声相关流体速度测量理论和信号处理方法

研究了测量流体速度的声相关测速理论和信号处理方法。获得了在声呐阵夫琅和费区域内适用的声呐阵时空相关函数,它是指数函数,这是相关测流速的理论模型。重点研究了时空声相关函数最大值附近的特性,它包含流速的主要信息。提出了局域最小二乘估计作为速度估计准则,采用序列二次规划作为最优化的方法,由此建立了声相关流速测量的信号处理方法。进行多次海上系统试验,验证了理论模型;给出了声相关海流剖面仪测得的流速、流向和流速剖面,与声多普勒海流剖面仪进行了对比,结果符合;最后给出了声相关海流剖面仪的测速均方差,稍大于理论值。     

传播起伏对声信号相关处理的影响

本文所讨论的是,复杂脉冲信号经过相关处理之后,其模糊度函数起伏与输入相关器的传播信号起伏之间的联系。在具体计算中,着重于线性调频脉冲情况,得到模糊度函数（或其峰值）起伏的平方差,等于输入信号振幅起伏率与相位起伏方差之平方和,即
σ本文所讨论的是,复杂脉冲信号经过相关处理之后,其模糊度函数起伏与输入相关器的传播信号起伏之间的联系。在具体计算中,着重于线性调频脉冲情况,得到模糊度函数(或其峰值)起伏的平方差,等于输入信号振幅起伏率与相位起伏方差之平方和,即式中,“权重”A和B与输入信号振幅及相位起伏的时间相关半径、脉冲长度、时延等有关。     

噪声信号与速度测量

利用两个敏感元件，对周围环境中的“景物”产生两列噪声信号，这两列信号间具有时间差，该时间差惟一地由相对运动的速度决定，计算出这个时间差就知道了速度值，实验样机在50km/h速度时，分辨率为1km/h。     

光声信号的数字处理

利用数字信号处理技术,可直接应用微机而不用锁定放大器来检测物质的光声信号。本文给出用互功谱技术和多次平均方法所得的一些实验结果。当炭黑和黄色金刚石粉末为试样时,用微机和用锁定放大器所得到的光声信号的相位和幅值都非常吻合。文章还给出了用这数字信号处理技术检测一些薄型不透光试样的热扩散率的实验结果。这些结果与用激光导热仪所测得的结果也良好地相符合。     

腐蚀声发射信号降噪方法

为了从复杂背景噪声中有效地检测出腐蚀声发射信号,采用短时分形维数和离散分数余弦变换相结合的降噪方法,利用声发射检测系统,对6% FeCl₃·6H₂O溶液中Q235钢板的全面腐蚀和局部腐蚀声发射信号进行了降噪处理。实验结果表明,腐蚀声发射信号分别加入白噪声、有色噪声和粉红噪声,在输入信噪比为0~15dB的条件下,此方法降噪效果与标准离散余弦、离散分数余弦变换方法相比,输出信噪比最高可提升8 dB。所述降噪方法对检测腐蚀声发射信号以及对金属剩余寿命的评价具有一定意义。      

用于纳米测量的混合型外差干涉信号处理方法

通过对外差干涉信号同时进行相位检测和锁相倍频计数,可得到存在一定冗余度的一组测量结果,经过一定的逻辑混合;可实观测量分辨率优于０．１ｎｍ,测量范围不受λ／２周期限制,从而克服了以往单一采用相位测量法测量范围限于一个周期和锁相倍频计数法分辨率不易提高的难题。给出了在实际纳米测量干涉仪采用这种外差信号处理方法的测量结果。     

空间积分声相关处理的研究

利用声光布拉格器件成功地设计并研制出了空间积分声光相关器,实现了对模拟雷达信号（占空比为５０％,重复频率１ＭＨｚ,载频为１４０ＭＨｚ）的空间积分声光相关检测。     

基于分段信号相关累加的变速度多站联合直接定位方法

在低信噪比条件下,基于时延和多普勒频移的直接定位算法在解决宽带信号源定位时精度较差.针对此问题,提出了一种基于分段信号相关累加的变速度多站联合直接定位算法,并给出了其克拉美罗下界.该算法利用多个变速度的观测站对信号进行接收,然后将同一观测站接收的目标信号分割成多段不重叠的短时信号,采用最大似然估计器,联合各段信号的时延、多普勒频移信息对目标进行直接定位.算法充分利用了观测信号包含的定位信息,并利用观测站速度的变化增加了目标位置信息,解决了分段信号联合估计带来的定位模糊问题,使定位精度进一步提高,增加了算法的实用性.仿真实验表明,较之传统直接定位算法,本文算法定位精度更高,尤其在低信噪比条件下更能逼近克拉美罗界.     

人体声信号的检测和应用

本文综述了人体声信号检测与应用的几个基本问题和新进展。     

Theory and signal processing of acoustic correlation techniques for current velocity measurement

A theoretical model and signal processing of acoustic correlation measurements to estimate current velocity are discussed. The sonar space-time correlation function of volume reverberations within Fraunhofer zone is derived. The function, which is in exponential forms, is the theoretical model of acoustic correlation measurements. The characteristics of the correlation values around the maximum of the amplitude of the correlation function, where most information about current velocity is contained, are primarily analyzed. Localized Least Mean Squares （LLMS） criterion is put forward for velocity estimation. Sequential Quadratic Programming （SQP） method is adopted as the optimization method. So the systematic signal processing method of acoustic correlation techniques for current velocity measurement is established. A prototype acoustic correlation current profiler （ACCP） underwent several sea trials, the results show that theoretical model approximately coincides with experimental re- sults. Current profiles including the speed and direction from ACCP are compared with those from acoustic Doppler current profiler （ADCP）. The current profiles by both instruments agree reasonably well. Also, the standard deviation of velocity measurement by ACCP is statistically calculated and it is a little larger than predicted value.     

测速光幕靶用数字信号处理算法

针对光幕靶在使用中易受到蚊虫、冲击波和光电器件随机噪声干扰因而可靠性差的技术难题,提出一种测速光幕靶用数字信号处理算法。利用数据采集仪采集光幕靶输出的弹丸过靶信号,通过莱达因准则剔除偶发性干扰数据。通过阈值比较法判断出弹丸信号的时间范围后,利用4次高斯公式对一定时间范围内的采样数据进行曲线拟合,并准确计算出半峰值触发时刻点,实现低采样率下的高精度测量。研究的信号处理算法利用计算机进行仿真验证,其原理正确,计算效率高。配合XGK-2002型光幕靶进行实弹射击试验,测试数据表明:该算法可准确计算出各类弹丸信号的过幕时刻,极大地提高了光幕靶的稳定性和适用范围,测量相对误差不大于0.1%。研究的算法同样适用于一类动态特征信号的提取与计算。     

声速测量实验装置扩展应用

通过对声速测量装置进行适当的改进,使其既能测量空气中的声速,也能测量水、甘油等液体中的声速,减少重复购置仪器的投资,提高了仪器的利用率.     

Observer-based beamforming algorithm for acoustic array signal processing

In the field of noise identification with microphone arrays, conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming is the most popular signal processing technique. However, acoustic imaging results that are generated by DAS beamforming are easily influenced by background noise, particularly for in situ wind tunnel tests. Even when arithmetic averaging is used to statistically remove the interference from the background noise, the results are far from perfect because the interference from the coherent background noise is still present. In addition, DAS beamforming based on arithmetic averaging fails to deliver real-time computational capability. An observer-based approach is introduced in this paper. This so-called observer-based beamforming method has a recursive form similar to the state observer in classical control theory, thus holds a real-time computational capability. In addition, coherent background noise can be gradually rejected in iterations. Theoretical derivations of the observer-based beamforming algorithm are carefully developed in this paper. Two numerical simulations demonstrate the good coherent background noise rejection and real-time computational capability of the observer-based beamforming, which therefore can be regarded as an attractive algorithm for acoustic array signal processing.     

数据驱动声场信息处理与控制

海洋环境复杂性、多变性及其模型参数获取限制需要直接从实验数据中估计参数、评估 模型。在水声物理框架下,利用信道物理规律、特性,基于数据估计/提取模型参数或模型(模型函数),实现声场信息处理和控制具有学术价值和应用意义。本文综述波导不变量、格林函数提取和单边声场聚焦三种数据驱动声场信息处理与控制方法近年国内外相关研究进展。     

水声信号处理领域新进展

本文介绍近30年来水声信号处理领域理论研究的新进展和在声纳设计中的应用。包括水声信号建模、声场匹配、海洋波导和内波现象的探索和研究、声矢量场信息获取和处理,低频水声信道的时/空相关特性,水下目标辐射噪声的不变特征量提取和检测技术,水下语音、图像传输和抗干扰技术。同时概述,声纳设计的前沿领域:大孔径拖曳线列阵声纳、高分辨力合成孔径声纳、深海传呼机等的发展情况。     

Direct measurement of superluminal group velocity and signal velocity in an optical fiber

We present an easy way of observing superluminal group velocities using a birefringent optical fiber and other standard devices. In the theoretical analysis, we show that the optical properties of the setup can be described using the notion of "weak value." The experiment shows that the group velocity can indeed exceed c in the fiber; and we report the first direct observation of the so-called "signal velocity," the speed at which information propagates and that cannot exceed c.     

Loading transducers for non-destructive testing and signal processing by acoustic bulk waves

Non-destructive testing and signal processing with acoustic bulk waves require the use of loaded transducers having a large bandwidth. The technique of loading quartz or ceramic transducers by backing with a material having a relatively large acoustic impedance is well known. A brief review of the methods and results of this classical type of loading is given. Another method of broadening the bandwidth by backing the transducer with one or several metallic layers of variable thickness followed by a semi-infinite medium is then proposed. A brief mention is also given to the technique of matching the backed transducer to the propagating medium. Several practical examples illustrating the use of the methods are given.