均相与非均相法合成的纤维素乙酸酯结构与性能的比较研究

研究了离子液体中均相反应制备纤维素乙酸酯(CA_(Homo))与非均相反应制备纤维素乙酸酯(CA_(Hete))的化学结构,进而比较了化学结构差别对纤维素乙酸酯性能的影响.均相与非均相法制备的CA化学结构存在显著差异,CA_(Homo)相比CA_(Hete)具有更好的均匀性,且CA_(Homo)和CA_(Hete)的取代基分布不同,CA_(Homo)的乙酰基取代顺序为C-6C-3C-2,CA_(Hete)的乙酰基取代顺序为C-3C-2C-6.同时对CA_(Homo)和CA_(Hete)的结晶行为、溶解性和热性能进行研究,结果表明,不同化学结构对CA的这些宏观性能影响较小,CA_(Homo)和CA_(Hete)均为无定型结构,可溶解于极性有机溶剂中,玻璃化转变温度和热稳定性相近.因此,通过离子液体均相制备的CA与现有非均相法制备的CA具有相似的物理性能,但均相法制备的CA结构均匀性更好.     

石墨烯负载Fe-N/C复合型氧还原催化剂

采用浸渍法,以聚吡咯为配体,在合成过程中掺入氧化石墨烯,制备了具有三明治结构的NG/Fe-N/C复合型催化剂,通过石墨烯和Fe-N/C之间的协同效应,提高了复合型催化剂的氧还原活性和耐久性能.采用XRD,SEM,TEM和XPS等方法对催化剂的化学成分、物理结构和形貌进行了表征.结果表明,当氧化石墨烯的掺入质量分数为25%,热处理温度为800℃时,催化剂具有最佳氧还原活性.循环伏安加速测试表明,NG/Fe-N/C-25催化剂稳定性优于商业20%Pt/C催化剂.NG/Fe-N/C-25催化剂的氮含量为5.17%,其中,石墨氮和吡啶氮的含量分别占44.35%和32.66%,较高的石墨氮和吡啶氮含量使催化剂具有优良的氧还原反应(ORR)催化活性和稳定性.     

还原热处理条件对Pt-Fe/C 合金催化剂性能的影响

采用脉冲微波辅助化学还原-含氢气体热处理法制备了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)用Pt-Fe/C合金催化剂.通过电感耦合等离子体(ICP)检测了金属元素含量,用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术对催化剂的微观结构和形貌进行了表征,并利用循环伏安(CV)法评价了催化剂催化氧还原性能.结果表明,脉冲微波辅助化学还原法是一种快速制备粒径较小、分布均匀的Pt-Fe/C催化剂的有效方法,含氢气体热处理对提高催化剂活性有重要作用.还原热处理温度和时间对催化剂活性也有很大影响.经过500°C还原热处理后的催化剂活性比还原热处理之前的催化剂性能有很大提高.TEM和XRD结果显示,Pt-Fe/C-500-3h的纳米粒子均匀地分散在碳载体上,平均粒径为1.8nm,500°C下热处理3h的催化剂有最大的电化学表面积(ESA),为55.14m2·g-1.     

原位合成氮掺杂石墨烯负载钯纳米颗粒用于催化香兰素高选择性加氢反应

通过原位合成法制备了氮掺杂石墨烯负载钯纳米颗粒催化剂Pd@N/C-2,用于催化香兰素选择性加氢反应.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对Pd@N/C-2催化剂进行结构与性能的表征,分析表明石墨烯层在活性钯纳米颗粒表面起到了保护作用,提高了催化剂在反应条件下的稳定性,在五次循环回收实验后催化剂仍保持很高的反应活性.通过对石墨烯掺杂氮原子引入了催化反应的化学活性中心和金属纳米颗粒沉积的锚定中心,从而使石墨烯在加氢催化反应中的性能得到进一步提高.并且通过对溶剂的调控实现了香兰素分别高选择性生成香草醇和对甲基愈创木酚,在优化的反应条件下,香草醇和对甲基愈创木酚的产率分别为89%和99%.     

壳聚糖@铜催化吲哚与硫粉和芳基碘化物的C3-硫醚化反应

针对以硫单质为硫源的吲哚环中C—S键构筑中催化剂无法回收的问题,制备了2-吡啶甲酸改性壳聚糖(PACS)负载不同类型铜的催化剂,用于催化吲哚、硫粉和碘苯三组分反应一锅法制备C-3位硫醚基吲哚,反应收率高达92%,底物适用性良好.对催化效果最佳的催化剂(PACS@Cu(OAc)₂)进行了热重分析(TGA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征与分析,结果表明该催化剂具有不需额外添加配体、易于分离回收及可重复使用的优点.     

Mn_xCo_(3-x)O_4复合氧化物及改性催化剂催化分解N_2O

用共沉淀法制备了一组不同组成的MnxCo3-xO4尖晶石型复合氧化物,表面负载碱金属助剂制备改性催化剂,用于催化分解N2O.用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附(BET)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术表征催化剂结构.考察了复合氧化物组成、碱金属助剂类型、钾前驱物等制备参数对催化剂结构和催化活性的影响.结果表明:添加助剂K、Cs降低了催化剂表面Co、Mn元素的电子结合能,弱化了Co—O和Mn—O键,有利于氧物种的脱除,提高了催化剂活性.优化出了活性较高的催化剂K/Mn0.4Co2.6O4(K2CO3),有氧无水、有氧有水气氛400℃连续反应50 h,N2O转化率分别保持100%和74.2%,催化剂稳定性较高.     

溶液燃烧法制备LiCoO_2及其同时催化去除碳烟和NO_x性能研究

采用溶液燃烧法和盐助溶液燃烧法制备铜铁矿结构(ABO2)的钴酸锂(Li Co O2)系列催化剂,通过XRD、BET、ICP、XPS、H2-TPR、程序升温反应等手段对其进行了结构表征与性能评价.研究了溶液燃烧法中燃料尿素以及助剂无机盐Na Cl的用量对所制备的催化剂性能影响.实验结果表明,在尿素过量100%时所制备的催化剂结晶程度及催化氧化性能较好,起燃温度达到270℃,N2的转化率达到36.9%.适量助剂Na Cl的引入显著地提高了催化剂比表面积,增加了催化剂表面活性物种,增强了催化剂的氧化还原能力,进而提升催化剂的活性.其中50%质量分数的Na Cl添加量制备的催化剂具有最低的碳烟起燃温度(246℃),但添加Na Cl对NOx的转化率影响不大.     

MOF衍生的Zn/N共掺杂碳催化剂的制备及其电催化性能

氮掺杂碳载非贵金属氧还原反应(ORR)催化剂已被广泛研究,以解决燃料电池Pt基催化剂的高成本问题.通过溶剂热法制备了无定形Zn基金属有机框架,并进一步经热处理得到Zn/N共掺杂碳催化剂.测试表明ZnN/C-900催化剂(热处理温度为900C)具有形貌均一的球形特征且比表面积高达961 m2·g-1,N、Zn的原子含量分...     

抗CO中毒的Pt-HxWO3电沉积制备及其对甲醇氧化的催化作用

用循环伏安法在玻碳电极上制备出铂-氢钨青铜(Pt-HxWO3)催化剂,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、Raman光谱和循环伏安法研究了催化剂的组成、结构及其对甲醇氧化的催化作用.结果表明,Pt-HxWO3的活性与制备溶液中铂与钨原子比及酸度有关,与相同条件下制备的纯铂(Pt)催化剂相比,Pt-HxWO3对甲醇的氧化有更强的催化活性.当制备溶液中铂和钨的原子比为1:8时,得到的催化剂Pt-HxWO3中铂与钨原子比为4:1,其催化活性最佳,甲醇氧化电流是Pt作为催化剂时的1.7倍.Pt-HxWO3的强催化活性归因于其抗CO中毒能力,CO在Pt-HxWO3上氧化起始电位提前了 50 mV.     

抗CO中毒的Pt-HxWO3电沉积制备及其对甲醇氧化的催化作用

用循环伏安法在玻碳电极上制备出铂-氢钨青铜(Pt-HxWO3)催化剂, 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、Raman光谱和循环伏安法研究了催化剂的组成、结构及其对甲醇氧化的催化作用. 结果表明, Pt-HxWO3的活性与制备溶液中铂与钨原子比及酸度有关, 与相同条件下制备的纯铂(Pt)催化剂相比, Pt-HxWO3对甲醇的氧化有更强的催化活性. 当制备溶液中铂和钨的原子比为1:8时, 得到的催化剂Pt-HxWO3中铂与钨原子比为4:1, 其催化活性最佳, 甲醇氧化电流是Pt作为催化剂时的1.7倍. Pt-HxWO3的强催化活性归因于其抗CO中毒能力, CO在Pt-HxWO3上氧化起始电位提前了50 mV.     

Organocatalytic regio- and asymmetric C-selective S(N)Ar reactions-stereoselective synthesis of optically active spiro-pyrrolidone-3,3'-oxoindoles

The first example of catalytic enantioselective nucleophilic aromatic substitution of beta-dicarbonyl compounds is presented. An O-benzoylated cinchona alkaloid derivative catalyst gave a selective C-arylation reaction compared to, e.g., the corresponding benzylated catalyst which provided a 1:1 mixture of the C- and O-arylation products. The reaction proceeds well for various aromatic compounds with different 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and the optically active products are obtained in very high yields and with up to 92% ee. One further scope of the organocatalytic enantioselective nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction is demonstrated by the synthesis of the optically active spiro-pyrrolidone-3,3'-oxoindole structure.     

Design and applications of new phosphine-free tetradentate Pd-catalyst: Regioselective C–H activation on 1-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles and indoles(NH-Free)

This article describes the synthesis of a new phosphine free tetradentate Pd catalyst using dl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid. The complex was characterized by Mass, IR, and ¹H NMR. The catalyst is air stable at room temperature and non-hygroscopic. Application of this new catalyst to regioselective C–H activation on 1-substituted 1,2,3-triazole and indoles with aryl iodides to get corresponding C-5 and C-2 arylated products with satisfactory yields. All the products were characterized by spectroscopic studies.     

One-pot synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzofurans from 2-chlorophenols using palladium–dihydroxyterphenylphosphine catalyst

2,3-Disubstituted benzofurans possessing 2-hydroxyphenyl moiety at the C-3 position were synthesized from readily available 2-chlorophenols and terminal alkynes by hydroxy-directed ortho-Sonogashira coupling and subsequent oxypalladation/reductive elimination, using Pd-dihydroxyterphenylphosphine catalyst. The catalyst accelerates not only the Sonogashira coupling but also the introduction of 2-hydroxyphenyl group at the C-3 position of benzofuran.     

~(13)C-NMR研究3,4-聚异戊二烯的序列分布

Fe(acac)_3-Phen-AlEt_3 催化体系可使异戊二烯聚合成以 3,4-链节为主具有一定结晶性能的聚异戊二烯。本文对该聚合物的~(13)C-NMR 谱进行了全分析,研究了序列分布、微观结构。结果表明不同方法求得的微观结构含量很好地一致,说明对~(13)C-NMR 谱峰归属的正确性。并指出顺-1,4/3,4-序列中存在着头-头,尾-尾的连接方式,3,4-嵌段链节不足够长及存在反节可能是结晶度不太高的主要原因。     

A new class of urea-substituted cinchona alkaloids promote highly enantioselective nitroaldol reactions of trifluoromethylketones

The first class of bifunctional cinchona-alkaloid catalysts incorporating a urea moiety at C-5' has been developed. These materials catalyze the efficient and highly enantioselective 1,2-addition of nitromethane to trifluoromethylketones to form synthetically pliable products incorporating a quaternary stereocenter. Excellent product yields and levels of enantiomeric excess are possible, and the optimum catalyst structure is capable of promoting the Henry reaction involving alkyl trifluoromethylketones with unprecedented enantioselectivity.     

在氢气氧化反应中具有高催化活性的Pt修饰的Ni/C纳米催化剂

随着能源需求的进一步增多和化石能源的大幅度减少,新型环境友好型能源成为近十年许多科研工作者的着力点.其中,燃料电池作为一种高效率、高能量密度、环境友好型能源引起了人们的关注.氢氧燃料电池研究最早、应用最早,具有得天独厚的优势.此外,由于近些年CO2的大量排放,造成了严重的温室效应,其处理也是一个严峻的课题.谢和平课题组提出的CO2矿化发电,不仅可以处理CO2,也可以作为新型能源应用,前景广阔.而不论是氢氧燃料电池还是CO2矿化电池,其阳极反应均为氢气氧化反应(HOR).Pt作为目前仍无法取代的HOR反应催化剂,不仅全球储量有限且价格昂贵,所以,寻找一种价格低廉催化性能好的催化剂成为这些新能源进一步应用的重要课题之一.对此人们进行了大量探索,主要包括尝试不同的载体、改变金属颗粒尺寸形貌等.其中,伽伐尼置换法对于制备纳米核壳结构催化剂以及降低金属颗粒尺寸、增加比表面积均有很大帮助.基于此,本文采用浸渍法和伽伐尼置换法制备了用Pt修饰Ni/C的纳米催化剂,使得纳米级活性金属均匀分散在载体上,加之双金属效应,相对于纯Pt/C催化剂,催化能力提高.浸渍法制得Ni/C前驱体,再将其置于纯乙醇中,用H2PtCl6作为Pt源置换部分Ni,得到Pt修饰的Ni/C催化剂.XRD射线衍射测试结果表明,一般的PtNi合金由于晶格相互影响,只会出现Pt的偏移衍射峰,而该催化剂均出现明显的PtNi两种元素的衍射峰,PtNi晶格互相没有影响.循环伏安法测试结果表明,在Pt-Ni/C系列催化剂中,Pt和Ni含量不同,其电化学活性面积(ECSA)各不相同.在金属总含量一致的前提下,随着Pt含量的增加,催化剂ECSA先增加后减小,最大值为66.90 m2/g,是市售Pt/C(54.12 m2/g)的1.24倍.Tafel测试HOR/HER反应交换电流密度的结果与ECSA结果一致,而Pt-Ni/C催化剂的交换电流密度最高可达485.45 A/g,是市售Pt/C(301.91 A/g)的1.6倍.对性能较好的Pt-Ni/C催化剂进行了表征,X射线光电子能谱结果发现,该催化剂载体上只有少部分Ni的氧化物裸露在表面,大部分为Pt.而透射电镜结果表明,该催化剂纳米级活性金属颗粒尺寸一致,且均匀地分散在载体表面.综合催化剂表征和电化学性能测试结果可知,使用伽伐尼置换法得到的Pt修饰的Ni/C催化剂分散均匀、颗粒尺寸小,且由于Pt作为主要催化活性金属分散于催化剂表面,而Ni作为辅助金属并不直接参与HOR反应,使得该催化剂具有较高的电化学活性.在Pt含量较少时,由于有很多Ni在催化剂表面,且催化层厚度较大,故催化活性一般.随着Pt含量的增加和Ni含量的减少,当催化剂表面只有很少Ni及相关化合物时,由于Pt比表面积大,故活性最高.当Pt含量继续增加时,Pt在Ni表面厚度增加,很多Pt被包裹,故催化活性再次降低.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new bicyclic fluorinated uracils through ring-closing metathesis

Two families of bicyclic fluorinated uracils have been prepared starting from a gem-difluorinated unsaturated nitrile, by means of a ring-closing metathesis reaction to form the new ring, which is fused at the C-5/C-6 or N-1/C-6 positions of the uracil moiety. The selective formation of olefin regioisomers in the metathesis process can be controlled according to the reaction conditions (catalyst, solvent, and temperature). The acaricidal activities of the resulting compounds have also been investigated.     

An efficient approach for total synthesis of aminopropyl functionalized ganglioside GM1b

A highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of aminopropyl functionalized ganglioside GM1b has been described. The full protected ganglioside GM1b was obtained in 71% yield within 5 h. The key feature of the synthetic approach was the use of sialic acid donor that was with a C-5 trichloroacetamide moiety and with a dibenzyl phosphite residue as leaving group at the anomeric carbon. The sialyl donor gave high yields and excellent α-anomeric selectivities with a wide variety of glycosyl acceptors ranging from C-3 or C-6 hydroxyls of galactoside to C-6 hydroxyl of glucosaminoside by using TMSOTf as catalyst in a mixture solution of acetonitrile and methylene chloride.     

Catalyst-controlled asymmetric synthesis of fostriecin and 8-epi-fostriecin

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of the natural antibiotic fostriecin (CI-920) and its analogue 8-epi-fostriecin and evaluation of their biological activity are described. We used four catalytic asymmetric reactions to construct all of the chiral centers of fostriecin and 8-epi-fostriecin; cyanosilylation of a ketone, Yamamoto allylation, direct aldol reaction, and Noyori reduction, two of which were developed by our group. Catalytic enantioselective cyanosilylation of ketone 13 produced the chiral tetrasubstituted carbon at C-8. Both enantiomers of the product cyanohydrin were obtained with high enantioselectivity by switching the center metal of the catalyst from titanium to gadolinium. Yamamoto allylation constructed the C-5 chiral carbon in the alpha,beta-unsaturated lactone moiety. A direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction of an alkynyl ketone using LLB catalyst constructed the chirality at C-9 with the introduction of a synthetically versatile alkyne moiety, which was later converted to cis-vinyl iodide, the substrate for the subsequent Stille coupling for the triene synthesis. Noyori reduction produced the secondary alcohol at C-11 from the acetylene ketone 6 with excellent selectivity. Importantly, all the stereocenters were constructed under catalyst control in this synthesis. This strategy should be useful for rapid synthesis of stereoisomers of fostriecin.     

Fluorous silica gel-supported perfluoro-tagged palladium nanoparticles: an efficient and reusable catalyst for direct C-2 arylation of indoles

The preparation of FSG-supported palladium nanoparticles and their application in direct C-2 arylation of indoles are presented. Moderate to good yields were obtained with ultra-low catalyst loading. The catalyst could be easily recovered by simple workup and reused up to seven runs with only a slight decrease in its activity.