核酸适体偶联药物的生物偶联构建技术与应用

核酸适体被称为“化学抗体”, 具有与抗体类似或更加优异的特异性和亲和力, 可以精准地靶向靶蛋白, 与靶蛋白特异性结合. 此外, 核酸适体还具有获取简单、 合成简便、 易于进行化学修饰、 不易变性、 靶标范围广、 免疫原性低及细胞内化快等优点, 已被广泛应用于众多研究领域. 在癌症治疗领域, 核酸适体作为一种优异的靶向识别工具和药物递送载体, 可实现抗肿瘤药物的精准递送. 将核酸适体与药物分子偶联, 可通过核酸适体的靶向作用使药物分子随核酸适体共同进入靶细胞, 实现药物分子在靶细胞内的富集, 进而促进靶细胞的死亡. 近年来, 核酸适体偶联药物已成为癌症靶向治疗的前沿新兴领域, 希望通过该领域的深入研究为癌症靶向治疗领域提供新思路. 本文综合评述了以生物偶联技术构建的核酸适体偶联药物及其应用研究.     

基于液相色谱-串联质谱技术的磷酸化蛋白质组学分析

本文运用稳定同位素双甲基化标记技术、固定相金属离子螯合层析(IMAC)技术并结合液相色谱-串联质谱法研究了仙台病毒感染引起的宿主细胞磷酸化蛋白质组变化。实验发现定量的4 289个磷酸化肽段有~20%的蛋白质磷酸化位点发生了显著变化;通路富集分析表明哺乳动物雷帕毒素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路和剪接体(Spliceosome)通路可能参与宿主细胞对病毒的应答;通过对显著变化磷酸化肽段进行基序分析,发现了9个代表性的磷酸化修饰位点基序。本研究方法对于深入解析抗病毒天然免疫信号通路提供了新线索。     

蛋白质翻译后脂修饰的结构和功能分析:靶向细胞脂信号

蛋白质翻译后脂修饰是指蛋白质在核糖体合成后与疏水脂质分子的共价结合.在已知共价化学修饰中,脂质分子独特的物理化学性质赋予了蛋白质特殊的结构和功能,并极大地影响蛋白质的膜锚定能力、转运和定位途径、信号转导以及蛋白质相互作用等.多样化的脂质结构和结合方式决定了脂修饰蛋白功能的复杂性,这些脂修饰蛋白与其他已知或未知修饰蛋白一起,在细胞多层次交叉调控信号转导通路中互相影响,协同作用,从而实现对生理活动的精细调控.开展蛋白质翻译后脂修饰结构与功能分析是揭示微生物感染、免疫调节、肿瘤发生发展等机制的重要途径,对发现和筛选疾病标志物以及挖掘新型药物靶标具有重要意义.     

基于胶体金检测核酸适配子与蛋白相互作用的新方法

基于核酸适配子对靶蛋白的高特异性及胶体金比色法的高度灵敏性,建立了一种分析核酸适配子与靶蛋白亲和力以及简便快速检测蛋白质的新方法.核酸适配子保护的胶体金在高盐条件下可保持稳定,靶蛋白与胶体金竞争结合适配子,使胶体金发生聚沉,呈现颜色变化,可通过检测A520值分析适配子与靶蛋白的亲和力以及蛋白浓度.通过对适配子浓度、靶蛋白浓度、共孵育时间、竞争反应时间和氯化钠浓度等关键因素进行优化,确定了最佳检测条件.     

基于核酸适配体和纳米材料的凝血酶蛋白特异性识别电化学生物传感器

介绍了一种结合核酸适配体技术和纳米技术,以凝血酶蛋白为研究对象的高效、高灵敏、特异性识别蛋白质的电化学生物传感器. 利用金纳米颗粒标记的核酸适配体以及被固定在磁性纳米颗粒上的核酸适配体与凝血酶蛋白同时结合形成磁性颗粒/凝血酶/纳米金胶的三明治结构, 利用磁性分离, 将金胶纳米颗粒特异性地吸着到电极表面, 通过检测电极上金胶的电化学信号, 实现对凝血酶靶蛋白的检测. 这种生物传感器对凝血酶蛋白具有很高的特异性识别能力, 其检测不受其他蛋白质如牛血清白蛋白等存在的干扰, 可应用于实际血浆中凝血酶的检测. 由于利用磁性纳米颗粒使得分离、富集和测定在同一个自制的电化学反应池中进行, 其操作不仅简单, 而且检测的灵敏度得到提高. 该蛋白质生物传感器的线性范围为5.6×10^-12 ~ 1.12×10^-9 mol/L, 检测限可以达到1.42×10^-12 mol/L.     

GSK-3抑制剂研究进展

糖原合成酶激酶-3 (Glycogen synthase kinase-3, GSK-3)是一个多功能的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,不仅参与肝糖代谢过程,而且还参与Wnt和Hedgehog信号通路,通过磷酸化多种底物蛋白来调节细胞的生理过程。GSK-3抑制剂作为目前倍受关注的小分子抑制剂,对治疗神经退化性疾病,癌症,II型糖尿病具有潜在的疗效。本文针对已开发出的GSK-3抑制剂,对其结构,与蛋白的作用模式以及构效关系进行阐述,为进一步设计合理的药物先导化合物和特异性小分子化学探针提供有益的启示。     

利用亲和选择筛选法从组合化学库中筛选新药

组合化学方法可以产生大量的新化合物供新药筛选，但传统的逐一筛选法不能满足如此数量庞大的化合物，因此，针对混合物进行筛选显得非常重要，亲和选择筛选法利用药物作用的靶蛋白与潜在药物之间的亲和活性，使目标化合物与大量无亲和活性的化合物分离，然后只对有亲和活性的化合物进行结构鉴定，从而快速地从大量混合物中找到目标化合物，本文着重讨论了亲和选择筛选的的几种形，相应技术和在组合化学库筛选中的应用，亲和选择筛选大体分为两种方式：一种是将靶蛋白固定在支持物上，有亲和活力的化合物被保留，大量非亲和化合物被洗掉，另一种是在溶液中靶蛋白与混合物库孵育，然后利用受体配基复合物与不结合的游离化合性质的判别进行区分，亲和选择筛选法也适合于化合物的种类和含量都未知的天然提取物的筛选。     

生物医用纳米颗粒表面的两性离子化设计

生物医用纳米颗粒的表面设计对维持纳米颗粒稳定性和抑制蛋白质非特异性吸附从而实现体内长效循环等具有重要意义.具有细胞膜仿生结构的两性离子界面能通过离子静电作用形成高效水合层,不仅可有效增强纳米颗粒的稳定性和抗免疫清除能力,通过提高体内循环时间增强其"被动"靶向能力,而且当与环境响应性或生物活性分子复合后,还可有效实现纳米颗粒的"主动"靶向功能,因此"两性离子化"已经发展为纳米颗粒表面设计的新策略.本文主要概述了两性离子材料在生物医用纳米表面设计中的应用进展,包括小分子和聚合物两性离子对无机纳米颗粒的表面修饰、聚合物两性离子组装体用于抗肿瘤药物传递等,同时也介绍了混合电荷材料的一些特殊性质和应用.     

订书肽的合成与应用

许多重要的生物过程的调节都通过蛋白-蛋白相互作用来实现的。一般,蛋白-蛋白作用的界面太大而不能被小分子药物选择性靶向,因此小分子药物很难高效特异性地阻断该类型的相互作用。此外,由于蛋白质药物很难透过细胞膜,它们也不能直接靶向细胞内的相互作用。由于当前药物分子的限制,发展下一代既能进入细胞膜又能特异性靶向蛋白-蛋白相互作用的分子成为新的研究热点。为了克服上述药物分子的缺点,Verdine等发展了一种全碳支架的具有α-螺旋结构的新型多肽,这种多肽被称作订书肽（stapled peptides）。相比于天然多肽,订书肽有更高的酶解稳定性并且可以进入细胞膜,从而提高了它的药理性能。本文将从订书肽的化学合成、生物物理性能的表征和其在癌症和HIV治疗、信号通路的调节和肿瘤激活蛋白的抑制方面的生物应用详细介绍订书肽的最新进展。     

以核酸为作用靶的内源性生物活性物质研究进展

近年来,蛋白质化学已经取得了飞速发展,有很多涉及重要生理、生化过程的酶和受体被分离纯化出来,有些已经测定其晶体结构.当前以蛋白质为作用靶的药物设计得到很大发展,已成为国际上的研究热点.由于蛋白质为作用靶的药物设计的成功显示了以作用靶结构为基础的分子设计是一条有效地发展新药的途径,因此探索以核酸为作用靶的药物合理设计是非常必要的.     

分子阵列研究进展

小分子化合物可以调节生物学过程,是研究活性生物大分子（特别是蛋白质）以及药物的重要工具,而高通量筛选是发现活性分子的重要方法。分子阵列是近年来新出现的一种高通量筛选技术,上面含有成千上万种组合合成的化合物以及天然产物,可以用于发现新的先导化合物,以及筛选已有的先导化合物。现在分子阵列已经成功应用于蛋白分析、先导化合物的发现等许多领域。本文综述了近年来分子阵列的构建过程,原位合成、非原位合成等各种固定化策略以及荧光免疫检测,表面等离子体共振成像技术等检测手段,并介绍了化学分子印刷阵列方法,最后总结了分子阵列的应用,并对分子阵列在我国中药发展等有方面将起到的潜在作用作了展望。     

表面等离子体子共振技术用于分析手性药物与蛋白作用差异的研究

利用自行设计组装的一套以白色发光二极管为光源的新型表面等离子体子共振传感器实验装置测量了手性药物D-苯甘氨酸与L-苯甘氨酸与人血清白蛋白和鼠血清白蛋白的结合程度, 可以看到这一对手性药物与血清蛋白的结合程度的差异, 通过这种方法可以区分一对手性药物中的不同异构体. 与现在的手性分析方法比较, 这种方法具有不用标记、样品用量少、仪器易于自动化及小型化等优点.     

活性导向的化学探针在氨基酸反应活性表征中的应用进展

原创药物的研制得益于蛋白质新靶标的发现,而新靶标的发现依赖于高可信度、高通量的药物-蛋白质相互作用分析方法。蛋白质作为生命功能的执行者,其表达量、空间定位与结构差异直接影响药效的发挥。目前,超过85%的蛋白质尚被认为是无法成药的,主要原因是缺少药物分子靶向的空腔以及相应的反应活性位点。因此,基于蛋白质组学层次实现对氨基酸反应活性位点的表征成为原创共价靶向药物设计的关键,也是克服难以成药靶标蛋白问题的关键。近年来,质谱技术的飞速发展极大地推动了基于蛋白质组学技术的药物-靶蛋白相互作用研究。其中基于活性的蛋白质组分析(ABPP)策略是利用活性位点导向的化学探针分子在复杂样品中实现功能状态酶和药物靶标等蛋白质的检测。基于化学探针的开发和质谱定量技术的发展,ABPP技术在氨基酸反应活性表征研究中展现出重要的应用潜力,将助力于药物新靶标的发现和药物先导化合物的开发。ABPP策略主要基于蛋白质的活性特征进行富集,活性探针作为ABPP策略的核心,近年来取得了飞速进展。该文回顾了ABPP策略的发展历程,重点介绍基于广谱活性探针的ABPP技术在多种氨基酸反应活性筛选领域的研究进展,并对其在药物靶点发现中...     

Profiling the specific reactivity of the proteome with non-directed activity-based probes

BACKGROUND: The field of proteomics aims to characterize dynamics in protein function on a global level. However, several classes of proteins, in particular low abundance proteins, remain difficult to characterize using standard proteomics technologies. Recently, chemical strategies have emerged that profile classes of proteins based on activity rather than quantity, thereby greatly facilitating the analysis of low abundance constituents of the proteome. RESULTS: In order to expand the classes of proteins susceptible to analysis by activity-based methods, we have synthesized a library of biotinylated sulfonate esters and applied its members to complex proteomes under conditions that distinguish patterns of specific protein reactivity. Individual sulfonates exhibited unique profiles of proteome reactivity that in extreme cases appeared nearly orthogonal to one another. A robustly labeled protein was identified as a class I aldehyde dehydrogenase and shown to be irreversibly inhibited by members of the sulfonate library. CONCLUSIONS: Through screening the proteome with a non-directed library of chemical probes, diverse patterns of protein reactivity were uncovered. These probes labeled protein targets based on properties other than abundance, circumventing one of the major challenges facing contemporary proteomics research. Considering further that the probes were found to inhibit a target enzyme's catalytic activity, the methods described herein should facilitate the identification of compounds possessing both selective proteome reactivities and novel bioactivities.     

Fast purification of trace vitellogenin from Chinese rare minnow using protein A-immobilized antibody

Vitellogenin (Vtg) is a highly responsive biomarker for environmental exposure to various estrogenically active compounds. Here we present a simple, fast, mild, and stable immobilization of anti-Vtg antibody, and demonstrate its powerful applications for preconcentration and purification of fish Vtg proteins, allowing for the monitoring and screening of environmental exposure to estrogenically active compounds. In this immobilization method, rabbit antiserum containing a specific polyclonal antibody against Vtg was directly immobilized on an antibody-binding Staphylococcal protein A matrix (SpA) without the need for prior purification. Under the unique elution conditions, the Vtg protein can be eluted out alone without any leaked specific antibody. The developed method was further used to purify Vtg from whole-body homogenate of Chinese rare minnow. Compared with previous purification methods, the isolated Vtg fraction by this method displays higher purity and well-preserved structure integrity. Moreover, our method is eight times faster. The simple one-step protein A-based specific antibody immobilization and its associated elution strategy may be extended to a number of antibodies for various application purposes, highlighting the paramount advantages over traditional immunoprecipitation and covalent immobilization of antibodies, and suggesting a wide range of promising applications in environmental monitoring and proteome analysis.     

High-throughput screening of glycan-binding proteins using miniature pig kidney N-glycan-immobilized beads

Glycan recognition leading to cell-cell interactions, signaling, and immune responses is mediated by various glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) showing highly diverse ligand specificities. We describe here a rapid glycan immobilization technique via 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid (HBA)-functionalized beads and its application to high-throughput screening of miniature pig kidney N-glycan-binding proteins by using a mass-spectrometric approach. Without any derivatization steps, the purified pig kidney N-glycans were directly immobilized on to HBA-functionalized beads and subsequently used to identify GBPs from human serum. This screening method showed remarkable performance for identifying potential GBPs closely involved in pig-to-human xenograft rejection mediated by human serum, including antibodies, cytokines, complement components, siglec, and CD antigens. Thus, these results demonstrate that the GBP screening method was firmly established by one-step immobilization of the N-glycans on to microsphere and highly sensitive mass-spectrometric analysis.     

Tracking Pathogen Infections by Time‐Resolved Chemical Proteomics

Studying the dynamic interaction between host cells and pathogen is vital but remains technically challenging. We describe herein a time‐resolved chemical proteomics strategy enabling host and pathogen temporal interaction profiling (HAPTIP) for tracking the entry of a pathogen into the host cell. A novel multifunctional chemical proteomics probe was introduced to label living bacteria followed by in vivo crosslinking of bacteria proteins to their interacting host‐cell proteins at different time points initiated by UV for label‐free quantitative proteomics analysis. We observed over 400 specific interacting proteins crosslinked with the probe during the formation of Salmonella‐containing vacuole (SCV). This novel chemical proteomics approach provides a temporal interaction profile of host and pathogen in high throughput and would facilitate better understanding of the infection process at the molecular level.     

Tracking Pathogen Infections by Time-Resolved Chemical Proteomics

Studying the dynamic interaction between host cells and pathogen is vital but remains technically challenging. We describe herein a time-resolved chemical proteomics strategy enabling host and pathogen temporal interaction profiling (HAPTIP) for tracking the entry of a pathogen into the host cell. A novel multifunctional chemical proteomics probe was introduced to label living bacteria followed by in vivo crosslinking of bacteria proteins to their interacting host-cell proteins at different time points initiated by UV for label-free quantitative proteomics analysis. We observed over 400 specific interacting proteins crosslinked with the probe during the formation of Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). This novel chemical proteomics approach provides a temporal interaction profile of host and pathogen in high throughput and would facilitate better understanding of the infection process at the molecular level.     

A screening method for chiral selectors that does not require covalent attachment

A high-throughput screening protocol is proposed for chiral selector discovery. It is modeled after the protocol for biological screening of candidate drugs from chemical libraries. The procedure works based on target distribution between an aqueous phase and an organic phase. The target may be a racemate or separate enantiomers. Screening for noncovalent intermolecular association between target and candidate selectors is carried out by partitioning experiments in the presence and absence of the candidate chiral selectors in the organic phase (plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)). The partition ratio measurement uses 96-well plates for high throughput. The feasibility of this approach is validated by working with a known target/chiral selector pair, N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-alpha-phenylglycine and 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol. The validated protocol is applied to a small library of 12 cyclopropyl dipeptide isosteres. Eight bind the racemic target, econazole. Among them, one has measurable chiral selectivity. The advantage of the method is that it does not require the covalent attachment of either the analyte or the selector, and the required amount of the potential chiral selector is about 100 mug.     

毛细管柱固定蛋白质方法的研究进展

在熔融石英毛细管中,固定化的蛋白质(酶)在手性拆分、蛋白质肽谱、药物筛选、样品预浓缩等方面具有重要应用.本文对用于毛细管中蛋白质固定的溶胶-凝胶法、物理吸附法、离子鳌合吸附法、基于脂质的蛋白固定和共价键合法进行了综述.