曝光-显影的时间间隔对重铬酸盐明胶全息性能影响的研究

本文从X射线光电子能谱和衍射效率两个方面研究了曝光-显影间的间隔时间对重铬酸盐明胶(DCG)全息的影响。结果发现,DCG中的Cr2P_3/2的X射线光电子能谱和DCG全息图的衍射效率受曝光-显影间的间隔时间影响较大。DCG中的Cr2P_3/2的X射线光电子能谱中的576.4eV附近的峰的相对强度和DCG全息图的衍射效率随这个间隔时间的变化趋势基本相同。即:它们在较长的曝光-显影的时间间隔里,都经历了上升、达到最大值、然后又下降。这些实验结果表明了DCG全息图的衍射率和DCG中的576.4eV附近状态的铬的相对强度的相互依赖性     

电位法测定明胶的还原性

使用电位滴定法测定了30种不同类型的LAG明胶的还原性,并进行了比较。结果表明:不同工艺过程,不同原料所制造的明胶的还原性大不相同。即使是同属于一种类型的惰胶,它们的还原性仍表现出了很大的差别。由于工艺条件的不同,明胶中还原组份的组成和化学本性可以有较大的差别,从而导致明胶的还原性质也会大不相同。这在一定程度上能解释同一类型的惰胶在照相性能上的差别。     

KT-D型银盐全息干版曝光特性的研究

本文首先对用KT-D型银盐全息干版记录的全息图的曝光特性进行了实验研究,获得了全息图的衍射效率与曝光能量的关系曲线。然后应用Kogelnik的耦合波理论测算出乳胶折射率及其调制度的曝光特性,对其折射率调制机理作出必要的理论分析,并获得了KT-D型全息干版的性能参数。     

瓜尔豆胶-明胶复配弹性体的电场响应性能

通过将生物高分子明胶与瓜尔豆胶复配,在有/无电场作用下分别制备出瓜尔豆胶-明胶的复配弹性体A-弹性体(有电场作用)与B-弹性体(无电场作用)。通过动态黏弹谱仪测试其储能模量,探讨在不同外加电场下,瓜尔豆胶与明胶的浓度对弹性体电场响应性能的影响。结果表明:A-弹性体和B-弹性体的储能模量(G)随着瓜尔豆胶和明胶浓度的增加而增加。此外,GAGB,GA随着电场的增加而减小,表明复配弹性体对外加电场产生负响应,且储能模量变化率的绝对值随外加电场的增大而增强。     

热处理对照相明胶溶液粘度和分子量分布的影响

本文以四种照相明胶为研究对象,探讨热处理对照相明胶溶液粘度和分子量分布的影响。实验结果表明,随着加热温度上升,照相明胶溶液粘度下降,数均分子量下降。照相明胶溶液粘度和数均分子量密切相关,照相明胶溶液粘度下降发生的内在原因是数均分子量下降。在本实验条件下,惰胶、活性胶的加热温度不超过75℃,PA胶的加热温度不超过60℃。     

荧光探针法研究双子型阳离子表面活性剂与明胶的相互作用

利用荧光探针法研究了双子型阳离子表面活性剂与明胶的相互作用,考察了此类表面活性剂的分子结构和明胶对临界胶团浓度(cmc)、胶团聚集数(N_agg)和胶团微极性的影响.结果表明,当双子型阳离子表面活性剂的疏水基增长时,cmc减少,N_agg增加,胶团的微极性降低;加入明胶后,双子型阳离子表面活性剂的N_agg减少,cmc和胶团微极性增加.     

明胶大分子的照相性质研究——Ⅰ.明胶中的蛋氨酸砜及亚砜的测定

应用氨基酸分析仪对十六种国外明胶(大部分为IAG明胶)的氨基酸含量进行了测定,其中重点进行了蛋氨酸及其氧化产物含量的测定。测试结果表明:明胶中蛋氨酸含量随不同样品变化较大,亚砜含量一般较少,所有照相胶都含有砜,绝大多数胶样含有亚砜。     

艾叶油微胶囊棉织物的制备及其性能

采用2D树脂作交联剂,以明胶-阿拉伯胶艾叶油微胶囊对棉织物进行功能整理。研究了树脂用量、催化剂用量对整理织物折痕回复角、甲醛释放量和缓释性能的影响。结果表明:经优化工艺整理的棉织物,甲醛释放含量低于75 mg/kg,15次洗涤后对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌率仍在80%以上,耐水洗抑菌性能长效持久。     

应用含硫氰酸铵的稀释显影液提高全息图的衍射效率

本文研究了用含有硫氰酸铵的稀释显影液处理的全息图的特性。利用电子显微镜和分光光度计测量的结果表明,与稀释显影全息图片相比,用含有硫氰酸的稀释显影液处理的全息片中的银颗粒的尺寸变小,其透过率增大。较小的银颗粒引起的光散射也将减小。基于测量结果并利用有效介质理论和耦合波理论可以解释利用含有硫酸铵的稀释显影液能够增加全息图的衍射效率。     

作为细胞微载体的明胶基缓释微球的制备

用改良的乳化冷凝法制备载牛血清蛋白(BSA)的大粒径明胶微球. 结果表明, 明胶水溶液的质量分数为25%、水相与油相体积比3∶20、搅拌速度300 r/min、交联剂用0.1 mL质量分数为25%的戊二醛、 表面活性剂用0.1 g span-80为制备平均直径约250 μm明胶微球的理想条件. 所制备微球的后处理方法不同, 则明胶微球的表面形貌也不同, 细胞粘附率不同. 空白明胶微球在体外可以完全降解, 载BSA的明胶微球对BSA具有良好的缓释性, 释放时间可长达30 d. 显微镜观察成纤维细胞在明胶微载体上生长良好.     

高效凝胶渗透色谱测定明胶的分子量分布

本工作用高效凝胶渗透色谱测定了明胶的分子量及其分布。使用了三根串联的μ-Bondagel E-linear柱,用2%的十二烷基硫酸钠作为淋洗剂,采用α、β和γ三种胶样作为标准样品。测定了惰胶和改性胶的M_N、M_W、M_Z和M_η。估计并讨论了改性胶在制造过程中的降解量。     

Emulsification and Foaming Properties of Hydrophobically Modified Gelatin

Surface active gelatins were formed by covalent attachment of hydrophobic groups to gelatin molecules by reactingN-hydroxysuccinimide esters of various fatty acids (C₄–C₁₆) with the lysine groups. The surface activity was evaluated by emulsification and foaming properties, and by adsorption at the oil–water interface. It was found that, in general, the modified gelatins are more surface active than the native gelatin. The increase in hydrophobic chain length and the number of attached alkyl chains per gelatin molecule leads to a decrease in the emulsion droplet's size and to more stable emulsions. Adsorption isotherms, at the o/w interface, show much higher surface concentration, at saturation, of the modified gelatin than the native gelatin. The modified gelatins also have high foaming ability and a high foam stability, while the maximal foam activity is obtained by the C₈modified gelatin. The foaming properties of the surface-active gelatins were also compared to that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and it was found that below the CMC of SDS, both foam activity and stability were higher for the modified gelatins. On the other hand, above the CMC the foam activity of SDS was higher, but the foam stability was lower than for C₈–C₁₆-modified gelatins.     

Preparation and surface activity of gelatin derivative surfactants

Surface active gelatin derivative surfactants were formed by covalent attachment of hydrophobic groups to gelatin hydrolyzate molecules. The surface activity was evaluated by surface tension, wetting ability, emulsifying power and foaming properties. It was found that, the modified gelatins are more surface active than the gelatin hydrolyzate. The increase in hydrophobic chain length and the number of attached alkyl chains per gelatin hydrolyzate molecule leads to an increase in the surface activity. The modified gelatins also have high foaming ability and a high emulsifying ability, while the maximal surface activity is obtained by the C₁₂ modified gelatin. The emulsification properties of the gelatin derivative surfactants were also compared to that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether (NP-9), both emulsifying ability were equivalent to the C₁₂ modified gelatin.     

氯化银T-颗粒乳剂制备专用的氧化明胶的研究

以往的研究表明:低蛋氨酸含量的明胶能制得晶体形态比较高的高氯T-颗粒乳剂.本文用氧化方法进一步降低明胶中的蛋氨酸含量.明胶经氧化剂(H₂O₂)氧化能得到不同的氧化明胶.用电位法测定氧化明胶的还原性;用氨基酸分析仪测定它们的蛋氨酸含量;用SDS-PAGE电泳法测定它们不同结构的组份含量.结果表明,还原性及蛋氨酸含量随氧化剂加入量的多少而变化;但氧化明胶的分子量分布与原胶相比变化甚小.     

某些助剂对明胶的凝胶强度的影响的研究

众所周知,物理力学性能是照相明胶的一种很重要的属性。在各种彩色及黑白胶片都面向高温快速加工发展的今天,这种属性就显得更为重要。提高胶片的物理力学性能,一方面要从提高明胶本身的胶冻强度着手,例如减少明胶中溶胶组份(分子量小、冷水中溶解度高),提高明胶中的α和β组份的相对含量,减少分子量过大的组份等等。     

改性明胶沉降剂的研制

沉降法在浓缩乳剂的制备中起着很重要的作用,改性明胶沉降剂的应用越来越被人们重视。本文研究了多种改性明胶的合成、取代度的测定、物理性能、沉降条件、沉降过程中明胶及卤化银的回收率和改性明胶卤化银乳剂的感光性能等。研究结果表明:改性明胶沉降剂具有以下的优点:取代度高、沉降诱发期短,沉降的pH范围较窄(一般0.6pH单位),卤化银的回收率高,而改性明胶沉降乳剂的性能比传统的水洗乳剂的性能优异:表现在灰雾小,最大密度高,分辨率好,感光度高和自然保存性能好。文章对造成上述现象的原因也进行了初步的分析和讨论。     

照相明胶与化学增感剂相互作用的XPS研究

本文采用X射线光电子能谱技术研究了两种照相明胶与化学增感剂相互作用的机理.当两种照相明胶样品在HAuCl₄溶液中反应5min后,明胶中的蛋氨酸、蛋氨酸亚砜均被氧化为蛋氨酸砜.与此同时,明胶吸附的大部分Au³⁺被还原为Au⁺,并且Au⁺以络合形态存在于明胶之中.根据与AuCl₃反应之后明胶中Au³⁺与Au⁺的比例,法国明胶的还原性略高于包头明胶.添加到明胶中的Na₂S₂O₃能将明胶大分子所含的蛋氨酸亚砜全部还原为蛋氨酸.S₂O₃^2-、蛋氨酸和蛋氨酸砜可以稳定共存于明胶体系之中,外加的S₂O₃^2-的还原性高于明胶中蛋氨酸、蛋氨酸亚砜的还原性.添加Na₂S₂O₃后的两种照相明胶均可以将其溶胀吸附的Au³⁺全部还原为胶态金.此时,参与氧化还原反应的主要基团是S₂O₃^2-而非明胶中的蛋氨酸残基.由于Na₂S₂O₃的添加,照相明胶对AuCl₃的还原能力增强.     

Metal ion doped polymers as media for optical memories

Polymer materials are making an impact on optical storage technology to develop high information density and fast access type memories with a high read-out efficiency. The principle and advantages of three-dimensional (3-D) data storage in the form of interference patterns (holograms) have been outlined. Three different information storage materials have been developed by doping metal ions such as Cr(VI) and Fe(III) in water-soluble polymers, namely poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), which need no further thermal or chemical treatment. Volume transmission holograms have been recorded in dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) (DCPVA), ferric chloride doped poly(vinyl alcohol) (FePVA) and dichromated poly(acrylic acid) (DCPAA), with and without an electron donor (dimethyl formamide), and xanthene dyes (fluorescein, eosin Y and Rose Bengal). Different parameters influencing the holographic performance have been optimized to achieve a high real-time diffraction efficiency (～70%). An electron transfer process from the polymer matrix to Cr(VI)/Fe(III), leading to the photocrosslinking of the polymer in the form of an interference pattern, has been suggested as the mechanism of information storage (hologram recording) in these materials.