Numerical validation of the shear compression specimen. Part II: Dynamic large strain testing

Part I of this work addressed quasi-static loading of the shear compression specimen (SCS), which has been especially developed to investigate the shear dominant response of materials at various strain rates. The stress and strain states were characterized numerically. Approximations were presented to reduce the measured load,P, and displacement,d, into equivalent stress and strain . This paper addresses dynamic loading of the SCS. Several simulations were made for representative materials, whose stress-strain behavior is assumed to be rate-independent. The results show that stress wave loading induces strong oscillations in theP-d curve. However, the curve remains smooth in the gage section. The oscillations are about the quasistatic load values, so that with suitable filtering of the dynamicP-d curves, the quasi-static ones are readily recovered. Consequently, the approach that was developed for quasi-static loading of the SCS is now extended to dynamic loading situations. The average strain rate is rather constant and scales linearly with the prescribed velocity. As the plastic modulus becomes smaller, the strain rate reaches higher values. Friction at the end pieces of the specimen is also investigated, and shown to have a small overall influence on the determined mechanical characteristics. This paper thereby confirms the potential of the SCS for large strain testing of materials, using a unified approach, over a large range of strain rates in a seamless fashion.     

辽西风积土动应力试验研究

通过对辽西地区风积土动三轴试验, 研究了动荷载作用下辽西风积土的动强度特性和抗液化特性.通过控制不同的动荷幅值、固结比和固结围压等试验条件, 获得了抗震设防烈度为7 度时, 辽西风积土的动应力值和抗液化剪应力比. 利用Excel 软件, 对试验数据进行回归处理, 得到了该土试样的动应力与固结比和固结围压两种因素的经验关系式. 试验和回归分析结果表明, 风积土的动应力与固结比和固结围压成正比. 试验研究了不同固结比条件下辽西地区风积土的液化强度特性, 获得了不同固结比条件下的抗液化剪应力比. 试验结果表明, 风积土的抗液化剪应力随着固结比的增加而增大. 上述试验结果对于辽西地区工程的抗震设计具有重要的指导意义和工程实用价值.     

辽西风积土动力特性实验研究

通过一系列动态三轴实验,研究了原状饱和辽西风积土在不同固结压力条件下的动态强度、动态弹性模量和阻尼比。结果表明,辽西风积土的破坏动态强度随着固结围压和固结应力比的增大而增大,而动态剪切强度明显区别于静态剪强度;其动态弹模量随着固结应力比和固结围压的增加而增加,而阻尼比随着固结应力比和固结围压的增大而减小。同时,分别拟合得到最大动态弹模量和最大阻尼比与有效固结应力的关系式,并且对动态弹模量和阻尼比进行了归一化处理。     

循环荷载作用下饱和粘土中的有效应力原理的实验研究

有效应力原理是土力学中的经典理论,在土动力学中,有效应力原理的应用基本上是沿用土静力学中的方法,即通过建立合理的孔压模式,利用有效应力原理对土体的破坏进行分析。但是通过动三轴试验发现,在动三轴不固结不排水试验中,整个试验过程中孔压不发生变化,土体强度却发生了明显的衰减。这种现象利用有效应力原理无法得到合理的解释。针对这种现象,本文建议引入损伤变量D,作为反映土体结构变化的参数,对有效应力原理进行修正。经过修正后的有效应力原理反映了在循环荷载作用下,循环扰动造成的结构损伤对有效应力的影响,可以合理地解释动力作用下土体中孔压和有效应力相互转换,以及土体强度衰减的原因。     

Mechanical Behaviors of Saturated Sand under Complicated Loading

The different physical states of saturated sand, including shear elasticity, positive dilatancy, and negative dilatancy (preliminary negative dilatancy, secondary negative dilatancy and reversal negative dilatancy) are revealed based on the pore water pressure response of saturated sand in undrained dynamic torsional tests of thin cylinder samples and also checked by the drained cyclic triaxial tests under a given mean effective normal stress. According to the effective stress path of different physical states under the undrained cyclic torsional tests the physical state transformation surface, stress history boundary and yield surface are determined, and the state boundary surface is also determined by the range of effective frictional stress state movement. Based on the moving yield surface without rotation, and the expanding stress history boundary surface relevant to the stress path variations under different physical states in 3D stress space, a physical state model is proposed to provide a new app     

主应力轴旋转对压实黄土动变形特性的影响

实际工程中的地基或路基的土体往往处于复杂初始应力状态,在地震或其他动荷载的作用下会出现变形和沉降,而常规的室内土工试验无法真实再现这种固结应力条件下土的动力特性。通过对原有的DTC 199型周期扭转荷载三轴仪进行简单的改造后可进行土体在主应力轴发生旋转时的压实黄土动变形的试验研究。结果表明,在其他固结条件不变的情况下,初始主应力方向角α对压实黄土的动剪切模量有一定的影响,随着α的增加,动剪切模量有减小的趋势,最大动剪应力也逐渐减小,但是α对最大动剪切模量的影响不太显著。初始主应力方向角α对压实黄土的阻尼比基本没有影响,在λ-lgγd的半对数坐标图中,阻尼比随动剪应变的增加有逐渐增大的趋势,并且表现出较好的相关性。     

Transient response of a finite crack in an orthotropic strip under the in-plane shear impact

The transient response of a central crack in an orthotropic strip under the in-plane shear impact loading is studied by using the dual integral equation method proposed by Copson and Sih. The general formula for the shear stress intensity factor near the crack tip is derived. Numerical results of with in various cases are obtained by solving the second kind Fredholm integral equation and by performing the inverse Laplace transform.     

循环荷载下岩石阻尼行为的试验研究

为了深入地了解岩石的阻尼特性,利用WDT–1500多功能材料试验机,对砂岩、砾岩和砂砾岩进行了循环荷载试验,研究了岩石的动剪切模量和阻尼参数对应力、应变幅值和应力水平的响应特性,得到了动弹性模量和阻尼参数随应力幅值、应力水平及含水率的变化规律,讨论了其变化机理。证实了双曲线关系能够描述分级循环荷载作用下岩石的应力-应变关系,得到了动剪切模量和阻尼比与动应力、动应变之间的关系,建立了不同应力水平和不同应力幅值条件下岩石的动剪切模量与阻尼比关系模型,结果表明该模型能够描述分级循环荷载过程中阻尼行为。     

A novel method for measuring and characterizing dynamic fracture-initiation toughness of elastic-plastic materials

The characterization and testing methods of the dynamic fracture initiation toughness of elastic-plastic materials under tensile impact are studied. By using the self-designed bar-bar tensile impact apparatus, a novel test method for studying dynamic fracture-initiation has been proposed based on the one-dimensional test principle. The curve of average loadv. s. displacement is smooth until unstable crack propagation, and the kinetic energy which does not contribute to the crack growth can be removed from total work done by external-force to the specimen. The fracture-initiation point is determined by compliance-changing rate method. The results show that these methods are feasible and effective. Through the analysis of the conversion between work and energy of a fracture specimen, the dynamicJ-integral is adopted as a characteristic parameter for elastic-plastic materials under impact loading. TheJ-integral is calculated from and curves by using the formula proposed, by Rice. TheJ-integral at fracture initiation is employed to describe the dynamic fracture-initiation toughness of elastic-plastic materials and the experimental results indicate thatJ _ID can be regarded as a material constant.     

沉积方向和粒径组成对砂土力学特性的影响

运用砂土毛细效应所形成的假凝聚力制备具有不同沉积方向的试样,开展三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究粒径组成对初始各向异性砂土力学特性的影响,分析了粒径组成、沉积方向、强度特性和体积变化之间的相互关系.研究结论表明,试样剪切带的形成受到颗粒级配的影响,它是应力应变关系中陡降阶段的产生原因.沉积方向对粗砂和细砂的偏应力峰值强度均有...     

A novel impact three-point bend test method for determining dynamic fracture-initiation toughness

A novel impact three-point bend test method has been developed for determining the dynamic fracture-initiation toughness,K _Id, over the range of loading rates . The split-Hopkinson pressure-bar technique is used to measure dynamic loads applied to a bend specimen with a fatigue precrack. The stress-intensity-factor histories for the bend specimen are evaluated by means of a dynamic finite-element technique and the standard formula (ASTM E 399-83) based on the measured dynamic loads. The time of crack initiation is determined using a strain gage mounted near a crack tip. The results for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy and Ti−6A1−2Sn−4Zr−6Mo alloy indicate that the reliableK _Id data can only be obtained by evaluation procedures which take the inertial effects into account. It is shown that the novel impact bend test method in conjunction with dynamic finite-element analysis provides an effective means of characterizing the dynamic fracture-toughness parameterK _Id.     

常德-张家界高速公路某大桥桥基砂土液化评价

结合常德—张家界高速公路某大桥桥基工程,在DSD—160型电磁式振动三轴试验仪上,通过往返加荷三轴试验,对饱和砂土进行了液化试验研究,探讨了基于动三轴液化试验结果判断饱和砂土液化的方法。并尝试了这种室内研究—反应分析的液化可能性估计方法与地震剪应力时程相结合的综合判断方法。在该高速公路大桥桥基的饱和砂土液化评价中,采用这种综合判断方法,对大桥桥基砂土液化进行了判断。在判断场地是否液化后,对其液化危害程度进行了等级划分,给出了该工程场地在未来遭受到不同超越概率下的地震作用时发生液化的危害程度,得到了一些有工程实用意义的结果。     

三轴SHPB冲击作用下岩石破坏机理的研究

本文应用三轴SHPB高速冲击试验机对岩石试体进行三向应力状态（对试件施加围压2=3和冲击应力1）下的冲击试验,分析研究岩石的破坏机理。由试验结果对三轴状态下岩石的破坏类型进行分类,分析其内部受力状况;得出岩石动态破坏强度,画出动态三轴、动态单轴和静态单轴的破坏强度比较曲线。通过对破坏类型的分析,以最大剪应力条件建立岩石的破坏判据,建立三轴动态破坏强度、单轴动态破坏强度与围压的关系式。     

Novel material tailoring method for internally pressurized FG spherical and cylindrical vessels

A new material tailoring method for spherical and cylindrical vessels made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is presented. It is assumed that the FG material is composed of an Al–SiC metallic-matrix composite. A uniform ratio of in-plane shear stress to yield strength [\(\varphi \left( r \right) \)] is used as the design criterion to utilize the maximum capacity of the vessel. The aim is to find a distribution of SiC particles in the radial direction, i.e., \(f\left( r \right) \), that achieves a uniform index \(\varphi \left( r \right) =\hbox {const}.\) through the wall thickness of the internally pressurized spherical or cylindrical vessel. Both the Mori–Tanaka and rule-of-mixtures homogenization schemes are used to express the effective elastic module and Poisson’s ratio. Moreover, the strength of the composite is expressed based on the rule of mixtures. Besides, finite element simulation is carried out to verify the accuracy of the analytical solution. The effects of input parameters such as the internal pressure, strength of the SiC particles, ratio of in-plane shear stress to effective yield strength, and choice of homogenization scheme on the tailored distribution of the SiC volume fraction in the radial direction are also investigated.     

行车荷载作用下冲填土变形特性试验研究

本文以上海临港新城冲填土地层分布区的道路在车辆振动荷载作用下路基变形为研究对象,以一定的动应力、不同的振动频率来模拟车辆振动荷载,进行了振动三轴试验研究,试验结果表明:在固结比相同,振动幅值相同的情况下,轴向应变随着振动次数的增加呈线性增大;轴向应变随孔隙水压力的增加先缓慢增长,当孔压比达到一定值后,轴向应变会迅速增加,直到破坏;轴向应变与剪应变和径向应变呈良好的线性关系。     

复杂加载条件下的砂土本构模型

试验表明,饱和砂土的应力应变关系具有显著的密度以及压力依存性,上述两点构成了描述砂土静力加载下变形特性无法忽视的因素. 此外,在循环加载等复杂加载作用下,砂土还会表现出明显的应力诱导各向异性以及相变转换特性. 基于在e--p空间中存在唯一的临界状态线这一基本假定,通过在e--p空间中引入当前状态点与临界状态线的距离R来作为反映密度与压力依存特性的状态参量, 将变相应力比以及峰值应力比表达为状态参量的指数函数,将上述应力比参量引入到统一硬化参量中可准确地反映初始状态下围压、密度 对于单调加载下应力应变关系的影响规律,能描述砂土剪缩、剪胀,应变软化、硬化等特性. 采用非相关联流动法则,p--q空间中采用水滴型屈服面,塑性势面为椭圆面,松砂在单调加载下的静态液化现象也可描述. 为反映循环加载下塑性体积应变的累积特性以及塑形偏应变的滞回特性,在循环加载下将状态参量R表达为应力比参量,并在硬化参数中引入描述应力诱导各向异性特性的旋转硬化部分,所提模型可有效地描述循环加载下剪切模量的衰减特性、刚度衰化性质、强度减小特性,在不排水约束作用下,则会产生往返活动性现象. 通过一系列的模型模拟与试验结果对比,验证了本构模型的有效性及适用性.      

Grain size,strain rate,and temperature dependence of flow stress in ultra-fine grained and nanocrystalline Cu and Al: Synthesis,experiment, and constitutive modeling

For the first time, high quality bulk nanocrystalline (nc) fcc metals, with least amounts of imperfections, exhibiting high strength and ductility at room and different temperatures, under quasi-static and dynamic types of loading, were prepared and a comprehensive study on their post-yield mechanical properties was performed. This investigation included study of the effect of temperature on stress–strain responses of mechanically milled bulk nc Cu and Al. The samples after preparation through mechanical milling and consolidation processes were subjected to uniaxial compressive loading at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates of 10⁻² s⁻¹ and 1840–3105 s⁻¹, respectively, at temperatures ranging from 223 to 523 K. In both materials strong dependency of flow stress to temperature was observed; this dependency was rather more pronounced when the materials were tested at the quasi-static strain rate. Further, a new grain size and temperature dependent viscoplastic phenomenological constitutive equation, Khan–Liang–Farrokh (KLF) model was developed based on the Khan–Huang–Liang (KHL) constitutive equation. The model was featured to correlate different characteristic behaviors of polycrystalline materials in the plastic regime, as the result of grain refinement. In addition, the viscoplastic responses of bulk Cu and Al of different grain sizes (from sub-micron to nanometer range), and those from bulk nc Cu and Al at different strain rates (quasi-static to dynamic), recently published (21 and 22), were simulated using the newly developed equation. The results confirmed reasonable capability of the developed model to correlate a wide spectrum of the viscoplastic responses of these fcc metals.     

Theoretical mean wave resistance of precursor solition generation in two-layer flow

A new concept of pseudo mean wave resistance is introduced to find theoretical mean wave resistances of the precursor soliton generation in two-layer flow over a localized topography at near-resonance in this paper. The pseudo mean wave resistance of the precursor soliton generation of two-layer flow is determined in terms of the AfKdV equation. From the theoretical results it is shown that the theoretical mean wave resistance is equal to the pseudo mean wave resistance times 1/m ₁, wherem ₁ is the coefficient of the fKdV equation. From the regional distribution of the energy of the precursor soliton generation at the resonant points, it is shown that ratios of the theoretical mean wave resistance and regional mean energy to the total mean energy are invariant constants, i.e. : (−1/2):1:1, in which and are the mean energy of the generating regions of the precursor solitons, of the depression and of the trailing, wavetrain at the resonant points respectively, and <D> are the total energy of the system and the theoretical mean wave resistance at the resonant points. A prediction of the theoretical mean wave resistance flow over the semicircular topography is carried out in terms of the theoretical results of the present paper. The comparison shows that the theoretical mean wave resistance is in good agreement with the numerical calculation. The project supported by the Foundation of The State Education Commission “The Dynamics of Upper Ocean” and the Grants of The Physical Oceanography Laboratory of Ocean University of Qingdao     

Micromechanical modelling for effect of inherent anisotropy on cyclic behaviour of sand

The inherent anisotropy more or less exists in sand when preparing samples in laboratory or taking from field. The purpose of this paper is to model cyclic behaviour of sand by means of a micromechanical approach considering inherent anisotropy. The micromechanical stress–strain model developed in an earlier study by Chang and Hicher (2005) is enhanced to account for the stress reversal on a contact plane and the density state-dependent dilatancy. The enhanced model is first examined by simulating typical drained and undrained cyclic tests in conventional triaxial conditions. The model is then used to simulate drained cyclic triaxial tests under constant p′ on Toyoura sand with different initial void ratios and different levels of p′, and undrained triaxial tests on dense and loose Nevada sand. The applicability of the present model is evaluated through comparisons between the predicted and the measured results. The evolution of local stresses and local strains at inter-particle planes due to externally applied load are discussed. All simulations have demonstrated that the proposed micromechanical approach is capable of modelling the cyclic behaviour of sand with inherent and induced anisotropy.     

Two-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media I: The influence of large spatial and temporal gradients

In order to capture the complexities of two-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media, we have used the method of large-scale averaging and spatially periodic models of the local heterogeneities. The analysis leads to the large-scale form of the momentum equations for the two immiscible fluids, a theoretical representation for the large-scale permeability tensor, and a dynamic, large-scale capillary pressure. The prediction of the permeability tensor and the dynamic capillary pressure requires the solution of a large-scale closure problem. In our initial study (Quintard and Whitaker, 1988), the solution to the closure problem was restricted to the quasi-steady condition and small spatial gradients. In this work, we have relaxed the constraint of small spatial gradients and developed a dynamic solution to the closure problem that takes into account some, but not all, of the transient effects that occur at the closure level. The analysis leads to continuity and momentum equations for the-phase that are given by