FORCING BONDS OF A BENZENOID SYSTEM

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关于矩形和斜带模型的反强迫数和反凯库勒数

在苯类化合物的凯库勒结构的研究中引入了反强迫数和反凯库勒数.通过分析矩形和斜带模型苯类化合物的分子图的结构,证明了具有k行l列的矩形R[k,l]和斜带模型Z[k,l]的反凯库勒数是2,R[k,l]的反强迫数是l,Z[k,l]的反强迫数不超过[(l+1)/2],其中[x]表示不超过x的最大整数.     

关于六角系统的Kekule结构计数

在本文中我们给出Ｈｅｓｅｎｂｅｒｇ矩阵的行列式的—公式，它与计算六角系统的Ｋｅｋｕｌｅ结构密切相关．     

None of the coronoid systems can be isometrically embedded into a hypercube

A graph that can be isometrically embedded into a hypercube is called a partial cube (or binary Hamming graph). Klavžar, Gutman and Mohar [S. Klavžar, I. Gutman, B. Mohar, Labeling of benzenoid systems which reflects the vertex-distance relations, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 35 (1995) 590–593] showed that all benzenoid systems are partial cubes. In this article we show that none of the coronoid systems (benzenoid systems with “holes”) is a partial cube.     

Characterization of reducible hexagons and fast decomposition of elementary benzenoid graphs

A benzenoid graph is a finite connected plane graph with no cut vertices in which every interior region is bounded by a regular hexagon of a side length one. A benzenoid graph G is elementary if every edge belongs to a 1-factor of G. A hexagon h of an elementary benzenoid graph is reducible, if the removal of boundary edges and vertices of h results in an elementary benzenoid graph. We characterize the reducible hexagons of an elementary benzenoid graph. The characterization is the basis for an algorithm which finds the sequence of reducible hexagons that decompose a graph of this class in O(n²) time. Moreover, we present an algorithm which decomposes an elementary benzenoid graph with at most one pericondensed component in linear time.     

A fully benzenoid system has a unique maximum cardinality resonant set

A benzenoid system is a 2-connected plane graph such that its each inner face is a regular hexagon of side length 1. A benzenoid system is Kekuléan if it has a perfect matching. Let P be a set of hexagons of a Kekuléan benzenoid system B. The set P is called a resonant set of B if the hexagons in P are pair-wise disjoint and the subgraph B−P (obtained by deleting from B the vertices of the hexagons in P) is either empty or has a perfect matching. It was shown (Gutman in Wiss. Z. Thechn. Hochsch. Ilmenau 29:57–65, 1983; Zheng and Chen in Graphs Comb. 1:295–298, 1985) that for every maximum cardinality resonant set P of a Kekuléan benzenoid system B, the subgraph B−P is either empty or has a unique perfect matching. A Kekuléan benzenoid system B is said to be fully benzenoid if there exists a maximum cardinality resonant set P of B, such that the subgraph B−P is empty. It is shown that a fully benzenoid system has a unique maximum cardinality resonant set, a well-known statement that, so far, has remained without a rigorous proof.     

普否系统、直觉系统、共否系统及其它

<正> 现先把本文所用的符号解释如下.我们用 p,q,r,…等表示原子命题,用 N,C 分別表示联接词“非”及“蕴涵”.在本文所讨论的逻辑系统中只假定出现有这两个联接词(在引证的情形下,偶尔用及其它的联接词,K 表合取,A 表析取,E 表实质等价).联接词 C 适合分离原则如下:     

Solving Optimal Control Problems by Exploiting Inherent Dynamical Systems Structures

Computing globally efficient solutions is a major challenge in optimal control of nonlinear dynamical systems. This work proposes a method combining local optimization and motion planning techniques based on exploiting inherent dynamical systems structures, such as symmetries and invariant manifolds. Prior to the optimal control, the dynamical system is analyzed for structural properties that can be used to compute pieces of trajectories that are stored in a motion planning library. In the context of mechanical systems, these motion planning candidates, termed primitives, are given by relative equilibria induced by symmetries and motions on stable or unstable manifolds of e.g. fixed points in the natural dynamics. The existence of controlled relative equilibria is studied through Lagrangian mechanics and symmetry reduction techniques. The proposed framework can be used to solve boundary value problems by performing a search in the space of sequences of motion primitives connected using optimized maneuvers. The optimal sequence can be used as an admissible initial guess for a post-optimization. The approach is illustrated by two numerical examples, the single and the double spherical pendula, which demonstrates its benefit compared to standard local optimization techniques.     

An explosion point space without the fixed point property

In 1988 A. Gutek proved that there exist one-point connectifications of hereditarily disconnected spaces that do not have the fixed point property. We improve on this result by constructing a one-point connectification of a totally disconnected space without the fixed point property.     

Pure strategy Nash equilibrium points and the Lefschetz fixed point theorem

A pure strategy Nash equilibrium point existence theorem is established for a class ofn-person games with possibly nonacyclic (e.g. disconnected) strategy sets. The principal tool used in the proof is a Lefschetz fixed point theorem for multivalued maps, due to Eilenberg and Montgomery, which extends their better known. Eilenberg-Montgomery fixed point theorem (EMT) [Eilenberg/Montgomery, Theorem 1, p. 215] to nonacyclic spaces. Special cases of the existence theorem are also discussed.     

Microscopical investigation of wave propagation phenomena in residual saturated porous media

Wave propagation is used in many fields for measurement and characterization. Corresponding multiphase models usually use a continuous approach. Nevertheless, systems like wetted rocks may be saturated residually in certain situations. In such cases, one fluid is distributed as clusters, each different in size and shape. One single, continuous phase cannot account for a variety of fluid clusters, either disconnected from each other or connected only about thin liquid films. Therefore, we present a model that considers a heterogeneous distribution of disconnected fluid clusters in the form of harmonic oscillators. These oscillators are described and distinguished by their mass, damping and eigenfrequency. Hence, the model allows to characterize different clusters and includes an additional damping mechanism due to oscillations of the fluid clusters. (© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Solitary waves and the structures of discontinuities in non-dissipative models with complex dispersion

Stationary solutions of reversible evolutionary equations of mechanics with higher derivatives are analysed. A two-dimensional graphical method for investigating the solutions of systems of ordinary differential equations is described, which enables one to find special types of solutions: periodic waves, solitary waves and the structures of discontinuities. At the same time, solitary waves can be obtained by taking the limit of sequences of periodic waves and the structures of discontinuities obtained by taking the limit of sequences of solitary waves. This general approach has enabled the existence of all earlier predicted structures to be verified has enabled new types of structures (three-wave structures) to be revealed and has enabled all the necessary conditions at the discontinuities to be found. All the previously known types of solitary waves are found and new types of solitary waves are revealed (generalized ordinary and 1:1 multisolitons). Methods of finding generalized solitary waves, including those with a finite amplitude of the periodic component, are determined. Examples of the solution of the following problems are given for a fourth-order system: generalized solitary waves as the limiting solutions of two-wave resonance solutions, generalized solitary waves and the structure of a discontinuity with three waves, a 1:1 soliton and the structure of a discontinuity with a single radiated wave, a solitary wave with fixed propagation velocity, and the structure of a discontinuity in the form of a kink with radiation. A generalized 1:1 soliton and the structure of a discontinuity with two radiated waves is considered in the case of sixth-order systems. The discussion is mainly based on the example of travelling waves described by the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equations. Other models with complex dispersion (a plasma and a stratified fluid) are also considered.     

Codimension two bifurcations of fixed points in a class of vibratory systems with symmetrical rigid stops

A vibratory system having symmetrically placed rigid stops and subjected to periodic excitation is considered. Local codimension two bifurcations of the vibratory system with symmetrical rigid stops, associated with double Hopf bifurcation and interaction of Hopf and pitchfork bifurcation, are analyzed by using the center manifold theorem technique and normal form method of maps. Dynamic behavior of the system, near the points of codimension two bifurcations, is investigated by using qualitative analysis and numerical simulation. Hopf-flip bifurcation of fixed points in the vibratory system with a single stop are briefly analyzed by comparison with unfoldings analyses of Hopf-pitchfork bifurcation of the vibratory system with symmetrical rigid stops. Near the value of double Hopf bifurcation there exist period-one double-impact symmetrical motion and quasi-periodic impact motions. The quasi-periodic impact motions are represented by the closed circle and “tire-like” attractor in projected Poincaré sections. With change of system parameters, the quasi-periodic impact motions usually lead to chaos via “tire-like” torus doubling.     

Switchable structured bond: A bond graph device for modeling power coupling/decoupling of physical systems

This paper presents a controlled Bond Graph interconnection structure named Switchable Structured Bond, or SS-Bond for short, basically intended for modeling and simulation of ideal switching phenomena (zero transition time) with fixed causality. Serving to model the presence or absence of a power preserving connection between two power ports, these new structures are inspired in the idea yielding the switchable bond (or SB) formalism, but embody some features correcting the shortcomings of the latter. Indeed, when both power ports are connected, both the SB and the SS-Bond behave like a standard power bond, but when the power connection is absent, the SS-Bond fully captures the possible states of the adjacent power ports, unlike the SB, which in many cases leaves undefined the situation of these ports. As SS-Bonds are originally defined to model ideal switching, these possible states are zero-flow or zero-effort for each of the disconnected power ports. These four situations, together with the normally connected state, define the five possible switching modes of an SS-Bond.The SS-Bonds can be internally represented with standard bond graph elements. To keep fixed the causality assignment even under switching, some algebraic constraints are added to the equation set of the switched structure, which in the Bond Graph domain can be represented with residual sinks. A minor modification on the internal implementation of the SS-Bonds allows the formalism for commutation modeling with the non-ideal approach consisting in adding parasitic components to avoid causality changes. Besides some models of electric–electronic circuits, slip-stick friction in a simple mechanical system and abrupt faults in a hydraulic two tank system are used to illustrate the new formalism and its performance in modeling and simulation.     

Approximation Schemes for the Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem

A graph Γ is called a Deza graph if it is regular and the number of common neighbors of any two distinct vertices is one of two fixed values. A Deza graph is called a strictly Deza graph if it has diameter 2 and is not strongly regular. In 1992, Gardiner et al. proved that a strongly regular graph that contains a vertex with disconnected second neighborhood is a complete multipartite graph with parts of the same size greater than 2. In this paper, we study strictly Deza graphs with disconnected second neighborhoods of vertices. In Section 2, we prove that, if each vertex of a strictly Deza graph has disconnected second neighborhood, then the graph is either edge-regular or coedge-regular. In Sections 3 and 4, we consider strictly Deza graphs that contain at least one vertex with disconnected second neighborhood. In Section 3, we show that, if such a graph is edge-regular, then it is the s-coclique extension of a strongly regular graph with parameters (n, k, λ, μ), where s is an integer, s ≥ 2, and λ = μ. In Section 4, we show that, if such a graph is coedge-regular, then it is the 2-clique extension of a complete multipartite graph with parts of the same size greater than or equal to 3.     

Real-time calculation of current optimal feedbacks for a delay system

A linear optimal control problem for a nonstationary system with a single delay state variable is examined. A fast implementation of the dual method is proposed in which a key role is played by a quasi-reduction of the fundamental matrices of solutions to the homogeneous part of the delay models under analysis. As a result, an iteration step of the dual method involves only the integration of auxiliary systems of ordinary differential equations over short time intervals. A real-time algorithm is described for calculating optimal feedback controls. The results are illustrated by the optimal control problem for a second-order stationary system with a fixed delay.     

Compact disconnected planes,inverse limits and homomorphisms

Every compact disconnected projective plane can be written as an inverse limit of finite discrete incidence structures. Every finite projective plane is a continuous epimorphic image of some compact disconnected projective plane. There exist compact disconnected projective planes of Lenz type V which do not admit any continuous epimorphism onto a finite projective plane.Supported in part by a travel grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Maximally resonant polygonal systems

A benzenoid system G is k-resonant if any set F of no more than k disjoint hexagons is a resonant pattern, i.e, G−F has a perfect matching. In 1990’s M. Zheng constructed the 3-resonant benzenoid systems and showed that they are maximally resonant, that is, they are k-resonant for all k≥1. Recently, the equivalence of 3-resonance and maximal resonance has been shown to be valid also for coronoid systems, carbon nanotubes, polyhexes in tori and Klein bottles, and fullerene graphs. So our main problem is to investigate the extent of graphs possessing this interesting property. In this paper, by replacing the above hexagons with even faces, we define k-resonance of graphs in surfaces, possibly with boundary, in a unified way. Some exceptions exist. For plane polygonal systems tessellated with polygons of even size at least six such that all inner vertices have the same degree three and the others have degree two or three, we show that such 3-resonant polygonal systems are indeed maximally resonant. They can be constructed by gluing and lapping operations on three types of basic graphs.     

Bifurcation sequences of vibroimpact systems near a 1:2 strong resonance point

Two vibroimpact systems are considered, which can exhibit symmetrical double-impact periodic motions under suitable system parameter conditions. Dynamics of such systems are studied by use of maps derived from the equations of motion, between impacts, supplemented by transition conditions at the instants of impacts. Two-parameter bifurcations of fixed points in the vibroimpact systems, associated with 1:2 strong resonance, are analyzed. Interesting features like Neimark–Sacker bifurcation of period-1 double-impact symmetrical motion, tangent bifurcation of period-2 four-impact motion, period-doubling bifurcation of period-2 four-impact motion and Neimark–Sacker bifurcation of period-4 eight-impact motion, etc., are found to occur near 1:2 resonance point of a vibroimpact system. The quasi-periodic attractor, associated with the fixed point of period-1 double-impact symmetrical motion, is destroyed as a tangent bifurcation of fixed points of period-2 four-impact motion occurs. However, for the other vibroimpact system the quasi-periodic attractor is restored via the collision of stable and unstable fixed points of period-2 four-impact motion. The results mean that there exist possibly more complicated bifurcation sequences of period-two cycle near 1:2 resonance points of non-linear dynamical systems.