电场对金属串配合物M3(dpa)4Cl2 (M=Co,Rh, Ir; dpa=dipyridylamide)结构的影响

应用密度泛函理论PBE0 方法研究具有分子导线潜在应用的金属串配合物M₃(dpa)₄Cl₂ (1: M=Co, 2: M=Rh, 3: M=Ir; dpa=dipyridylamide)在电场作用下的几何和电子结构. 结果表明: 配合物基态均是二重态. 1和2的M₃⁶⁺金属链形成三中心三电子σ键, 3 中M₃⁶⁺形成三中心四电子σ键且存在弱的δ键. 随金属原子周期数增大其M―M键增强、LUMO与HOMO能隙减小、金属原子的反铁磁耦合减弱以至消失且自旋密度向配体的离域增强. 在Cl4→Cl5 电场作用下, 低电势端的M3－Cl5 键缩短, 高电势端的M2―Cl4 键增长, M―M平均键长略为缩短, M―M键增强, 有利于分子线的电子传递; 分子能量降低, 偶极矩线性增大. 低电势端Cl5的负电荷向高电势端Cl4 转移, 且3 中金属原子的正电荷由高电势端向低电势端的转移较明显, 自旋电子由低电势端向高电势端金属原子移动, 但桥联配体dpa^-与M和Cl 所在的分子轴间没有电荷转移. 电场使LUMO与HOMO能隙减小, 有利于分子的电子输运. 随金属原子周期数增大, 电场作用下M―M平均键长变化减小, LUMO、HOMO的能级交错现象减少.     

Li＋-CaxPb1－xTiO3湿敏纳米薄膜的激光拉曼光谱、晶格畸变和激光显微组织——应用“软模理论”解谱

测定了标题物Li^＋-Ca_xPb_1－xTiO₃ (缩写为Li-CPT, 其中x＝0.35, Li/Ti＝1.0%, mol/mol, 850 ℃/h)的激光拉曼光谱(LRS)和激光显微组织, 并与湿敏性能极差的纯钛酸铅PbTiO₃ (缩写为PT)以及不同钙掺杂量的钛酸铅Ca_xPb_1－xTiO₃ (缩写为CPT, x＝0.08, 0.16, 0.24, 0.32, 0.40)的LRS进行比较, Li-CPT以及CPT的LRS与PT的LRS相比有很大差别,仅在75, 125, 190, 273和585 cm^－1出现五个谱峰. 应用“软模理论”将其分别归属于PT四方晶相的五个特征单模E(1TO), A₁(1TO), E(2TO), B₁＋E和A₁(3TO)的红移及宽化, PT的其它五个特征单模在Li-CPT及CPT的谱图中完全消失或被淹没. 对于这种拉曼活性的降低, 可以根据“软模理论”与晶格畸变作用的关联加以解释. Pauling离子半径较小的Ca^2＋的掺杂, 等价取代了半径较大的Pb^2＋的晶格位置, 降低了四方晶相畸变度δ＝c/a和不对称性导致的各向异性, 不单消除了薄膜冷却时位移型相变可能引起的破裂, 而且改变了晶格中氧八面体“TiO₆”及十二面体“PbO₁₂”的几何结构和电荷分布, 改变了晶格c轴上M-O (M＝Ti, Pb)键的化学环境, 直接阻尼了M—O键的伸缩振动软模, 减小了电偶矩及其自发极化, 使Li-CPT的振动模的拉曼活性大大降低, 因此LRS提供了一种表征晶格畸变的有效方法, 反过来也佐证了“软模理论”可以用来解释拉曼光谱.     

金属串配合物[Cr3(dpa)4LL'](dpa=dipyridylamide; L,L'=Cl,BF4, CCPh)的Cr-Cr成键特性

采用密度泛函理论UBP86方法计算了Cr₃(dpa)₄Cl₂ (1)、Cr₃(dpa)₄(BF₄)₂ (2)、Cr₃(dpa)₄Cl(BF₄) (3)、Cr₃(dpa)₄(CCPh)₂ (4)和Cr₃(dpa)₄Cl(CCPh) (5)金属串配合物的结构, 并对配合物的构型、Cr—Cr键的本质以及轴向配体对Cr—Cr键的影响进行了研究. 结果表明: (1) Cr—Cr平均键长较长的配合物趋于形成对称构型, 较短时趋于形成非对称构型. 最稳定的五重态的Cr—Cr平均键长最长, 故优化时趋于形成对称构型; 七重态的Cr—Cr平均键长最短, 趋于形成非对称构型; (2) 五重态的Cr₃⁶⁺金属链均存在三中心三电子σ键, 含弱σ给电子轴向配体BF₄^-的2和3的Cr—Cr短键还具有弱的π相互作用. 七重态下, 对称构型的4中仅有三中心三电子σ键, 而非对称构型的1-3、5的Cr—Cr短键为三重键, 非对称构型仍具有Cr₃⁶⁺链的σ离域作用, 仍具有分子导线的潜在应用; (3) 轴向配体L与Cr的作用主要表现为n_L→4_sCr或n_L→3_dz²Cr离域, 较强的σ给电子配体CCPh^-还存在σ_C—C→4_sCr离域. Cr与L的结合强度为2＜3＜1＜5＜4, CCPh^-与Cr的结合最强, 使Cr—Cr键减弱、Cr—Cr距离增长, 故4的各自旋重态均为对称构型.     

NFeN结构和性质及反应势能曲线

用B3LYP/6-311+G(d)方法对化合物NFeN弯曲型和直线型的不同自旋多重度多个电子态的几何结构、电子结构、能量和振动光谱进行了计算研究. 结果表明, 单重态中Fe―N键长普遍比三重态和五重态中的短, 在155 pm左右; NFeN三重态电子结构最丰富, 自然键轨道和Mulliken布居显示Fe―N键具有部分离子键特征; 两种结构的所有稳定态中能量最低的是1⁵A₂态, 能量相近的有1³B₁、1³A₂、1³B₂和1¹A₁态, 直线型中能量最低是³Δ_g态; 相对于分子基态反应物Fe(a⁵D)+N₂(X¹Σ_g⁺)所有电子态的能量都偏高, 该反应在热力学上是不利的, 但是对于原子态反应物Fe(a⁵D)+2N(⁴S)则是放热反应; 计算振动频率和强度与实验较吻合的是1³B₁态; 复合物FeN₂与化合物NFeN结构差异明显; Fe原子直接插入N₂分子的势能曲线表明该反应能垒很高, 在动力学上也是不利的.     

Co3O4纳米晶催化氧化甲烷的理论研究：C-H键活化的晶面效应及活性中心

甲烷是一种在自然界中大量存在的原材料,在取代原油和合成重要化工产品等许多领域具有潜在的应用价值. 然而,由于CH₄中C-H键的键能特别大（约~4.5 eV）,如何实现甲烷的绿色有效转化在化学化工领域仍然是一个挑战. 本文采用密度泛函理论对Co₃O₄（001）和（011）晶面活化甲烷C-H键的机理进行了理论研究,得到了如下结论：（1） CH₄的C-H键在Co₃O₄晶面的解离具有很高的活性,只需要克服大约1 eV的能垒;（2）与Co^2＋相连的Co-O离子对是CH₄活化的活性位点,其中两个带正负电荷的离子对C-H解离起着协同作用,帮助产生Co-CH₃和O-H物种;（3）（011）面的反应活性明显大于（001）面,与实验的观察一致. 本文的计算结果表明,Co₃O₄纳米晶面对CH₄中C-H键的活化表现出明显的晶面效应和结构敏感效应,Co-O离子对活性中心对于活化惰性的C-H键发挥了关键作用.     

非血红素铁(III)活化氧分子反应的自旋轨道耦合和零场分裂

采用密度泛函理论对原儿茶酚3,4-双加氧酶(3,4-PCD)活化O₂分子的反应机理进行了探讨. 初始复合物, 六重态⁶1的超快形成主要归因于电子交换诱导系间穿越(EISC), Fe d_z:O₂ π^*(z)是主要的交换通道, 在Fe―O键长为0.2487 nm处, 交换重叠积分S_ij=ád_z α|π^*(z) β>=0.3758. 从六重态⁶1 形成四重态中间体⁴1, 有两种效应共存, 即电子交换耦合作用和自旋轨道耦合(SOC)作用, 且相互竞争. 计算结果表明, 自旋轨道耦合(SOC)作用起主导因素(SOC=353.16 cm^-1). 至于O―O键的解离主要取决于儿茶酚(PCA)最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)的电子转移, 非血红素酶的铁中心仅承担PCA向O₂电子转移的缓冲作用.²²     

14顶点闭合型碳硼烷异构体的结构和稳定性的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT) B3LYP/6-31G(d)方法对14顶点闭合型碳硼烷异构体的几何结构进行优化, 分析了它们的稳定性、电荷分布以及前线分子轨道能级. 结果表明, C₂B₁₂H₁₄碳硼烷的9个异构体都有对应的稳定构型, 并基本保持了B₁₄H₁₄^2－的骨架构型; 除两个C原子取代轴顶点位置B原子的1,14-C₂B₁₂H₁₄外, 其稳定性均随着两个C原子之间距离的增大而增加, 但C原子取代高配位数的B原子不利于其构型的稳定性. 各异构体的负电荷主要分布在C原子上, 同时处于轴向位置的B原子也有部分负电荷, 它们可能成为反应的亲核活性中心. 异构体的HOMO能级的高低与其稳定性相对应, HOMO能级低的异构体稳定性好.     

单电子卤键复合体系H3C···Br-Y(Y=H, CN, NC, CCH, C2H3)的作用机制

对单电子溴键复合物H₃C···Br—Y(Y=H, CCH, CN, NC, C2H3)的结构与性质进行了理论研究. 在B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上计算了稳定构型并做了频率分析. BSSE矫正的相互作用能(E^BSSE)和NBO及AIM分析输入的波函数在MP2/6-311++G**水平下完成. 复合物H₃C···Br—Y中, CH₃(供电子体)自由基均提供一未成对电子与Br—Y中Br(受电子体)形成了单电子溴键, 此单电子溴键也具有“三电子”键的特征. 单电子溴键的形成导致甲基H的背向Y弯曲和Br—Y键的拉长及红移单电子溴键复合物的产生. 考察了电子受体中不同取代基, C(spⁿ)-Br杂化及溶剂的存在对复合物作用的影响, 将单电子氢键, 单电子卤键和单电子锂键的作用强度做了对比, 进一步对Popelier提出的氢键体系中的前三个重要拓扑指标在单电子溴键体系中的重现性进行了探讨.     

金属对钛硅分子筛TS-1催化丁二烯环氧化性能的影响

制备了不同金属改性的钛硅分子筛样品M-TS-1 (M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, La, 负载量为1%), 并研究了其催化丁二烯环氧化反应的性能. 结果表明, V, Cr, Mn的加入导致H₂O₂无效分解, 因而在丁二烯环氧化反应中表现出较高的H₂O₂转化率和较低有效利用率; Fe, Co, Ni以及稀土金属La均在一定程度上促进了TS-1对H₂O₂的有效利用; Cu, Zn抑制了H₂O₂的转化, 使得H₂O₂转化率和有效利用率都较低; Cd有效提高了TS-1的催化活性, H₂O₂转化率和有效利用率均接近100%. 采用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱等手段表征了上述各金属的改性对TS-1骨架结构以及Ti活性中心周围电子环境的影响. 结果表明, 各M-TS-1样品的骨架结构都仍保持原有的MFI构型, 但是TS-1中Ti活性中心周围的电子环境受到来自各种金属的不同程度影响, 关联催化活性时没有特定的规律性.     

糠醛在Pt(111)表面的吸附和脱碳反应

采用广义梯度近似的密度泛函理论并结合平板模型的方法, 优化了糠醛分子在Pt(111)面的吸附模型,并探究了糠醛脱碳反应形成呋喃的机理. 结果表明: 吸附后糠醛分子环上的C―H(O)键及支链―CHO相对于金属表面倾斜上翘, 分子平面被扭曲, 易于呋喃的形成; 同时, 糠醛分子向Pt表面转移电子0.765e, 环中的大π键与Pt(111)表面的d轨道发生较强的相互作用, 使得糠醛的芳香性被破坏, 环上的碳原子呈现准sp³杂化. 此外, 对糠醛脱碳反应中的各反应步骤进行过渡态搜索, 通过比较各步骤的活化能, 得出糠醛更易先失去支链上的H形成酰基中间体(C₄H₃O)CO, 中间体继续脱碳加氢形成产物呋喃. 该过程的控速步骤为(C₄H₃O)CO^*+^*→C₄H₃O^*+CO^* (^*为吸附位),活化能为127.65 kJ·mol^-1.     

Can undoped calcium tetraborides exist? An answer from the comparison of its density functional theory electronic structure with that of rare-earth metal tetraboride

Periodic density functional theory calculations are used to discuss the existence of metal tetraborides MB4 with divalent metals. Tetraborides which contain metal atoms inserted in a three-dimensional boron network made of B6 octahedra and B2 dumbbells exhibit a pseudo energy gap for a count of 60 valence electrons per M4(B6)2(B2)2 formula unit. Such a count satisfies the stability electron requirement for B6(2-) (20 electrons) octahedra and B2(2-) (8 electrons) units and allows the filling of two supplementary low-lying bands deriving from the valence metallic d atomic orbitals. This favored electron count is not reached for CaB4 which is then formally deficient by one electron per metal atom. This indicates that CaB4 is unlikely to exist without n-doping.     

A full interionic potential for Na(1+x)Zr(2)Si(x)P(3-x)O(12) superionic conductors

Most inorganic solids are made up of octahedral and tetrahedral units interconnected to give an infinite framework. Use of computer simulation to study these materials has not been as prevalent as in the organic or biomolecules. Na(1+x)Zr(2)Si(x)P(3-x)O(12) is a typical inorganic solid with ZrO(6) octahedra and (Si/P)O(4) tetrahedra which are shown along with a few Na(+) sites marked M1, M2, and M3. We report here a full interionic potential which reproduces the structure and conductivity of these solids. This augurs well for the study of other inorganic solids.     

Charge ordering in lithium vanadium phosphates: electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

The delithiation process in monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 has been determined by powder neutron diffraction coupled with 7Li solid-state NMR techniques. Charge ordering of vanadium (V3+/V4+) was observed in Li2V2(PO4)3 as shown by the gray and blue V-O octahedra, respectively, indicating that the electrons are pinned in this phase and hence transport is limited.     

Photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI): A novel technique for the soft-ionization of organic compounds

Photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI) is demonstrated as a sensitive ionization technique involving minimal fragmentation of organic molecules. PERCI has been used successfully to softly and efficiently ionize both strongly UV absorbing and non-absorbing molecules. Tunable low energy (<1 eV) electrons are generated by focusing a pulsed UV laser on an aluminum photocathode in the presence of gas phase analyte. Negative ions are formed through a resonance electron capture process. Mass analysis is done using a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. PERCI is demonstrated for a number of gas phase compounds and simple mixtures, including sulfur hexafluoride, nitrobenzene, nitrophenol, 2-pentanone, hexanal, heptanal, and octanal. In all cases the molecular ion (or [M - H](-)) was observed to be the dominant peak. The 1sigma limit of detection was estimated to be on the order of 10(6) molecules in the ionization region.     

二次锂电池正极材料Li_xNi_（0．3）Co_（0．7）O_2的XPS与XRD

结果表明，ＬｉｘＮｉ０．３Ｃｏ０．７Ｏ２具有六方晶系Ｒ３－ｍ空间群结构。当Ｘ＝１，０．３１５时，其晶胞参数分别为ａ＝２．８２６ｎｍ，ｃ＝１４．１３０ｎｍ和ａ＝０．２８０８ｎｍ，ｃ＝１．４２５３ｎｍ；ＭＯ６（Ｍ＝Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ）八面体中Ｍ－Ｏ平均距离分别为０．１９４１ｎｍ和０．１９３３ｎｍ。ＸＰＳ分析结果表明ＬＩｘＮｉ０．３ＣＯ０．７Ｏ２表面存在Ｌｉ２Ｏ，同时探讨了其中过渡金属离子的３ｄ电子结构变化。     

Two-dimensional carboxylate bridged network of europium(III)-transition metal(II) glutarate compounds

Four new heterometallic glutarate coordination polymers, [Eu2M(H2O)4][O2C(CH2)3CO2]4.2H2O (M = Mn (1), Fe (2), Co (3) and Ni (4)) have been obtained under hydrothermal synthesis. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses showed that they have two-dimensional frameworks based on the linear polyhedral chains consisting of two nine-coordinated Eu(III)O9 and a six-coordinated M(II)O6. These 1-D MO6-Eu2O16 chains are cross-linked by glutarate ligands as an interchain pillared architecture, whose conformations vary depending upon the transition metals. The magnetic behavior of the compounds show a weak antiferromagnetic interaction, in which shielding of the 4f electrons by the outer shell electrons effectively precludes significant coupling interactions between the Eu-4f electrons and transition metal (M)-3d electrons.     

Preparation of MoVTe(Sb)Nb mixed oxide catalysts using a slurry method for selective oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane

The preparation of bulk MoVTe(Sb)Nb mixed oxide catalysts using a traditional slurry method, results in highly active catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethene. Several major phases including orthorhombic M1, hexagonal M2 or Mo_xM_1−xO_2.8 (M = V or Nb) have been detected in the catalysts from characterization results such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and EDX analyses. Ethane conversion and yield to ethene increase with increasing content of the M1 phase in the catalysts. The maximum yield of ethene (ca. 87% selectivity and ca. 90% conversion, STY_C2H4 of 176 g  h⁻¹) has been obtained with a MoV_0.31Te_0.2Nb_0.14 mixed oxide catalyst, calcined at 873 K under nitrogen, containing almost pure orthorhombic M1 phase and small amounts of unidentified impurity phases, operating at a relatively low reaction temperature of 673 K. The orthorhombic M1 phase has been shown to be the most active in ethane activation and the most selective for ethene formation. The hexagonal M2 phase is relatively inactive in ethane activation and less selective for ethene formation. The Te-free phases such as Sb₄Mo₁₀O₃₁ and Mo_xM_1−xO_2.8 (M = V or Nb) show the lowest selectivity to ethene.     

Sorption of Metal Ions on Clay Minerals

The mechanism of Co uptake from aqueous solution onto hectorite (a magnesian smectite) and its impact on the stability of this clay mineral were investigated as a function of Co concentration (TotCo = 20 to 200 μM, 0.3 M NaNO(3)) and ionic strength (0.3 and 0.01 M NaNO(3), TotCo = 100 μM) by combining kinetics measurements and Co K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The morphology of the sorbent phase was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and consists of lath-type particles bounded by large basal planes and layer edges. At low ionic strength (0.01 M NaNO(3)), important Co uptake occurred within the first 5 min of reaction, consistent with Co adsorption on exchange sites of hectorite basal planes. Thereafter, the sorption rate dramatically decreased. In contrast, at high ionic strength (0.3 M NaNO(3)), Co uptake rate was much slower within the first 5 min and afterward higher than at 0.01 M NaNO(3), consistent with Co adsorption on specific surface sites located on the edges of hectorite. Time-dependent isotherms for Co uptake at high ionic strength indicated the existence of several sorption mechanisms having distinct equilibration times. The dissolution of hectorite was monitored before and after Co addition. A congruent dissolution regime was observed prior to Co addition. Just after Co addition, an excess release of Mg relatively to congruent dissolution rates occurred at both high and low ionic strengths. At high ionic strength, this excess release nearly equaled the amount of sorbed Co. The dissolution rate of hectorite then decreased at longer Co sorption times. EXAFS spectra of hectorite reacted with Co at high and low ionic strengths and for reaction times longer than 6 h, exhibited similar features, suggesting that the local structural environments of Co atoms are similar. Spectral simulations revealed the occurrence of approximately 2 Mg and approximately 2 Si neighboring cations at interatomic distances characteristic of edge-sharing linkages between Co and Mg octahedra and corner-sharing linkages between Co octahedra and Si tetrahedra, respectively. This local structure is characteristic of inner sphere mononuclear surface complexes at layer edges of hectorite platelets. The occurrence of these complexes even at low ionic strength apparently conflicts with kinetics results, as exchangeable divalent cations are known to form outer sphere surface complexes. To clarify this issue, the amount of Co adsorbed on exchange sites was calculated from the solute Co concentration, assuming that cation exchange was always at equilibrium. These calculations showed that sorbed Co was transferred within 48 h from exchange sites to edge sorption sites. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Highly Dispersed TiO(6) Units in a Layered Double Hydroxide for Water Splitting

A family of photocatalysts for water splitting into hydrogen was prepared by distributing TiO(6) units in an MTi-layered double hydroxide matrix (M=Ni, Zn, Mg) that displays largely enhanced photocatalytic activity with an H(2) -production rate of 31.4?μmol?h(-1) as well as excellent recyclable performance. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) mapping and XPS measurement reveal that a high dispersion of TiO(6) octahedra in the layered doubled hydroxide (LDH) matrix was obtained by the formation of an M(2+) -O-Ti network, rather different from the aggregation state of TiO(6) in the inorganic layered material K(2) Ti(4) O(9) . Both transient absorption and photoluminescence spectra demonstrate that the electron-hole recombination process was significantly depressed in the Ti-containing LDH materials relative to bulk Ti oxide, which is attributed to the abundant surface defects that serve as trapping sites for photogenerated electrons verified by positron annihilation and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques. In addition, a theoretical study on the basis of DFT calculations demonstrates that the electronic structure of the TiO(6) units was modified by the adjacent MO(6) octahedron by means of covalent interactions, with a much decreased bandgap of 2.1?eV, which accounts for its superior water-splitting behavior. Therefore, the dispersion strategy for TiO(6) units within a 2D inorganic matrix can be extended to fabricate other oxide or hydroxide catalysts with greatly enhanced performance in photocatalysis and energy conversion.     

Effect of Ni and Pd on the geometry, electronic properties, and active sites of copper clusters

The geometry, electronic properties, and active sites of copper clusters doped with Ni or Pd atoms, Cu(n)()(-)(1)M (n = 2-6; M = Ni, Pd) have been investigated using first-principles methods. Planar structures are energetically favorable in Cu(n)()(-)(1)Ni (n = 2-6). However, for Pd-doped clusters, three-dimensional structures are competitive in energy, and for n = 6, the most stable structure is not planar. Several properties of doped copper clusters present odd-even oscillations as the number of copper atoms grow. The different atomic ground-state configuration of Ni and Pd determines the bonding and electronic properties of doped copper clusters. The interaction between impurities and copper atoms can modify the chemical hardness and active sites of doped copper clusters markedly inducing directionality in the reactivity. This effect is relevant to the behavior of catalysts as well as in the growth of metallic films.