含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物制备超疏水表面及其形成机理的研究

以丙烯酸全氟烷基乙基酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯为共聚单体, 分别以用微乳液聚合法和溶液聚合法制备的无规共聚物和用可逆加成-断裂链转移制备的嵌段共聚物作为成膜共聚物, 并以1,1,2-三氟三氯乙烷作为溶剂, 采用溶剂挥发成膜法可以直接制备出超疏水膜, 聚合物膜对水的接触角可达160°. 改变聚合物结构和成膜条件, 探讨了该类超疏水膜的形成机理和影响因素. 发现膜的表面形貌和疏水性与共聚物的组成、结构、分子量以及成膜条件密切相关, 随着共聚物中氟含量的增大, 膜的表面形貌都趋于平滑; 而且, 无规共聚物比嵌段共聚物更易形成粗糙度好的膜; 同时, 较大的聚合物分子量和适宜的高的成膜温度都对形成粗糙结构有利.     

原子转移自由基聚合合成甲基丙烯酸丁酯与丙烯酸全氟烷基乙酯两嵌段共聚物及其性能的研究

通过原子转移聚合合成了大分子引发剂PBMA Br及系列含氟两嵌段共聚物P(BMA b FAEM) ,并利用1 H NMR、F EA、GPC、FTIR对其结构进行了表征 .所合成的含氟嵌段共聚物膜具有低临界表面张力 .本文通过接触角的测定研究了含氟两嵌段共聚物的憎水、憎油性能与共聚物的含氟量 ,热处理温度 ,热处理时间的关系 ,结果表明含氟嵌段PFAEM具有向空气 聚合物界面富集的倾向 ,在共聚物中引入含氟嵌段可以明显提高共聚物的憎水、憎油性 .当含氟嵌段达 7 6wt%时 ,临界表面张力 (γc =18 7mN m)已与聚四氟乙烯相当 (γc=18 5mN m) ,显示出明显的低表面能特征     

PH/温度响应的两亲性嵌段共聚物的研究

刺激响应性两亲性嵌段共聚物由于具有多种潜在的用途而引起广泛关注。其中,pH和温度响应的嵌段共聚物被认为是较易获得并对外界环境刺激响应较敏感的一类聚合物。本文综述了利用各种可控/活性聚合方法制备不同结构刺激响应性的两亲性嵌段共聚物研究的最新进展,重点介绍聚（甲基）丙烯酸及其酯类与聚环氧乙烷(PEO)和聚环氧丙烷(PPO)类结构的两亲性嵌段共聚物的合成以及它们在水溶液中对pH值和温度变化的响应性。     

环境响应性嵌段共聚物的合成、自组装及应用研究进展

近年来具有环境响应性的嵌段共聚物的研发受到了人们的广泛关注。该类型共聚物可以对外界环境刺激产生相应的结构、物理及化学性能的变化。根据外界环境刺激响应机理及类型的不同,可将其分为单一因素、双重因素以及三重因素刺激响应性嵌段共聚物三大类。针对每一类体系,本文重点综述了嵌段共聚物的设计合成、自组装以及应用等研究现状,并概括总结了各种有序聚集体(如胶束、囊泡等)随外界环境刺激(如pH、温度、光、CO_2、氧化还原剂等)所作出的响应性变化。最后,对智能型嵌段共聚物在药物控释、纳米容器制备、生物功能材料等方面潜在的应用价值和今后可能的发展方向进行了展望。     

拒水型有机硅改性聚氨酯嵌段共聚物的合成与表征

以氨丙基硅氧烷偶联剂和端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为原料,合成了端氨丙基聚二甲基硅氧烷低聚物(SN2),并将其作为扩链剂,制备了有机硅-聚氨酯(Si-PU)嵌段共聚物.考察了聚氨酯预聚体的加料比(rNCO/OH)、SN2与聚氨酯预聚体的加料比(rNH2/NCO)对Si-PU嵌段共聚物溶液流变行为及其膜性能的影响.研究发现,该Si-PU共聚物的异丙醇溶液呈现较低的表观黏度及牛顿特性;成膜时,有机硅链段向表面迁移;膜表面对水的接触角达110°以上,且随着有机硅链段含量的增高而增大;共聚物膜的24 h吸水率较低(<1.5 wt%);但当有机硅链段含量过高时,吸水率反而增高.     

耗散粒子动力学模拟嵌段聚合物刷修饰纳米孔的pH响应门控

通过耗散粒子动力学方法,研究了p H响应性嵌段聚合物(聚丙烯酸-聚-2-乙烯基吡啶PAA-P2VP)接枝在纳米孔内的开关效应.探讨了嵌段序列Wall-P2VP-PAA和Wall-PAA-P2VP对响应性开关效应的影响,结果表明,只有Wall-PAA-P2VP嵌段序列才能在不同的环境下形成智能响应性开关.接枝密度对智能响应性开关影响的研究表明,只有在合适的嵌段聚合物链接枝密度下,形成的孔道才能够达到智能开关效应.链长是影响智能开关膜开关效应的另一个重要因素,在链长较短的条件下,无法形成关闭的开关效应;而在链长较长的条件下则可以形成闭合的开关效应.在控制嵌段聚合物的接枝密度和链长的条件下,共聚物刷修饰的纳米膜孔在不同的p H值条件下可以实现智能膜的开关效应.对不同嵌段比对智能膜形成孔大小的影响的研究发现,随着PAA嵌段比例的增大,嵌段聚合物膜孔的大小逐渐减小,直至几乎闭合.研究结果为设计和构建有开关效应的纳米孔提供了一定的理论基础.     

MMA/MPC共聚物膜的制备及其抗凝血性能研究

采用自由基共聚制得了甲基丙烯酸甲酯与2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基磷酰胆碱(MPC)的共聚物, 在模板中将溶剂蒸发得到了共聚物膜. 用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、元素分析仪(EA)、氢核磁共振(¹H NMR)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对共聚物及其膜的结构与形态进行了表征, 并测定了膜的溶胀度与表面的亲水性, 结合对牛血清蛋白(BSA)吸附研究结果表明: 共聚物膜的溶胀度随着MPC含量的增加而逐渐上升, 并且随着温度的升高而逐渐增大; 由动态接触角(DCA)结果可知共聚物膜表面的链段可随着环境的变化而发生重排, MPC链段向膜表面的迁移提高了膜表面的亲水性, 降低了对蛋白质的吸附. 并通过体外血小板粘附试验对膜材料的抗凝血性能进行了评价. 结果表明, 当共聚物膜中w(MPC)＝0.25时, 膜表面吸附的血小板数量明显减少, 共聚物膜表现出良好的抗凝血性能.     

具有可见光响应聚合物纳米粒子的制备及性能研究

利用可见光响应供体-受体Stenhouse加合物(DASAs)设计并制备了2种表面含有可见光响应单元的聚合物纳米粒子,并对纳米粒子的光响应性进行了研究.首先合成了修饰DASA分子的聚合物PGMD,研究结果表明PGMD可溶于与水互溶的有机溶剂(如DMSO)中并具有良好的光响应性,PGMD链段可在可见光刺激下响应为亲水状态.因此,含有PGMD链段的嵌段共聚物PCL-b-PGMD可在水中自组装形成胶束,并能与PCL-b-PEG在水中共组装形成复合壳层胶束,但PGMD链段在水中无法可逆响应为疏水状态.为获得具有可逆响应性的聚合物纳米粒子,利用硅烷偶联剂水解修饰的方法得到表面含有疏水三烯状态DASA分子与亲水PEG短链的复合壳层二氧化硅纳米粒子,实验结果表明复合壳层二氧化硅纳米粒子在水环境中有良好的分散稳定性,并且表面修饰的DASA分子仍具有良好的响应性.本研究为设计表面性质可调的响应性聚合物纳米粒子提供了新的设计思路.     

侧链可降解聚硅氧烷的合成及其膜性能

以乳酸和聚乙二醇为原料,直接缩聚法制备出聚乳酸-聚乙二醇可降解嵌段共聚物,再将烯丙基缩水甘油醚和所得的嵌段共聚物在锌粉的作用下得到带有α烯基反应性官能团的大分子单体,然后在铂催化剂的作用下,合成了一种带有可降解侧链的亲水性聚硅氧烷(PDMS-g-PLA-PEG).对产物的结构、相对分子质量及其分布、热性能及成膜的表面性能等进行了研究.结果表明,由于分子链中硅氢键分布的不均匀性和聚乳酸-聚乙二醇共聚物分子量分布的不均一性,产物的分子量分布相对较宽,达到了1.87.由于聚乳酸-聚乙二醇共聚物侧链逐渐降解,所以PDMS-g-PLA-PEG所成的膜与水的接触角将随着时间的延长而逐渐增大,30天后从42°增至92°.     

以Pluronics~为第二组分制备聚乳酸蜂窝状规整多孔薄膜

以聚乳酸(PLA)为成膜材料,以两亲三嵌段共聚物PEO-PPO-PEO(Pluronics)为第二组分,利用水辅助法成功地制备了聚乳酸蜂窝状多孔膜.研究了环境湿度、溶液浓度和所用PLA分子量对多孔膜结构的影响.结果表明,加入第二组分PEO-PPO-PEO能有效地促进规整蜂窝结构的形成.蛋白质吸附实验结果进一步证明了PEO-PPO-PEO组分在孔洞内壁的富集,由此构建了阻抗蛋白质吸附的图案化功能结构表面.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Poly(ϵ-caprolactone)-b-Poly(L-lactide) and Study on Their Electrospun Scaffolds

A series of multi-block copolymers, poly(L-lactide)-b-poly (?-caprolactone) (PLLA-b-PCL) were synthesized. The first step of the synthesis consisted of the transesterification between the PLLA and 1,4-Butanediol, followed by the copolymerization of PLLA-diols and PCL, using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as a coupling agent. The synthesized polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). PLLA/PCL block copolymers were electrospun into ultrafine fibers. The morphology of the electrospun fibrous scaffolds were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the morphology and diameter of the fibers were affected by the electrospinning solution concentrationan and different weight ratio of PLLA/PCL. These electrospun PLLA-b-PCL fibrous membranes exhibited good flexibility and deformability. In comparison with the electrospun PLLA membrane, the electrospun fibrous membranes of PLLA-b-PCL demonstrated an enhanced elongation with still high tensile strength and Young's modulus to be beneficial for tissue engineering scaffolds.     

聚乙二醇-b-聚乳酸的合成及其电纺形成超细纤维研究

为了提高聚乳酸的亲水性,以辛酸亚锡为催化剂、聚乙二醇单甲醚(mPEG)为大分子引发剂进行丙交酯(LLA)开环聚合,合成聚乙二醇-b-聚乳酸两嵌段共聚物(PELA).以红外光谱1、H核磁共振谱、接触角测试、差热扫描量热分析等方法对PELA的结构及性能进行表征.结果表明,通过调控mPEG与LLA的投料比可以控制PELA的相对分子质量,而随着mPEG组分含量或链长增加,共聚物亲水性增强,但其Tg、Tcc、Tm有所降低.由普通电纺制备PELA超细纤维,并分别由乳液电纺和同轴电纺得到以水溶性聚氧化乙烯(PEO)为芯、PELA为壳的芯/壳结构复合超细纤维(E-PEO/PELA和C-PEO/PELA).扫描电镜和透射电镜结果表明,PELA、E-PEO/PELA和C-PEO/PELA超细纤维形貌良好.随着PELA中mPEG含量的增加,电纺PELA纤维膜的吸水率增强,而由乳液电纺和同轴电纺制备的PEO/PELA芯/壳结构超细纤维膜,亲水性均好于PELA超细纤维膜.     

Effect of thermal treatment on the characteristics of electrospun PVDF−silica composite nanofibrous membrane

Composite nanofibrous membranes were prepared by the electrospinning and the thermal treatment from poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) blend solutions. The average diameter of nanofibers was reduced with increasing the concentration of TMOS in the solution due to the decrease of the solution viscosity. The EDX spectra confirmed the presence of TMOS on the external surface of the composite nanofibrous membrane. The porosity of membranes was effectively enhanced by the introduction of electrospinning technique. However, the mechanical properties, thermal stability and hydrophobicity were not markedly amplified. Thus the thermal treatment of the composite membranes was carried out, leading to the enormous enhancement of the mechanical properties and hydrophobicity. In addition, XRD results revealed that the crystal structure of PVDF in the composite membranes transformed from α-phase to β-phase due to the formation of silica particles by the thermal treatment.     

Bio-based and Biodegradable Electrospun Fibers Composed of Poly(L-lactide) and Polyamide 4

Novel bio-based and biodegradable block copolymers were synthesized by "click" reaction between poly(L-lactide)(PLLA) and polyamide 4(PA4). Upon tuning the molar mass of PLLA block, the properties of copolymers and electrospun ultrafine fibers were investigated and compared with those of PLLA and PA4 blends. PLLA and PA4 were found incompatible and formed individual crystalline regions, along with reciprocal inhibition in crystallization. Electrospun fibers were highly hydrophobic, even if hydrophilic PA4 was the rich component. The crystallinity of either PLLA or PA4 decreased after electrospinning and PLLA-rich as-spun fibers were almost amorphous. Immersion tests proved that fibers of block copolymers were relatively homogeneous with micro-phase separation between PLLA and PA4. The fibrous structures of copolymers were different from those of the fibers electrospun from blends, for which sheath-core structure induced by macro-phase separation between homopolymers of PLLA and PA4 was confirmed by TEM, EDS, and XPS.     

Polymorphism Control of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) through Electrospinning

Polymorphism control of PVDF has been realized through electrospinning. PVDF fibrous membranes with fiber diameter in the range of 100 nm to several micrometers were produced by electrospinning and the crystal phase of electrospun PVDF fibers can be adjusted at the same time. Through the control of electrospinning parameters such as the solvent, electrospinning temperature, feeding rate, and tip‐to‐collector distance, PVDF fibrous membranes containing mainly α‐ or β‐ or γ‐phase could be fabricated successfully.

     

ANTIFOULING PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) MEMBRANES MODIFIED BY AMPHIPHILIC COPOLYMERS P(MMA-A-MAA)

Three well-defined diblock copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate-b-methacrylic acid)(P(MMA-b-MAA))were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization method and varying poly(methacrylic acid)(PMAA)chain lengths. These copolymers were blended with PVC to fabricate porous membranes via phase inversion process.Membrane morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and chemical composition changes of the membrane surfaces were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).Static and dynamic protein adsorption experiments were used to evaluate antifouling properties of the blend membranes.It was found that,the blend membranes containing longer PMAA arm length showed lower static protein adsorption,higher water permeation flux and better protein solution flux recovery.     

Synthesis and characterization of hydrophilicity-controlled poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers with phenolphthalein-based carboxylic acid groups for separation membrane applications

Abstract

Hydrophilicity-controlled poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers with phenolphthalein-based carboxylic acid groups (PES-COOH-X) were synthesized via direct copolymerization by adjusting the feed molar ratio. The chemical structures of the obtained copolymers were confirmed by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The copolymers showed good solubility in common aprotic solvents and exhibited excellent mechanical properties. The water contact angles of the obtained copolymers could be reduced by approximately 52% from 92.1° to 44.2° with increasing content of phenolphthalein-derived monomer, 2-[bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl] benzoic acid (PPH-COOH), in the feed molar ratio. A series of PES-COOH-X membranes was prepared via a conventional immersion precipitation phase inversion method. The effects of the monomer feed molar ratio on the morphology, hydrophilicity, pure water flux, and water uptake of the prepared membranes were investigated. The results showed that the pure water flux of the PES-COOH-X membranes was significantly enhanced by almost a factor of two as compared to the pristine PES membrane. From the water contact angle data, it was identified that the hydrophilicity of the membranes was increased rapidly with increasing PPH-COOH content in the membranes. These hydrophilicity-controlled poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers may be considered as good candidates for separation membrane materials.     

Electrospinning of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) and HA/Gelatin Blends

Summary: In the present study, electrospinning of hyaluronic acid (HA) and hyaluronic acid/gelatin (HA‐GE) blends in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)/water‐mixed solvents have been investigated. When the volume ratio of DMF to water was in the range of 1.5–0.5, HA solutions could be electrospun into fibrous membranes successfully. The average diameter of HA fibers was about 200 nm. The HA‐GE composite nanofibrous membranes with varied HA/GE weight ratio in the range of 100/20–100/100 have also been successfully fabricated. The average diameter of HA‐GE fibers was in the range of 190–500 nm. The decrease in surface tension could promote fiber formation. Thus, an introduction of DMF that could decrease the surface tension distinctively, without significant change or increase in viscosity of the solution, could bypass the use of blowing‐assisted electrospinning. Our postulated picture is that the lower surface tension could help the ejection of stream with relatively high viscosity and reduce or prevent the droplet formation during the spinning process.

HA/GE (100/80) nanofibrous membrane produced by electrospinning.     

Preparation and Characterization of Aligned PLLA/PCL/HA Composite Fibrous Membranes

Aligned poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)/poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL)/hydroxyapaite (HA) composite fibrous membranes were fabricated by electrospinning. Their morphology, thermal stability, mechanical properties, hydrophilic properties and biocompatibility were investigated. The electrospun fibers are highly aligned and the HA are oriented along the fiber axis. When HA are incorporated, the PLLA/PCL/HA composite fibers become thinner due to the increased conductivity. In addition, the aligned HA reinforce the electrospun fibrous membranes. The larger porosity and higher hydrophilic properties induced by HA in the electrospun fibers have improved the degradation of the PLLA/PCL/HA fibrous membranes which have no toxic effect on proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells.     

Electrospun Aligned Poly(L-lactide)/Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) /Poly(ethylene glycol) Blend Fibrous Membranes

Aligned poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)/poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) fibrous membranes were fabricated by electrospinning. Their morphology, thermal stability, mechanical properties, hydrophilic properties and in vitro degradation behaviors were investigated. With increasing the content of PEG, the PLLA/PCL/PEG blend fibers become thinner due to the increment in solution conductivity and decrease in solution viscosity. The thermal stability, hydrophilic properties, the tensile strength and elongation-at-break of PLLA/PCL/PEG blend fibrous membranes were improved, but porosity were decreased with the content of PEG changing from 10 wt% to 30 wt%. Furthermore, the incorporation of PEG enhanced the degradation of the PLLA/PCL/PEG fibrous membranes due to the better hydrophilic properties. In addition, the PLLA/PCL/PEG fibrous membranes have no toxic effect on proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells.