光散射的逆向思考

长期以来人们已习惯于光被物质散射的思考而形成的“光谱物理学”,而对它的逆向思维、即物质(如原子)被‘光’散射的诸多专题问津的较少;其中的某些问题,如物质(如原子)被光(散射)作用的经典物理图像;物质(如原子)被光加(减)速;物质(如原子)被光俘获、陷落、致冷和速度的聚束。此外,密度效应、光场与原子的互作用,(量子化)光(电磁)场对物质(如原子)散射等是近期取得的成果,都将在该文中给出。     

软 X射线共振非弹性光散射及其应用

软 X射线共振非弹性光散射是近年来随着高亮度第三代同步辐射出现而发展起来的光散射光谱技术 ,可以用于对多原子构成的分子、凝聚态物质进行位置选择的价电子态结构的研究。与 X射线光电子能谱 ( XPS)或紫外光电子能谱 ( UPS)相比 ,这一光谱方法由于测量样品激发后产生的散射 X射线 ,因而不仅可以获得表面的原子分子信息 ,而且可以用于研究样品体内或掩埋薄层的原子分子。同时这一方法的共振特性使得其可以进行灵敏的元素选择测量。本文将介绍这一光散射光谱技术及其在原子分子物理、表面物理及凝聚态物理中的应用     

分子光谱家族的新成员——表面增强喇曼光谱

 光谱作为研究分子、原子的一种手段,在工农业生产和科学研究中正发挥着巨大的作用.我们在这里要介绍的表面增强喇曼光谱是一个新的光谱效应,并且已展现出许多引人注目的新的应用,对它的研究必将导致人们对光与物质相互作用以及分子状态的深入认识,为工农业生产提供新的方法和手段.光谱、光散射和喇曼光谱什么是光谱呢?大家一定很熟悉光谱就是:光被色散后,光的强度按频率(或波长)的分布.     

什么是原子光谱分析?它有什么特点?

原子光谱分析是利用物质的原子在一定条件下可以发光或吸光的特性,测定试样组分和含量的方法。原子发射光或吸收光主要因为原子核外电子可以在不同能量状态运动。处于基态(最低能态)的原子可吸收外界供给的能量(如光能)而跃迁到高能态(激发态)产生吸收光谱。处于激发态的原子不稳     

原子系综中光学腔增强的Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller写过程激发实验

原子系综中的Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller(DLCZ)过程是产生光与原子(量子界面)量子关联和纠缠的重要手段.当一束写光与原子发生作用时,将会产生斯托克斯(Stokes)光子的自发拉曼散射,并同时产生一个自旋波(spin-wave)存储在原子系综中,上述过程即为DLCZ量子记忆产生过程.这一过程被广泛地研究.本文将87Rb原子系综放入驻波腔,并使Stokes光子与光学腔共振,我们观察到有腔且锁定的情况下Stokes光子产生概率比无腔时增大了8.7倍.在此条件下研究了Stokes光子产生概率和写光功率的关系,Stokes光子产生概率随写光功率线性增大.     

用红外光和X射线组合研究光与物质相互作用

美国科学家首次用红外光与X射线激光的组合,在原子尺度上研究光与物质的相互作用.这种技术是使用红外光和X射线照射同一个钻石样品.部分红外光被钻石的价电子吸收,其能量又转移给一些从样品散射出的X射线.由此,研究人员能够将与价电子相互作用的X射线和从样品原子的壳层内的电子散射的X射线区分开.X射线衍射技术是利用从物质原子周围的电子云散射的X射线,可以给出大量关于物质结构和成分的     

轻子核物理:话旧论新

<正>轻子与原子核概述近百年来,人们对构成物质世界基本"砖块"的认识不断发展深化。从原子到原子核,再到核子内的夸克(图1)。这些认识大多是通过散射实验获得的,如用从加速器出来的高速质子或电子(通称     

光电效应和康普顿效应──光子碰撞的两种不同结果

频率为v的电磁波与物质的作用,可以看成是能量为hv的光子与原子碰撞的过程.光子碰撞时,有些引起光电效应,光子的能量hv被原子吸收,转移给某个电子,该电子便脱离原子,形成一个自由电子和一个正离子,而有些则发生康普顿效应,光子被原子内较松散的外层电子所散射,它的飞行方向偏转.为什么同是光子碰撞过程,却会引起截然不同的两种效应呢? 实际上,光子碰撞引起的效应,并不限于这两种.除了光电效应和康普顿散射外,还可能会发生其他一些更复杂的现象.例如,光子可能被原子核散射(核致康普顿效应);它可能被原子核吸收,使核分裂(核的光电效应);光子可…     

电子、X光和固体的相互作用(Ⅰ)

近十多年来,随着透射电镜、扫描电镜、电子探针、俄歇电子谱仪、X光电子谱仪等现代分析仪器的蓬勃发展,电子、X光和固体的相互作用的研究获得了有力的推动,取得了新的进展,得到了更广泛的应用. 电子、X光和固体的作用内容很广,本文要讨论的是上述分析仪器中经常出现的物理过程,主要是电子、X光和固体中原子或集体运动(晶格振动、等离子振荡)之间的元散射过程,固体被激发以后的弛豫过程(X光发射及俄歇电子发散等)。 一、原子的能级和固体的能带 为了下面讨论的需要,先介绍原子能级和固体能带的有关概念。 原子中电子的能级可以用相对论量子…     

强激光长程传输中受激拉曼散射对光束特性的影响

依照受激拉曼散射(SRS)半经典理论从物质激发感应出的三阶非线性极化率X~(3)出发,在强激光长程传输受激拉曼散射中建立了泵浦(传输)激光相位与斯托克斯(Stokes)光强相耦合的理论模型。它清楚地说明了SRS效应影响泵浦激光光束特性,其中包括时间特性及空间特性(光束质量)的物理机制及影响因素。理论分析与实验结果符合得较好。实验还测得了不同转换效率η_s情况下传输后的泵浦光及Stokes光的时间过程特性。结果表明,在小转换效率的条件下,泵浦光时间特性基本不受SRS效应的影响;而当转换效率η_s>5％时,泵浦光脉宽随η_s增大而被逐渐压缩。     

Squeezing in strong light scattered by a regular structure of atoms

Squeezing in the resonance fluorescence emitted by a regular structure of atoms is discussed. Intense squeezed light fields are a prerequisite, e.g., for efficient measurements with sensitivity below the standard quantum limit. Regular structures are known to offer macroscopic squeezed light due to the fixed phase relation between the light scattered by the respective atoms, but typically restrict squeezing to low incident light intensity. As our main result, we demonstrate that this restriction to low driving field intensity can be circumvented. For this, we assume a suitable modification of the surrounding electromagnetic bath, as it can be achieved, e.g., with a cavity. The modified environment leads to a redistribution of the collective dressed state populations, such that squeezing is recovered at strong driving. In such modified environments, squeezing even occurs for a resonant driving field, in contrast to the regular vacuum case.     

Detection of Deposited Particles from the Backside of a Glass Plate

Microcontamination of product surfaces by deposited particles is an important problem in clean technologies. A most sensitive product to contamination by particles is a wafer during chip production. Therefore, methods for monitoring particle deposition on wafer surfaces have been developed in the last decade. A wafer with an unstructured and reflecting surface is inserted into the process equipment. After some time, depending on the process, this wafer is removed from the process equipment and is analysed with respect to the number of deposited particles using a wafer scanner. However, in situ particle detection in a process chamber is not possible with this technique. This would be possible if, instead of a monitor wafer, a transparent glass plate is mounted, e.g. in the housing of the process equipment. Then the illuminating and scattered light detection equipment can be mounted outside the process equipment. Since both the illuminating laser beam and the scattered light have to be transmitted through the glass plate, losses will occur, which will reduce the lower limit of detection with respect to particle size. In this article we estimate the detection possibilities theoretically and experimentally. A simple model based on Mie and vector scattering theory has been developed to describe the light-scattering behavior of a single spherical particle on a glass plate with random surface irregularities. The scattered light of individual particles of four particle sizes (1.03, 1.6, 2.92 and 4.23 μm) on the same glass surface and from the uncontaminated area of the glass plate was measured for unpolarized and normally incident light. The values of the scattered light from this model were compared with the experimental results. The comparison shows a reasonable agreement of the angular distribution of the scattered light. The developed model is used to predict the lower limit of detection for particles on a transparent surface. The theoretical estimations show that it should be possible to detect particles of a diameter down to 0.2 μm with the described measurement technique.     

Applicability of the T-matrix method and its modifications

The range of applicability of the T-matrix method and its modifications for solving the problem if the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by nonspherical, axially symmetric particles is investigated analytically and numerically. The use of this method for calculating the characteristics of scattered radiation in the farfield region (the extinction and scattering cross sections, the scattering indicatrix, etc.) is shown to be appropriate for “weak-Rayleigh-type” particles. This condition is met when the intersection of the analytic continuations of the scattered and internal fields contains a ring with the center at the origin of coordinates. For a reliable calculation of the scattered field in the near-field region, it is necessary that a particle be a “Rayleigh-type” one (i.e., the Rayleigh hypothesis be valid for it). In this case, the singularities of the scattered field must occur inside a sphere lying inside a scatterer. Spheroidal particles are weak-Rayleigh-type ones if their semiaxes ratio is $a/b < (\sqrt {2 + 1} )The range of applicability of the T-matrix method and its modifications for solving the problem if the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by nonspherical, axially symmetric particles is investigated analytically and numerically. The use of this method for calculating the characteristics of scattered radiation in the farfield region (the extinction and scattering cross sections, the scattering indicatrix, etc.) is shown to be appropriate for “weak-Rayleigh-type” particles. This condition is met when the intersection of the analytic continuations of the scattered and internal fields contains a ring with the center at the origin of coordinates. For a reliable calculation of the scattered field in the near-field region, it is necessary that a particle be a “Rayleigh-type” one (i.e., the Rayleigh hypothesis be valid for it). In this case, the singularities of the scattered field must occur inside a sphere lying inside a scatterer. Spheroidal particles are weak-Rayleigh-type ones if their semiaxes ratio is , and they are Rayleigh-type ones if . Numerical calculations for spheroids and Chebyshev particles corroborate these conclusions. However, the indicated boundaries are “ spread” (toward the expansion), because the expansion coefficients for the fields are determined with the use of the reduced (i.e., finite) systems. The limiting sizes of the particles for which the T-matrix method gives plausible results are primarily determined by their geometry (shape). __________ Translated from Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol. 92, No. 5, 2002, pp. 813–825. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2002 by Farafonov.     

Excitation wavelength dependence and magnetic field effect on aerosol particle formation from a gaseous mixture of carbon disulphide and glyoxal

Upon excitation of carbon disulphide (CS₂) molecules under UV light irradiation at 313?nm a gaseous mixture of CS₂ and glyoxal deposited sedimentary aerosol particles only. The nucleation process of the aerosol particles was investigated by measuring the He–Ne laser light intensity scattered by the aerosol particles formed under light irradiation at 313?nm, and the chemical structure of the sedimentary particles was analysed by measuring the FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectra. On application of a magnetic field of up to 5?T, the nucleation process was decelerated and the chemical species originating from CS₂ were less abundant. The results were compared with those obtained under visible light irradiation at 435.8?nm reported previously. Chemical reactions between CS₂ and glyoxal molecules, which were responsive to the magnetic field, are discussed briefly.     

Light scattering by closely packed clusters: Shielding of particles by each other in the near field

Equations of the theory of light scattering by clusters (aggregates) of spherical particles are analyzed, and peculiarities of interaction of scatterers in the near field are discussed. It is shown that one of the manifestations of the near field is a mutual shielding of particles. For simple clusters consisting of two identical spherical particles (bisphere), the mutual shielding leads to a decrease in the intensity of light scattered along the axis of the bisphere. If the bispheres are small as compared to the wavelength, shielding is caused by electrostatic interaction of charges induced in the particles by the external field. Calculations of the intensity of light scattered by randomly oriented clusters of spherical particles show that for the model ignoring the near field the intensity is significantly larger than for the model with the near field taken into account.     

Photochemical sensitization and magnetic field effect on aerosol particle formation from a gaseous mixture of glyoxal and acrolein

Under light irradiation at 435.8 nm with a medium pressure mercury lamp, pure acrolein (AC) vapour does not produce any deposits, but a gaseous mixture of glyoxal (GLY) and AC produced sedimentary aerosol particles. The nucleation process of the aerosol particles was investigated by measuring He-Ne laser light intensity scattered by the aerosol particles as formed under light irradiation at 435.8 nm. From the dependence of the scattered light intensity on the partial pressure of GLY, it was found that electronically excited GLY in the nπ? state initiated chemical reactions with AC leading to nucleation of the aerosol particles. Magnetic field effects on the nucleation process were measured for a gaseous mixture of GLY and AC. With the application of a magnetic field of 5.3 kG, the nucleation reaction was accelerated, and the convection of the gaseous mixture was changed due to greater heat release during nucleation reaction between GLY and AC. The magnetic field effect on the gaseous mixture is discussed based on the photochemical behaviour of GLY.     

T-matrix approach to calculating circular polarization of aggregates made of optically active materials

Optical activity is a typical property of the biological materials where left-handed amino-acids and right-handed carbohydrates dominate (so called homochirality). Observationally, optically active materials reveal themselves through the circular polarization in the light they scatter. Thus, circular polarization produced by the optically active particles can serve as a biomarker. It is known that biological (e.g. colonies of bacteria) and pre-biological (e.g. dust in comets) particles often have a complex structure that can be modeled presenting them as aggregates of small monomers. This motivated the development of the T-matrix code presented in this paper, which enables calculation of the scattering matrix - including circular polarization - of the light scattered by aggregated optically active particles. The code can be used for modeling the light scattering by biological objects (e.g. colonies of bacteria, blood cells) and for interpretation of the circular polarization produced by the cosmic dust that contains (pre)biological organic, e.g. comet dust or planetary aerosols.     

Light scattering studies of Brownian motion in confined geometries

Summary Dynamic light scattering can be a useful tool to determine the confinement of Brownian particles whose motion is restricted to dimensions comparable to the wavelength of the light. The theoretical form of the correlation function of the electric field scattered from such trapped particles has been derived and compared with the signal obtained both in a simulated experiment and in a real experiment where the particles are trapped in a glass wedge. This new result can be of relevance for particles trapped in various media such as a porous (transparent) media, a gel, a suspension of lamellar phases or even a concentrated colloidal suspension where a particle is ?trapped? by its neighbours. Paper presented at the I International Conference on Scaling Concepts and Complex Fluids, Copanello, Italy, July 4–8, 1994.     

Scattering of an atomic beam by a short light pulse

The observation of the scattering of sodium atoms by a short light pulse (≈ 10^?8 s) is treated. The pulse has the spatial structure of a standing wave. The particles are scattered at the expense of the forces of the stimulated light pressure (gradient forces). In a resonance field of the order of 10³ V/cm, the scattering angle is of the order of 0.01 rad.     

Quantum optics with quantum gases

Quantum optics with quantum gases represents a new field, where the quantum nature of both light and ultracold matter plays equally important role. Only very recently this ultimate quantum limit of light-matter interaction became feasible experimentally. In traditional quantum optics, the cold atoms are considered classically, whereas, in quantum atom optics, the light is used as an essentially classical auxilary tool. On the one hand, the quantization of optical trapping potentials can significantly modify many-body dynamics of atoms, which is well-known only for classical potentials. On the other hand, atomic fluctuations can modify the properties of the scattered light.