Modelling of Tm3+-doped LiNbO3 Waveguide Lasers

In this work, CW laser operation of Tm³⁺-doped LiNbO₃ channel waveguides has been modelled. The model is based on time dependent laser rate equations coupled with the laser signal and pump photon flux equations. Steady state solutions for the population densities, pump and signal powers are obtained by using finite difference discretization of the active volume. The effects of spectroscopic parameters such as concentration dependent cross-relaxation and excess waveguide loss have been analyzed. We demonstrate good agreement with experimental data previously reported in Zn-diffused LiNbO₃:Tm³⁺ channel waveguide lasers. It is shown also that laser performance can be substantially improved by optimizing the cavity length.     

Tunable Er3+-doped fiber amplifiers covering S and C+L bands over 1490-1610 nm based on discrete fundamental-mode cutoff filters

We demonstrate thermo-optically tunable Er3+-doped fiber amplifiers covering S and C+L bands (1490-1610 nm) using fundamental-mode cutoff filters discretely located in a 17.5 m long standard Er3+-doped fiber. The material dispersion and waveguide structure of the tapered fibers are locally modified to produce high-cutoff-efficiency filters that make the unwanted amplified spontaneous emission highly attenuated at the longer wavelengths, and the optical gain is thus moved toward the shorter wavelengths. The maximal signal gains are measured to be 18.92, 37.18, and 15.19 dB with 980 nm pump power of 135 mW in the S, C, and L bands, respectively.     

脊形掺铒Al2O3光波导放大器级联特性的模拟计算

利用有限元法分析了脊形掺铒Al₂O₃光波导放大器内信号光和抽运光的场模式分布、速率方程求解铒离子五能级系统的粒子数分布.数值模拟了光波导净增益与信号光功率的关系和多个放大器级联的净增益特性.结果表明：级联系统存在着净增益亏损.低掺铒浓度的光波导作前级放大器的组合方式,级联系统总净增益最大.     

Er3+-Yb3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃放大器的大信号增益与量子效率理论分析

研究大信号工作状态下的Er^3 -Yb^3 共掺磷酸盐玻璃波导放大器的增益与量子转换效率。从量子转换效率的定义出发，得出了增益、抽运光功率以及量子转换效率三者之间关系的解析表达式。通过数值求解大信号工作状态下的Er^3 -Yb^3 共掺系统的速率方程与光功率传输方程，讨论了Er^3 浓度、Yb^3 浓度、Yb^3 与Er^3 浓度比率、抽运光功率以及放大器长度等因素对量子转换效率的影响。结果表明提高Er^3 浓度与增加放大器长度均有助于提高量子转换效率，高Er^3 浓度掺杂需要相应的高Yb^3 浓度与之相匹配以减小由于高浓度Er^3 掺杂引起的上转换效应，Yb^3 浓度的提高将降低器件的量子转换效率，Yb^3 -Er^3 浓度之比取1～2较好。     

Improved Gain Characteristics in Er3+-Doped Alumina (Al2O3) Channel Optical Waveguide Amplifiers for WDM Systems

Er3+-doped Al2O3 optical waveguides are analyzed both as single amplifiers and as elements of a 16-channel wavelength division multiplexing transmission system; their performance is compared with that from Er3+-doped SiO2 optical waveguide amplifiers. The amplifier model, based on propagation and population-rate equa tions, includes both uniform and pair-induced up-conversion mechanisms and is solved numerically by combining finite elements and the Runge-Kutta algorithm. The analysis showed that Er3+-doped Al2O3 waveguides exhibit much higher signal gains than Er3+-doped SiO2 waveguides and also that the use of Er3+-doped Al2O3 waveguides reduces the deleterious gain peaking effect, increasing the maximum transmission distance.     

Focusing subwavelength grating coupler for mid-infrared suspended membrane waveguide

A mid-infrared (mid-IR)-focusing subwavelength grating (SWG) coupler and suspended membrane waveguide (SMW) on a silicon-on-insulator wafer are studied. For a transverse-electric mode uniform SWG, finite-difference time-domain simulation predicts 44.2% coupling efficiency with 1 dB bandwidth of about 220 nm and backreflection of 0.78% at 2.75 μm. Then the uniform SWG is curved to a focusing SWG using a phase-matching formula. The SMWs are analyzed by the finite element method and fabricated. An Er3+-Pr3+ co-doped mid-IR fiber laser is used for device characterization. The fabricated mid-IR SWG coupler has 24.7% coupling efficiency.     

掺铒磷酸盐玻璃波导放大器的特性研究

研究了掺铒磷酸盐玻璃波导放大器的特性。利用重叠因子将980nm光抽运的掺铒玻璃波导放大器四能级模型的速率-传输方程进行化简,在考虑上转换效应和放大自发发射的情况下．利用数值模拟的方法,得到了掺铒玻璃波导放大器的增益与Er^3 离子浓度、抽运功率、波导长度等参量之间的关系曲线;同时模拟出放大自发发射曲线并与实验测量结果进行比较。结果表明在考虑上转换效应和放大自发发射的情况下,理论结果和实验测量结果是一致的。同时看到,选择合适的铒离子浓度是制作掺铒玻璃波导放大器的关键;并且为了全面发挥掺铒玻璃波导放大器的性能,需要抽运功率、波导长度等各个参量配合起来。     

Novel shooting method with simple control strategy for fiber lasers

A novel shooting method with excellent simple control strategy is developed for solving the failure to convergence of the traditional shooting methods themselves in fiber lasers model. Compared with the published literature, the novel shooting method provides a clear physical understanding method for getting the threshold pump power and the exact results with given random functions in Yb³⁺-doped fiber lasers and Er³⁺-doped fiber lasers. Then, the results in Er³⁺-doped fiber lasers and Yb³⁺-doped fiber lasers demonstrate that the solutions using the novel shooting method has high accuracy of 10⁻⁸ W with several iteration steps, which have extended the applicable range of the end-pumped power even lower than 1 mW pump power. Furthermore, compared with 1480 nm pump for the threshold and slope efficiencies of the Er³⁺-doped fiber lasers, 978 nm fiber lasers can extend wider scope of application and be pump source in the coming future. Finally, the lower threshold and higher slope efficiency at 975 nm than those of 910 nm pump in Yb³⁺-doped fiber lasers, 975 nm pump laser provides for broad band excellent cladding pump source.     

掺Tm~(3+)光纤激光器的热效应分析

随着泵浦源功率的提高和双包层抽运技术的发展,掺Tm3+光纤激光器的输出功率已达到kW量级,热效应逐渐成为限制掺Tm3+光纤激光器输出功率和光束质量提高的关键因素。主要分析了掺Tm3+光纤激光器的热效应以及一些常用的应对措施。     

In-band pumped Er:YAG ceramic laser with 11 W of output power at 1645 nm

We report on a high power polycrystalline Er:YAG ceramic laser in-band pumped by a cladding-pumped Er, Yb fiber laser wavelength locked at 1532 nm with a volume Bragg grating. Using 1.0 at % Er³⁺-doped ceramic as the gain medium and an output coupler of 10% transmission, the laser had a threshold pump power of ∼1.5 W and generated 11 W of continuous-wave output at 1645 nm for 23.3 W of incident pump power at 1532 nm, corresponding to a slope efficiency with respect to incident pump power of 51%.     

LD泵浦掺铥(Tm3+)光纤激光器的数值分析

首先从掺铥光纤激光器的速率方程和光传输方程出发,建立数学模型,通过Matlab软件进行数值计算,分析了泵浦光和激光沿光纤的分布以及各能级离子数的变化.在不同掺杂浓度下,研究了小信号增益与入纤泵浦功率的关系以及泵浦光和激光功率与增益介质长度的关系.在不同泵浦功率下,研究了输出功率与输出耦合镜反射率的关系.进一步对不同泵浦吸收系数,研究了斜率效率和泵浦阈值与光纤长度的关系.分析结果表明存在最佳光纤长度和最佳耦合输出透过率,使得激光输出功率达到最佳值.     

双包层Er-Yb共掺光纤放大器上能级粒子数分布研究

基于速率方程和功率传播方程, 数值分析了双包层Er-Yb共掺光纤放大器在波长为972nm的泵浦光作用下, 分别采用三种不同泵浦方式, 其Er3+和Yb3+上能级粒子数分布情况. 数值结果表明,Er3+上能级粒子数分布受信号功率影响作用大, 激发率基本保持在50％以上; Yb3+上能级粒子数分布受泵浦功率影响作用大, 激发率基本保持在10％以下, 该结论对双包层Er-Yb共掺光纤放大器的性能研究具有一定指导意义.     

Er与Yb共掺波导放大器的ADI-FDTD数值模拟

提出了一种新的简单的数值计算方法模拟Er与Yb共掺磷酸盐玻璃波导放大器(EYCDWA)的增益特性.该方法是基于交变隐式差分方向的时域有限差分法(ADI-FDTD)的迭代方法,用ADI-FDTD计算波导中的光场强度分布,用迭代法研究光波的传输方程.数值结果表明,增加光波导长度和提高Er³⁺浓度是提高EYCD WA增益的两种重要途径,Yb³⁺起能量传递的作用,Er/Yb的比率取1~4较好.     

双包层光纤光栅选频双包层光纤激光器

双包层光纤激光器中多采用法布里珀罗(F-P)线形腔结构,谐振腔为一只二向色镜和光纤端面菲涅耳反射镜(反射率约为4％)构成,这属于一种有缺陷的腔结构,其稳定性不好,产生激光的波长很难得到有效控制,后腔镜不能精确选择激光器的输出波长,激光器的输出谱线较宽。在某些对激光波长有明确要求的应用中,该结构会受到限制。采用布拉格光纤光栅作腔镜,利用其窄带滤波特性,可以得到窄线宽的激光输出,目前报道的作为腔镜的布拉格光纤光栅为在单包层光敏光纤上制作而成,然后分别将不同反射率的光纤光栅与双包层增益光纤熔接,这给腔镜与双包层光纤之间带来很大的耦合损耗,影响了激光器的功率输出。该文报道了用相位掩模法在双包层光纤芯上写入了布拉格光纤光栅,并把此光纤光栅做为后腔镜．对长度为10m、20m的D形掺Yb^3 双包层光纤激光器进行实验研究,在1058nm附近得到稳定的窄线宽激光输出,3dB带宽为0．329nm。激光器最大输出功率为570mW。最后对实验结果进行了理论分析。     

Analysis of output statistics of single and double pass Er-doped LiNbO3 waveguide amplifiers

Based on the photon statistics master equation of the linear amplifier, this paper presents a theoretical evaluation of the following important amplifier parameters: the output mean photon number, the standard deviation, the Fano factor, the statistical fluctuation and the spontaneous emission factor for single and double pass configurations and for forward and backward pumping schemes in the case of an Er3+-doped LiNbO3 waveguide amplifier. The simulations were performed using the small gain approximation and the above-mentioned device characteristics versus pump powers, waveguide length and signal wavelength are evaluated. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于KMnF_3∶Yb~(3+),Er~(3+)纳米晶的红光聚合物平面光波导放大器

制作了基于KMnF_3∶Yb~(3+),Er~(3+)纳米晶材料的工作波长655 nm的聚合物平面光波导放大器。材料的吸收光谱表明,KMnF_3∶Yb~(3+),Er~(3+)纳米晶在980 nm附近有很强的吸收。在980 nm激光的激发下,由于Er~(3+)和Mn2+能级之间的能量传递,KMnF_3∶Yb~(3+),Er~(3+)纳米晶产生了很强的红色上转换发光。根据KMnF_3∶Yb~(3+),Er~(3+)纳米粒子的发光特性,制备了KMnF_3∶Yb~(3+),Er~(3+)NCs-PMMA复合材料,用其作为芯层设计了掩埋形结构光波导放大器,利用传统的半导体工艺完成器件制备。器件测试结果表明,当655 nm信号光功率为0.1 m W、980 nm泵浦功率为260 m W时,器件获得了2.7 d B的相对增益。     

用转移函数方法研究铒离子上转换发光与抽运功率的关系

用转移函数方法分析了铒离子上转换发光与抽运功率的关系.对单掺铒离子的发光材料,对比分析了铒离子为高浓度和低浓度掺杂时上转换发光强度与抽运功率的关系.对稀土离子共掺杂系统,分析了Er3+在铒镱共掺杂的氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷中的上转换发光过程,认为Er3+绿色辐射的上转换发光强度与抽运激光功率的非平方关系是由于Er3+和Yb3+之间的强交叉弛豫过程引起的.讨论了在稀土离子共掺杂的氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷中提高Er3+的上转换发光强度的几种方法. 关键词： 转移函数方法 上转换发光 氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷     

Optimization of Yb3+-doped double-clad fiber lasers using a new approximate analytical solution

We investigated the properties of continuous wave (CW) Yb³⁺-doped double-clad fiber lasers (DCFLs) with linear-cavities theoretically and numerically using the rate equations. Under steady-state conditions, a new approximate analytical solution for CW Yb³⁺-doped double-clad fiber lasers (DCFLs) with consideration of the scattering losses were deduced. Good agreement between the proposed solution and the numerical simulation was demonstrated. Compared with the known approximate solutions published in the literature, the proposed solution has a briefer expression, higher accuracy and wider scope of application, which extends the applicable range of the analytical result to low reflective feedback mirror configurations. The solution provides a clear physical understanding of the optimal design of the CW Yb³⁺-doped DCFLs and can be applied to different pump and output configurations. Using the proposed solution, the optimal design of the CW Yb³⁺-doped DCFLs was discussed. If cavity reflectivities are given in advance, the optimal fiber length is found to be independent of the pump power. When the pump power and reflectivity of the feedback end are known in advance, the results show that the optimal fiber length increases and the optimal reflectivity of output mirror decreases with increase in pump power. Furthermore, when the feedback mirror is highly reflective, there exists a certain tolerance of the optimal parameters, in which the conversion efficiency decreases only slightly. But the conversion efficiency is sensitive to reflectivity of output mirror if feedback mirror has low reflectivity.     

Subluminal and superluminal propagation in Er<Superscript>3+</Superscript> doped fiber Bragg grating

The method to pump the FBG written into an Er³⁺-doped optical fiber is proposed to decrease or increase the group velocity of a probing pulse based on the fact that a pump-induced process changes the refractive index and dispersion associated with the ⁴I_15/2-⁴I_13/2 transition in Er³⁺-doped optical fiber. The system equations are derived. The group velocity modification is numerically demonstrated and discussed with the effects of an optical pump power, fiber Bragg grating length, doping concentration of Er³⁺ ions, and modulation amplitude of the grating.