液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定生物组织全基因组DNA甲基化和羟甲基化水平

测定全基因组DNA甲基化和羟甲基化水平对于研究环境污染物暴露的影响及致病机理具有重要的作用。本文建立了液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）同时测定动物组织中全基因组DNA甲基化和羟甲基化水平的方法。从动物组织样品中提取DNA,并将其酶解成单核苷,利用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定5-甲基胞嘧啶核苷、5-羟甲基胞嘧啶核苷和鸟嘌呤核苷的含量,计算全基因组DNA甲基化率和羟甲基化率。利用该方法研究了砷暴露对大鼠肝脏和小脑全基因组DNA甲基化和羟甲基化水平的影响,得到了砷影响DNA甲基化及羟甲基化的初步数据。该方法具有良好的重现性、灵敏度和稳定性,可以同时检测差异较大的DNA甲基化和羟甲基化水平。为同时研究DNA甲基化和羟甲基化水平提供了有力的支持。     

液相色谱-串联质谱分析组织中基因组脱氧核糖核酸羟甲基胞嘧啶水平

5-羟甲基胞嘧啶通过阻止脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)甲基化转移酶1(DMNT1)甲基化胞嘧啶来影响DNA甲基化的程度。本文建立了液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定组织中全基因组5-羟甲基胞嘧啶水平的方法。采用苯酚-氯仿提取组织DNA,提取的DNA用88%甲酸在140 ℃下裂解,DNA裂解液加入同位素胞嘧啶作内标,经N2吹干后,加乙腈-水(9:1, v/v)溶解,用LC-MS/MS检测5-羟甲基胞嘧啶的含量,并计算全基因组中5-羟甲基胞嘧啶的水平。结果表明,5-羟甲基胞嘧啶的线性范围为0.1～30 ng/mL,相关系数为0.9969,检出限(信噪比为3计)和定量限(信噪比为10计)分别为0.057 ng/mL和0.090 ng/mL;日内相对标准偏差和日间相对标准偏差分别为5.13%和6.24%;加标回收率为90.24%～97.53%。用该方法检测了大鼠大脑组织DNA羟甲基化水平,平均结果为0.66%。该方法简便,重现性好,灵敏度较高,能满足全基因组5-羟甲基胞嘧啶定量检测的要求。     

人体结肠癌组织样品中基因组DNA甲基化水平的HPLC—ESI MS／MS检测

利用多重监测反应模式(MRM),通过对液相色谱及质谱条件的优化,建立了人体结肠癌组织样品中基因组DNA甲基化的高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱(HPLC-ESI MS/MS)检测方法,对结肠癌组织及癌旁组织中基因组DNA甲基化进行了检测.结果表明,5-甲基脱氧胞苷(5mdC)的检出限是1 pg,线性范围为0.037 5～0.5 mg/L,工作曲线相关系数大于0.999 0,该方法的相对标准偏差为2.32%～9.21%.结肠癌病人样品检测结果表明,结肠癌组织基因组DNA甲基化水平低于相应的癌旁组织(P<0.05).     

亲水作用色谱法测定组织中全基因组DNA甲基化水平

建立了亲水作用色谱(HILIC)测定组织中全基因组DNA甲基化水平的方法。采用苯酚-氯仿提取组织中的DNA,提取的DNA用88%甲酸在140 ℃下裂解,经N2吹干后,加乙腈-水(9:1, v/v)溶解,用Waters BEH HILIC柱进行分离,在277 nm波长下检测胞嘧啶(Cyt)及5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-mCyt)含量。结果表明,以乙腈-10 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液(94:6, v/v)为流动相,流速为0.5 mL/min, Cyt与5-mCyt分离较好,保留时间分别为2.6与3.1 min。胞嘧啶的线性范围为1～900 μmol/L,相关系数为0.9999; 5-甲基胞嘧啶的线性范围为1～64 μmol/L,相关系数为0.9998。胞嘧啶和5-甲基胞嘧啶的检出限为54 nmol/L(柱中为0.54 pmol),定量限为250 nmol/L(柱中为2.5 pmol);在5～900 μmol/L的添加水平下,胞嘧啶和5-甲基胞嘧啶的平均加标回收率为94.7%～100.5%,相对标准偏差小于1.48%。用该方法检测了结肠癌组织中DNA甲基化水平,结果显示该癌组织中全基因组的DNA甲基化均值为4.0%。该方法快速、简单,稳定性好,灵敏度较高,能满足全基因组DNA甲基化的检测要求。     

白菜DNA甲基化水平的反相离子对高效液相色谱法研究

建立了反相离子对液相色谱测定白菜的DNA甲基化水平的方法。采用的色谱柱为HypersilBDSC18柱(200mm×4.0mm,5μm),以pH4.0的甲醇-5mmol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠-三乙胺(10:90:0.2,体积比)的混合液为流动相,UV检测器波长为273nm。通过测定DNA水样所产生的胞嘧啶和甲基胞嘧啶的含量,即可得知DNA甲基化程度。胞嘧啶和甲基胞嘧啶回收率分别为99.6%及103.3%,RSD为3.7%(日内)及5.2%(日间)。     

DNA胞嘧啶的甲基化与去甲基化进展

DNA胞嘧啶甲基化调控基因的表达以及多种生物功能,如细胞分化。概念上,DNA去甲基化是将已甲基化DNA核苷转化为未修饰核苷,是DNA甲基化的逆向过程。但在生物体内,这是一个涉及多步反应的非常复杂的过程。本综述简要介绍了动植物中DNA胞嘧啶的甲基化与去甲基化的研究现状,并讨论了恶性肿瘤(癌症)、阿尔茨海默氏病、心血管疾病、肺纤维病变和进食障碍等多种疾病中的甲基化与去甲基化异常。     

表皮生长因子对DNA甲基化影响的研究

本文利用高效液相色谱层析(HPLC)方法和Southern印迹杂交技术分析了EGF对NC3H10和TC3H10两种细胞的基因组DNA和c-fos原癌基因甲基化水平的影响。结果表明,在EGF的持续作用下,细胞的基因组DNA和c-fos原癌基因甲基化水平明显下降。这些结果为阐明EGF对基因表达的调控机理提供了新线索。EGF诱导的DNA的低甲基化在肿瘤发生与发展中有无作用尚待进一步研究。     

基于高效液相色谱的喹啉类药物对刺参DNA甲基化水平的影响研究

建立了高效液相色谱/紫外法测定刺参组织全基因组DNA甲基化水平的方法,并运用此方法对喹噁啉药物处理过的刺参样品DNA甲基化水平进行分析。色谱条件为:色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-Aq(4.6 mm×250mm;5μm);柱温为30℃;检测波长为280 nm;进样量20μL;流动相为甲醇-7 mmol/L乙酸铵(7∶93),流速为1.0 mL/min。5-甲基脱氧胞苷和脱氧胞苷的质量浓度在0.05~1.0 mg/L范围内时,线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均为0.999 9。5-甲基脱氧胞苷和脱氧胞苷的检出限均为0.05 mg/L,在加标浓度为0.05,0.25,1.0 mg/L时,回收率为90.4%~100.6%,批内、批间相对标准偏差均小于4%。采用CTAB法提取刺参组织DNA,酶解后进行HPLC测定,结果表明:喹噁啉药物处理过的组织样品DNA甲基化水平低于对照组,该类药物通过改变DNA甲基化水平而影响基因的正常表达,可能是其产生遗传毒性的一种机制,建立的方法可以很好地用于全基因组DNA总甲基化水平的检测。     

基于高效液相色谱的喹噁啉类药物对刺参DNA甲基化水平的影响研究

建立了高效液相色谱/紫外法测定刺参组织全基因组DNA甲基化水平的方法,并运用此方法对喹噁啉药物处理过的刺参样品DNA甲基化水平进行分析。色谱条件为:色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-Aq(4.6 mm×250mm;5μm);柱温为30℃;检测波长为280 nm;进样量20μL;流动相为甲醇-7 mmol/L乙酸铵(7∶93),流速为1.0 mL/min。5-甲基脱氧胞苷和脱氧胞苷的质量浓度在0.05~1.0 mg/L范围内时,线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均为0.999 9。5-甲基脱氧胞苷和脱氧胞苷的检出限均为0.05 mg/L,在加标浓度为0.05,0.25,1.0 mg/L时,回收率为90.4%~100.6%,批内、批间相对标准偏差均小于4%。采用CTAB法提取刺参组织DNA,酶解后进行HPLC测定,结果表明:喹噁啉药物处理过的组织样品DNA甲基化水平低于对照组,该类药物通过改变DNA甲基化水平而影响基因的正常表达,可能是其产生遗传毒性的一种机制,建立的方法可以很好地用于全基因组DNA总甲基化水平的检测。     

红车轴草总异黄酮成分DNA结合剂的超滤质谱筛选

采用离心超滤和液相色谱-质谱联用的方法, 从红车轴草异黄酮提取物中筛选DNA结合剂. 结果表明, 红车轴草中10种异黄酮成分与DNA具有不同的结合能力. 采用液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术对其结构进行了鉴定, DNA结合能力较强的5种化合物分别是德鸢尾素-4'-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、 德鸢尾素、 黄豆黄葡萄糖苷、 红车轴草素和鹰嘴豆牙素A. 为从中药提取物等复杂体系筛选并鉴定DNA结合剂建立了快速的超滤质谱平台.     

面向DNA甲基化修饰分析的质谱技术

DNA甲基化作为表观遗传修饰中一种重要的调控方式,通过调控基因的表达,从而影响机体内一系列的生物学过程。色谱-质谱法是研究DNA甲基化修饰的重要研究手段。随着对哺乳动物DNA甲基化的生物学功能的深入研究,应用于研究表观遗传修饰的手段与仪器设备越来越先进。为了对DNA修饰进行定性与定量的分析检测,除了高效液相色谱整合不同种类质量分析器的质谱联用（HPLC-MS）技术外,目前还开发应用了基质辅助激光解析质谱技术（MALDI-ToF-MS）和气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）,从而极大拓展了DNA甲基化修饰研究的手段。本文对分析表观遗传DNA甲基化修饰的质谱技术发展进行综述,希望为DNA甲基化修饰分析提供有价值的研究策略。     

Optimization of global DNA methylation measurement by LC-MS/MS and its application in lung cancer patients

Global analyses of DNA methylation contribute important insights into biology and the wide-ranging role of DNA methylation. We describe the use of online solid-phase extraction and isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous measurement of 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-medC) and 2′-deoxycytidine (dC) in DNA. With the incorporation of isotope internal standards and online enrichment techniques, the detection limit of this method was estimated to be as low as 0.065 pg which enables human global DNA methylation detection using only picogram amounts of DNA. This method was applied to assess the optimal amounts of enzymes required for DNA digestion regarding an accurate global DNA methylation determination and completeness of digestion and to determine global methylation in human tumor adjacent lung tissue of 79 lung cancer patients. We further determined methylated (N7-methylguanine (N7-meG), O ⁶-methylguanine (O ⁶-meG), and N3-methyladenine (N3-meA)) and oxidized DNA lesions (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG)) in lung cancer patients by LC-MS/MS. Optimization experiments revealed that dC was liberated from DNA much more readily than 5-medC by nuclease P1 and alkaline phosphatase (AP) in DNA, which could lead to an error in the global DNA methylation measurement following digestion with insufficient enzymes. Nuclease P1 showed more differential activity for 5-medC and dC than AP. Global DNA methylation levels in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma patients were similar in the range of 3.16–4.01 %. Global DNA methylation levels were not affected by smoking and gender and were not correlated with N7-meG or 8-oxodG in lung cancer patients. Levels of O ⁶-meG and N3-meA were however found to be undetectable in all lung tissue samples.

Validation of a hydrophilic interaction ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of gemcitabine in human plasma with tetrahydrouridine

A simple and reproducible bioanalytical method for the determination of gemcitabine in human plasma treated with tetrahydrouridine (THU) was developed and validated using a hydrophilic interaction ultra‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). To prevent deamination of gemcitabine, blood was treated with THU, and the plasma samples obtained after centrifugation were used in this study. Gemcitabine and gemcitabine‐¹³C, ¹⁵N₂ used as an internal standard, were extracted from human plasma treated with THU using a 96‐well Hybrid SPE‐Precipitation plate. Extracts were chromatographed on a hydrophilic interaction chromatography column with isocratic elution. Detection was performed using Quattro Premier with positive electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring mode. The standard curve ranged from 10 to 10,000 ng/mL without carryover. No significant interferences were detected in blank plasma and no interferences by 2′‐2′‐difluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine, a metabolite of gemcitabine. Accuracy and precision in the intra‐batch reproducibility study using quality control samples with three THU levels did not exceed ±5.4 and 7.3%, respectively, and the inter‐batch reproducibility results also met the criteria. Stability of gemcitabine was ensured in whole blood and plasma as well as stability of THU in solutions. The UPLC‐MS/MS method developed was successfully validated and can be applied for gemcitabine bioanalysis in clinical studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of rizatriptan in human plasma by liquid chromatographic-eletrospray tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study

A sensitive liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of rizatriptan in human plasma. The analytes were extracted from plasma samples by liquid-liquid extraction, separated on a Zorbax XDB C8 column (150 x 4.6 mm i.d.) and detected by tandem mass spectrometry with an electrospray ionization interface. Zomitriptan was used as the internal standard. The method had a lower limit of quantitation of 50 pg/mL for rizatriptan, which showed more sensitivity and speed of analysis compared with reported methods. The within- and between-day precision was measured to be below 11.71% and accuracy between -5.87 and 0.86% for all quality control samples. This quantitation method was successfully applied to the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profiles of rizatriptan after single oral administration of 5, 10 and 15 mg rizatriptan tablets to 10 healthy volunteers (five males and five females).     

Development of an isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry detection method for DNA adducts of selected aromatic amines

Polycyclic aromatic amines (arylamines) are a class of chemical carcinogens that are prevalent in environmental and industrial settings. They are metabolically activated to covalently bond to DNA, forming mutagenic adducts. In order to study the mechanisms of their toxicity, sensitive and selective quantitative LC/MS/MS detection methods were developed to measure the N-(adenin-8-yl)-benzidine adduct and N-(adenin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene in total DNA extract samples. A novel synthetic method using a palladium catalyst was previously developed to prepare authentic and deuterated arylamine-adenine adducts to serve as standards. These standards were then used to develop an HPLC electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, isotope dilution method. Sample detection limits in DNA samples were 22 pg on-column and 51 pg on-column for the N-(adenin-8-yl)-benzidine- and N-(adenin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene-adenine adducts, respectively. This method has applications for the study of DNA adduct formation as a biological marker of exposure to carcinogens and for environmental and workplace monitoring of these aromatic amines.     

类固醇激素的低温等离子体质谱研究

将自行设计和搭建的低温等离子体装置作为离子源,成功地与常压高分辨质谱结合,并将其用于类固醇样品的定性分析.与常规电喷雾质谱相比,用低温等离子体质谱检测类固醇样品具有样品前处理简单、谱图干扰少等优点.对类固醇样品进行了一级质谱以及串联质谱的表征,发现其一级谱图能够体现出类固醇化合物的结构稳定性,而在串联质谱图中则出现了较多的丢水碎片.本工作结合能量计算详细比较分析了典型类固醇样品在碰撞诱导解离(CID)碎裂过程中的丢水过程.另外,通过比较二级质谱的不同以及对其碎裂过程的分析推测,睾酮和去氢表雄酮这对同分异构体得以区分.     

Method development for the concentration determination of a protein in human plasma utilizing 96-well solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric detection

Although liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technology has been widely used for quantitative analysis of small organic molecules, it has been a challenging task to quantitatively analyze protein samples utilizing this technology in biological matrices for pre-clinical and clinical studies. Here we present our initial results in method development for the quantitative determination of rK5 protein concentrations in human plasma samples utilizing LC/MS/MS technology. A protein similar in structure to rK5, but with a slightly reduced molecular weight, was used as internal standard. A 96-well solid-phase extraction procedure was developed to effectively extract protein analytes from plasma samples. Quantitative analysis was obtained by a novel approach of protein monitoring that employed selective reaction monitoring (SRM). Even though mass spectrometry of the internal standard protein gave no fragment ions, SRM monitoring greatly reduced background interference. Using samples prepared in human plasma with sodium EDTA as anticoagulant, a correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.9940 was obtained by producing a single standard curve with the injection of six rows of standards with a concentration range from 100 ng/mL to 10 microg/mL. The mean analytical recovery for these standards ranged from 91.5 to 103.6%. The CVs for individual standard levels ranged from 3.7 to 20.9%. The experiment was also repeated using samples prepared in human plasma with sodium heparin as anticoagulant, which produced a correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.9952 obtained from a single standard curve with the injection of four rows of standards with a concentration range from 50 ng/mL to 10 microg/mL. The mean analytical recovery for the standards ranged from 96.2 to 104.6%. The CVs for individual standard levels ranged from 2.6 to 15.6%.     

Ion trap tandem mass spectrometric determination of F2-isoprostanes

A new tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method based on the use of an ion trap mass spectrometer for the identification and quantitation of F(2)-isoprostanes has been developed. It consists of two solid-phase extractions and two derivation steps followed by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC/NICI-MS/MS) analysis. This method is highly selective and sensitive and it has been successfully applied to biological samples.     

Determination of cefuroxime in human serum or plasma by liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin used against different kinds of bacterial infections. To be able to optimize the dosing it is necessary to characterize the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime which requires a selective and sensitive analytical method for cefuroxime in plasma or serum. A new rapid liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method, using cefotaxime as internal standard, was developed for analysis of cefuroxime in human serum. The work-up procedure consisted of protein precipitation with acetonitrile/cefotaxime, and after centrifugation the supernatant was dissolved in mobile phase. The sample was injected on a SB-CN column and the detection was performed using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The limit of quantification was determined to 0.025 microg/mL. The method was linear in the range 0.025-50 microg/mL with a coefficient of correlation >0.999. The limit of quantification and intra-day variability were found to be the same for plasma samples, which indicates that the method is valid for serum as well as plasma samples.