure medium and the Poisson effect of the sample under uniaxial loading.     

Compressive fracture characteristics of Zr-based bulk metallic glass

The compressive fracture characteristics of Zr-based bulk metallic glass under uniaxial compression tests are studied.The zigzag rheological behavior is observed in the compression stress-strain curves of amorphous alloys.At room temperature the uniaxial compression fracture takes place along the plane which is at a 45-degree angle to the direction of the compressive stress.The microstructure of a typical fracture pattern is the vein network.A unique,finger-like vein pattern is found to exist at the fractur...     

多孔材料在压缩载荷作用下的剪切破坏模式分析

压缩行为是工程材料最为基本的力学性能之一. 本文通过简化结构模型分析了各向同性的三维网状高孔率多孔材料在压缩载荷作用下的破坏模式,其中包括单向压缩、双向压缩和三向压缩等三种承载情形. 在此基础上,得出了这种多孔体受压破坏源于剪切断裂模式时名义主应力与孔率之间的数理关系. 结果表明,该类材料承受压缩载荷时的破坏模式与其材质的种类有关,脆性材质多孔体的孔棱呈拉断破坏模式,而韧性材质多孔体的孔棱则可能出现剪切断裂的破坏模式. 对应得出的强度设计判据可为该类材料在这种承载破坏模式下的应用提供参考.     

不同应变率下两种岩石的压缩破碎特征试验研究

为了研究不同岩石在不同应变率下压缩时裂纹的产生规律及破坏模式,将石灰岩和红砂岩制成试件,研究其在不同应变率和受力模式下裂纹的形成模式。开展了两种岩石的准静态压缩和动态压缩试验,采用高速摄影机记录了裂纹的产生和破坏模式。对两种岩石试件的裂纹形态进行对比,基于岩石的物理性质、受力状态、能量演化分析,得到了在不同应变率下压缩时产生差异性的原因。结果表明:准静态压缩下岩石试件受压的破坏模式也会因应变率的不同而存在差异,并且破坏模式的差异对岩石试件的抗压强度将产生显著的影响;从能量演化的角度分析,入射能量的大小将会决定岩石试样动态抗压强度曲线是否出现起伏;动态压缩时,裂纹的周向扩展速度与岩石抗压强度呈正相关。     

金刚石压砧内单轴应力场对物质状态方程测量的影响

金刚石压砧的几何结构使得在高压下封垫内的样品通常处于单轴应力场中：压砧轴向加载应力最大,径向应力最小.由于金刚石压砧内非静水压单轴应力场的影响,用传统的高压原位X射线衍射方法测得的物质压缩曲线一般位于理想静水压压缩曲线之上.利用金刚石压砧径向X射线衍射技术以及晶格应变理论,结合最近的钨、金刚石和硼六氧样品的高压原位同步辐射径向X射线衍射实验结果,从宏观差应力、样品强度、标压物质和待测物质强度的关系三个方面分析讨论了金刚石压砧内单轴应力场对物质状态方程测量的影响及解决方案. 关键词： 金刚石压砧 单轴应力场 高压原位X射线衍射 状态方程     

Al2O3陶瓷衬底碳离子预注入对金刚石薄膜应力的影响研究

通过对Al2O3陶瓷衬底进行碳离子预注入，大大降低了Al2O3陶瓷衬底上金刚石薄膜的应力，且金刚石薄膜中的压应力随碳离子注入剂量的增加而线性下降.通过对Al2O3陶瓷衬底注入前后的对比分析表明，高能量的碳离子注入Al2O3陶瓷衬底以后，并没有产生过渡层性质的新相，而是大量累积在Al2O3晶格的间隙位，使Al2O3晶格发生畸变.而且，随着碳离子注入剂量的增加，Al2O3基体内晶格畸变加剧，注入层残余压应力也随之上升.当金刚石薄膜沉积以后，在降温的过程中衬底这部分残余应力得到释放，从而部分弛豫了金刚石薄膜中的 关键词： 金刚石薄膜 应力 离子注入 Al2O3陶瓷     

Fabrication of freestanding GaN microstructures using AlN sacrificial layers

The fabrication of freestanding GaN microstructures using AlN sacrificial layers (SLs) is reported. GaN layers were grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) on polycrystalline AlN sacrificial layers that have been deposited at 600 °C. Isotropic wet chemical etching of the AlN film released GaN microbridges and – cantilevers. The stress gradient and the compressive stress in the GaN‐film was extracted by analysis of the relation between beam geometry and displacement. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy evaluation of residual stresses in 3C-SiC layer deposited on Si substrates with different crystallographic orientations

Raman scattering studies were performed on hot-wall chemical vapor deposited (heteroepitaxial) silicon carbide (SiC) films grown on Si substrates with orientations of (1 0 0), (1 1 1), (1 1 0) and (2 1 1), respectively. Raman spectra suggested that good quality cubic SiC single crystals could be obtained on the Si substrate, independent of its crystallographic orientation. Average residual stresses in the epitaxially grown 3C-SiC films were measured with the laser waist focused on the epilayer surface. Tensile and compressive residual stresses were found to be stored within the SiC film and in the Si substrate, respectively. The residual stress exhibited a marked dependence on the orientation of the substrate. The measured stresses were comparable to the thermal stress deduced from elastic deformation theory, which demonstrates that the large lattice mismatch between cubic SiC and Si is effectively relieved by initial carbonization. The confocal configuration of the optical probe enabled a stress evaluation along the cross-section of the sample, which showed maximum tensile stress magnitude at the SiC/Si interface from the SiC side, decreasing away from the interface in varied rate for different crystallographic orientations. Defocusing experiments were used to precisely characterize the geometry of the laser probe in 3C-SiC single crystal. Based on this knowledge, a theoretical convolution of the in-depth stress distribution could be obtained, which showed a satisfactory agreement with stress values obtained by experiments performed on the 3C-SiC surface.     

Stress-dependent changes in the diffuse ultrasonic backscatter coefficient in steel: experimental results

In this article, the effects of uniaxial compressive loading on the ultrasonic scattering from polycrystalline grains are shown for 10 MHz ultrasound in annealed, 1018 steel. The results show a decreasing value of the stress-dependent backscatter coefficient for normal incident ultrasound when the compression loading is perpendicular to the scattering direction. The change due to scattering is about 2 orders of magnitude greater than changes observed by others using ultrasonic wavespeed measurements. It is anticipated that this research can serve as the basis for many methods associated with nondestructive determination of stress in structural materials.