过渡金属卡宾配合物及其在有机合成中的应用

自从E.O.Fischer于1964年开创过渡金属卡宾配合物化学以来,作为金属有机化学的前沿领域之一,卡宾配合物化学一直受到人们的极为关注。近年来对于各种卡宾配合物的合成,及它们在有机合成中的应用的研究有了较大的进展。本文详细报道了各种常用的卡宾配合物的合成方法,卡宾配合物发生的各种奇特的反应,近年发展较快的卡宾配合物在天然产物合成中的应用以及卡宾配合物在催化化学中的应用。     

氮杂环卡宾催化二氧化碳羧化反应的研究进展

二氧化碳是一种来源丰富的可再生资源,科研工作者一直致力于开发能够高效转化二氧化碳的催化体系。氮杂环卡宾在有机化学中是一类非常重要的催化剂,利用氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物催化实现二氧化碳的高效化学转化受到了人们的广泛关注。本文主要根据氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物进行分类,总结归纳了近年来氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物催化二氧化碳羧化反应的研究进展。     

过渡金属N-杂环卡宾配合物合成*

由于N-杂环卡宾配体（NHCs）的独特性能,N-杂环卡宾过渡金属配合物在均相催化等方面取得了重要应用,但是其合成方法却发展缓慢。本文综述了N-杂环卡宾过渡金属配合物合成方法的最新研究进展,介绍了富电子烯烃裂解反应、游离NHC直接配位反应、配体底物的脱质子原位反应、卡宾加合物热解反应、金属交换转移反应和C2-X（X为甲基、卤原子或氢原子）键氧化加成反应等合成N-杂环卡宾过渡金属配合物的主要方法,此外本课题组还首次发现了金属粉末法,该法可用于规模化合成铁、钴、镍、铜等第一过渡系金属NHC配合物。     

稀土金属有机配合物化学60年

60年来稀土金属有机配合物化学取得重要发展. 辅助配体从环戊二烯基,五甲基环戊二烯基,茚基发展到各种非茂配体,如双酚,β-二亚胺,胍基,脒基等. 配合物的种类从简单的三茂稀土配合物发展到各种形式的二茂稀土配合物和单茂稀土配合物. 非茂配体的应用不仅拓展了稀土金属有机配合物的结构种类,还极大推动稀土金属有机配合物在高分子和有机合成中的应用. 稀土金属有机配合物可有效催化烯烃均聚与共聚,共轭双烯烃以及极性单体的选择性聚合. 稀土金属有机配合物还能催化氢化,氢胺化和膦氢化等重要有机反应. 本文对稀土金属有机配合物化学过去60年的发展进行综述.     

末端炔烃二聚反应合成共轭烯炔的研究进展

综述了不同催化体系催化末端炔烃二聚反应合成共轭烯炔化合物的研究进展. 其中催化体系主要包括过渡金属配合物、镧系和锕系金属配合物、第三主族元素配合物以及有机催化剂. 实验结果表明: 不同催化体系对末端炔烃二聚反应的选择性控制有影响, 尤其是区域选择性(头-头二聚或头-尾二聚).     

硅卡宾铁(0)氮气配合物催化的炔烃选择性硼氢化反应

硅卡宾(R2Si?, silylene)是卡宾的相似体,可以作为配体与金属形成配合物.由于硅的原子半径比碳大,硅卡宾可与Lewis碱配位形成三配位甚至四配位的化合物同时保持很强的配位能力.因此,硅卡宾兼具卡宾和膦配体的结构特征,在稳定新颖的金属配合物及均相催化领域或具有更大的调控空间.本工作报道硅卡宾铁氮气配合物[Ph C(t-Bu N)2Si CH2C(t-Bu)NAr]FeN2(D,Ar=2,6-(i-Pr)2C6H3)催化的炔烃的选择性硼氢化反应.研究发现,该配合物对炔烃的硼氢化反应具有很好的区域及立体选择性,主要生成E式构型产物并表现出很好的官能团耐受性.该研究表明,硅卡宾对过渡金属催化具有很好的调控作用,具有很好的研究潜力.     

硅卡宾铁(0)氮气配合物催化的炔烃选择性硼氢化反应

硅卡宾（R₂Si：,silylene）是卡宾的相似体,可以作为配体与金属形成配合物.由于硅的原子半径比碳大,硅卡宾可与Lewis碱配位形成三配位甚至四配位的化合物同时保持很强的配位能力.因此,硅卡宾兼具卡宾和膦配体的结构特征,在稳定新颖的金属配合物及均相催化领域或具有更大的调控空间.本工作报道硅卡宾铁氮气配合物[PhC （t-BuN）₂SiCH₂C （t-Bu） NAr]FeN₂（D,Ar＝2,6-（i-Pr）₂C₆H₃）催化的炔烃的选择性硼氢化反应.研究发现,该配合物对炔烃的硼氢化反应具有很好的区域及立体选择性,主要生成E式构型产物并表现出很好的官能团耐受性.该研究表明,硅卡宾对过渡金属催化具有很好的调控作用,具有很好的研究潜力.     

镍(Ⅱ)基双氮杂环卡宾配合物的合成及其晶体结构

以咪唑和取代氯化苄为原料,经氮烷基化反应合成三个氮杂环卡宾(NHC)配体[L1:N,N-二苄基咪唑-2-亚基,L2:N,N-二(4-甲基苄基)咪唑-2-亚基,L3:N,N-二(4-氯苄基)咪唑-2-亚基];再以咪唑官能团化的N-杂环卡宾配体和氯化镍为原料,通过金属交换反应合成三个新型的镍基双氮杂环卡宾配合物[Ni(NHC)_2]Cl_2(C1~C3),其结构经~1H NMR,IR,元素分析和X-单晶射线衍射表征。配合物C1和C3属于单斜晶系,分别为P2_1/n和P2_1/c空间群。配合物C2属于三斜晶系,为P1空间群。C1~C3的CCDC分别为:1433176,1433177和1433179。     

官能团化N,C双齿N-杂环卡宾配合物研究进展

综述了官能团化N,C双齿N-杂环卡宾金属配合物研究的最新进展,着重讨论了这些配合物对各种化学反应的催化性能.     

卡宾的钨配合物与二氯甲基Wittig试剂的反应

卡宾的过渡金属配合物是一个十分活跃的研究领域,有关它们的制备方法及性质的研究工作正日益引起人们的注意。Burkhardt等发现,卡宾的钨配合物能与Witting试剂反应,生成烷氧基取代烯烃。本文将卡宾的钨配合物进一步用于与二氯甲基Wittig试剂的反应,合成1,1-二氯-2-烷氧基烯烃。众所周知,1,1-二卤代烯烃是一类产生不饱和卡宾的前体化合物。因此,通过对卡宾的钨配合物与二氯代Wittig试剂之间的反应研究,还可以为进一步研究烷氧基取代不饱和卡宾的性质提供方便。     

Catalysis using transition metal complexes featuring main group metal and metalloid compounds as supporting ligands

Recent development in catalytic application of transition metal complexes having an M–E bond (E = main group metal or metalloid element), which is stabilized by a multidentate ligand, is summarized. Main group metal and metalloid supporting ligands furnish unusual electronic and steric environments and molecular functions to transition metals, which are not easily available with standard organic supporting ligands such as phosphines and amines. These characteristics often realize remarkable catalytic activity, unique product selectivity, and new molecular transformations. This perspective demonstrates the promising utility of main group metal and metalloid compounds as a new class of supporting ligands for transition metal catalysts in synthetic chemistry.

Recent development in catalytic application of transition metal complexes having an M–E bond (E = main group metal or metalloid element), which is stabilized by a multidentate ligand, is summarized.     

Recent advances on the chemistry of transition metal complexes of 2-(arylazo)pyridines and its arylamino derivatives

Recent advancement on the redox properties of a selection of transition metal complexes of the azoaromatic ligands: bidentate L(1) [2-(arylazo)pyridine] and tridentate HL(2) [2-(aminoarylphenylazo)pyridine] are described and compared. Due to the presence of a low lying azo-centered π*-orbital, these azoaromatic ligands may exist in multiple valent states. The coordination chemistry of the L(1) ligands was thoroughly studied during the 1980s. These complexes undergo facile reduction in solution at low accessible potentials. One electron reduced azo-complexes, though known for a long time to occur in solution, have only recently been isolated in a crystalline state. New synthetic protocols for the synthesis of metal-bound azo-radical complexes have been developed. Low-valent metal complexes such as metal carbonyls have been found to be excellent starting materials for this purpose. In a few selected cases, syntheses of these complexes were also achieved from very high valent metal oxides using triphenylphosphine as both a reducing and oxo-abstracting agent. Issues related to the ambiguities of the electronic structures in the azo-metal complexes have been discussed considering bond parameters, redox and spectral properties. Unusual redox events such as RIET (Redox-Induced Electron Transfer) phenomena in a few systems have been elaborated and compared with the known example. Novel examples of N=N bond cleavage reactions via four-electron reduction and subsequent C-N bond formation in metal-bound coordinated ligands have been noted.     

Saturated Heavier Group 14 Compounds as ‐Electron‐Acceptor (Z‐Type) Ligands

This review article describes the chemistry of transition‐metal complexes containing heavier group 14 elements (Si, Ge, and Sn) as the σ‐electron‐acceptor (Z‐type) ligands and discusses the characteristics of bonds between the transition metal and Z‐type ligand. Moreover, we review the iridium hydride mediated cleavage of E–X bonds (E=Si, Ge; X=F, Cl), where the key intermediates are pentacoordinate silicon or germanium compounds bearing a dative M→E bond.     

Synthesis, characterization and coordination chemistry of a macrocyclic ligand containing arsenic donors

The preparation and characterization of the macrocyclic diamido-diarsine ligand [As2N2]Li2(1,4-dioxane) (1) (where As2N2 = PhAs(CH2SiMe2NSiMe2CH2)2AsPh) and a series of early transition metal complexes are presented. The complexes [As2N2]MCl2 (M = Zr, 2; Ti, 4) and the complex ([As2N2]Y)2(mu-Cl)2 (5) can be prepared by reaction of 1 with the corresponding THF adduct of the metal halide. The iodide derivative of 2, [As2N2]ZrI2 (3) can be prepared by reaction with iodotrimethylsilane. The lithium complex 1 displays a very long lithium-arsenic bond distance of 3.162(10) A, and the yttrium complex 5 is the first known complex containing a yttrium-arsenic bond. Reduction of 2, 3 or 4 using C8K or activated magnesium decomposed the complexes in such a manner that the ligand was separated from the metal centre. Indirect evidence suggests this may be due to reduction of arsenic in the ligand in preference to the metal.     

Probing the ruthenium-cumulene bonding interaction: synthesis and spectroscopic studies of vinylidene- and allenylidene-ruthenium complexes supported by tetradentate macrocyclic tertiary amine and comparisons with diphosphine analogues of ruthenium and osmium

The synthesis and spectroscopic properties of trans-[Cl(16-TMC)Ru[double bond]C[double bond]CHR]PF(6) (16-TMC = 1,5,9,13-tetramethyl-1,5,9,13-tetraazacyclohexadecane, R = C(6)H(4)X-4, X = H (1), Cl (2), Me (3), OMe (4); R = CHPh(2) (5)), trans-[Cl(16-TMC)Ru[double bond]C[double bond]C[double bond]C(C(6)H(4)X-4)(2)]PF(6) (X = H (6), Cl (7), Me (8), OMe (9)), and trans-[Cl(dppm)(2)M[double bond]C[double bond]C[double bond]C(C(6)H(4)X-4)(2)]PF(6) (M = Ru, X = H (10), Cl (11), Me (12); M = Os, X = H (13), Cl (14), Me (15)) are described. The crystal structures of 1, 5, 6, and 8 show that the Ru-C(alpha) and C(alpha)-C(beta) distances of the allenylidene complexes fall between those of the vinylidene and acetylide relatives. Two reversible redox couples are observed by cyclic voltammetry for 6-9, with E(1/2) values ranging from -1.19 to -1.42 and 0.49 to 0.70 V vs Cp(2)Fe(+/0), and they are both 0.2-0.3 and 0.1-0.2 V more reducing than those for 10-12 and 13-15, respectively. The UV-vis spectra of the vinylidene complexes 1-4 are dominated by intense high-energy bands at lambda(max) < or = 310 nm (epsilon(max) > or = 10(4) dm(3) mol(-1) cm(-1)), while weak absorptions at lambda(max) > or = 400 nm (epsilon(max) < or = 10(2) dm(3) mol(-1) cm(-1)) are tentatively assigned to d-d transitions. The resonance Raman spectrum of 5 contains a nominal nu(C[double bond]C) stretch mode of the vinylidene ligand at 1629 cm(-1). The electronic absorption spectra of the allenylidene complexes 6-9 exhibit an intense absorption at lambda(max) = 479-513 nm (epsilon(max) = (2-3) x 10(4) dm(3) mol(-1) cm(-1)). Similar electronic absorption bands have been found for 10-12, but the lowest energy dipole-allowed transition is blue-shifted by 1530-1830 cm(-1) for the Os analogues 13-15. Ab initio calculations have been performed on the ground state of trans-[Cl(NH(3))(4)Ru[double bond]C[double bond]C[double bond]CPh(2)](+) at the MP2 level, and imply that the HOMO is not localized purely on the metal center or allenylidene ligand. The absorption band of 6 at lambda(max) = 479 nm has been probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Simulations of the absorption band and the resonance Raman intensities show that the nominal nu(C[double bond]C[double bond]C) stretch mode accounts for ca. 50% of the total vibrational reorganization energy, indicating that this absorption band is strongly coupled to the allenylidene moiety. The excited-state reorganization of the allenylidene ligand is accompanied by rearrangement of the Ru[double bond]C and Ru[bond]N (of 16-TMC) fragments, which supports the existence of bonding interaction between the metal and C[double bond]C[double bond]C unit in the electronic excited state.     

过渡金属和硅烯配体相互作用的理论研究(Ⅰ)——MSiH2+的从头算研究

以HF/6-311+G^*基组研究了过渡金属硅烯离子MSiH₂⁺(M从Sc至Cu)的构型、成键特征以及M-Si键解离能.具有共平面构型的MSiH₂⁺,其M=Si键带有明显的双键特征,M=Si键解离能从Sc至Cu呈现周期性变化,与M的金属离子激发能有近似的线性关系.     

Ligands Based on Phosphine-Stabilized Aluminum(I), Boron(I), and Carbon(0)

A systematic quantum chemical study of the bonding in d⁶-transition-metal complexes, containing phosphine-stabilized, main-group-element fragments, (R₃P)₂E, as ligands (E=AlH, BH, CH⁺, C), is reported. By using energy decomposition analysis, it is demonstrated that a strong M−E bond is accompanied by weak P−E bonds, and vice versa. Although the Al−M bond is, for example, found to be very strong, the weak Al−P bond suggests that the corresponding metal complexes will not be stable towards phosphine dissociation. The interaction energies for the boron(I)-based ligand are lower, but still higher than those for two-carbon-based ligands. For neutral ligands, electrostatic interactions are the dominating contributions to metal–ligand bonding, whereas for the cationic ligand a significant destabilization, with weak orbital and even weaker electrostatic metal–ligand interactions, is observed. Finally, for iron(II) complexes, it is demonstrated that different reactivity patterns are expected for the four donor groups: the experimentally observed reversible E−H reductive elimination of the borylene-based ligand (E=BH) exhibits significantly higher barriers for the protonated carbodiphosphorane (CDP) ligand (E=CH) and would proceed through different intermediates and transition states. For aluminum, such reaction pathways are not feasible (E=AlH). Moreover, it is demonstrated that the metal hydrido complexes with CDP ligands might not be stable towards reduction and isomerization to a protonated CDP ligand and a reduced metal center.     

Agostic interaction in the methylidene metal dihydride complexes H2MCH2 (M=Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Th, or U)

Multiconfigurational quantum chemical methods (complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF)/second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2)) have been used to study the agostic interaction between the metal atom and H(C) in the methylidene metal dihydride complexes H2MCH2, where M is a second row transition metal or the actinide atoms Th or U. The geometry of some of these complexes is highly irregular due to the formation of a three center bond CH...M, where the electrons in the CH bond are delocalized onto empty or half empty orbitals of d- or f-type on the metal. No agostic interaction is expected when M=Y, where only a single bond with methylene can be formed, or when M=Ru, because of the lack of empty electron accepting metal valence orbitals. The largest agostic interaction is found in the Zr and U complexes.     

Coordination chemistry of neutral quinolyl- and aminophenylcyclopentadiene derivatives

The cyclopentadiene and indene derivatives 1–4 being functionalised by a dimethylaniline and quinolyl group, respectively, were treated with metal carbonyl complexes. Whereas cyclopentadienes (C₅R₅H) normally loose one hydrogen atom prior or during metal complex formation, leading to negatively charged cyclopentadienide ligands, the compounds 1–4 are able to act as neutral ligands without hydrogen loss. Consequently transition metal complexes with coordination of the nitrogen donor and a CC double bond of the five membered ring have been obtained. In some cases a hydrogen atom is eliminated and the expected η⁵-(C₅R₅) complexes are formed. Reaction of Ru₃(CO)₁₂ with 2 leads to the binuclear η⁶-fulvene complex 8. The octahedral molybdenum complex 9 and the square planar rhodium(I) complexes 10 and 11 which were obtained from Mo(CO)₆ and [Rh(CO)₂Cl]₂, respectively, are rare examples of η²-(C₅R₅H) coordination to metal atoms.     

Infrared spectra and electronic structures of agostic uranium methylidene molecules

Through reactions of laser-ablated uranium atoms with methylene halides CH2XY (XY = F2, FCl, and Cl2), a series of new actinide methylidene molecules CH2UF2, CH2UFCl, and CH2UCl2 are formed as the major products. The identification of these complexes has been accomplished via matrix infrared spectra, isotopic substitution, and relativistic density functional calculations of the vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities. Density functional calculations using the generalized gradient approach (PW91) show that these CH2UXY methylidene complexes prefer highly distorted agostic structures rather than the ethylene-like symmetric structures. The calculated agostic angles ([angle]H-C-U) are around 89 degrees for all the three uranium complexes, and the predicted vibrational modes and isotopic shifts agree well with experimental values. Electronic structure calculations reveal that these U(IV) molecules all have strong C=U double bonds in the triplet ground states with 5f (2) configurations. The calculated bond lengths and bond energies indicate that the C=U double bonds are slightly weaker in the fluoride species than in the chloride species because of the radial contraction of the U (6d) orbitals by the inductive effect of the fluorine substituent. The agostic uranium methylidene complexes are compared with analogous transition metal and thorium complexes, which reveal interesting differences in their chemistries.