Synthesis of jasminaldehyde using magnesium organo silicate as a solid base catalyst

Synthetic talc (magnesium organo silicates; MOS) was synthesized by sol–gel method under non-hydrothermal conditions and modified by introducing amine/diamine functionalities in the interlayer space. The applicability of amine/diamine functionalized MOS was studied as catalysts for the synthesis of jasminaldehyde or -pentylcinnamaldehyde by condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde. The effect of amine/diamine functionality, amount of catalyst, benzaldehyde to 1-heptanal molar ratio and temperature on the selectivity of jasminaldehyde was studied in detail. The highest conversion of 1-heptanal (99%) with 82% selectivity of jasminaldehyde was achieved using MOS3 as a catalyst. The rate constant for condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde was calculated under optimized reaction conditions. This is the first report on application of MOS as a solid base catalyst for the condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde.     

Eco-friendly synthesis of jasminaldehyde by condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde using hydrotalcite as a solid base catalyst

The catalytic activity of hydrotalcite ([M(II)_1−xM(III)_x(OH₂)]^x+(CO₃²⁻)_x/n·mH₂O; where M(II) = Mg, Ni, Zn and M(III) = Al) was evaluated for the synthesis of jasminaldehyde by solvent free condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde. The effect of activation of as-synthesized Mg-Al hydrotalcite samples of varied Mg/Al molar ratio on its catalytic activity was studied and correlated with their basicity as determined from the model test reaction. The effect of reaction parameters such as, amount of catalyst, benzaldehyde to 1-heptanal molar ratio and reaction temperature on conversion of 1-heptanal and selectivity of jasminaldehyde was studied in detail. Maximum selectivity of jasminaldehyde (86%) with 98% conversion of 1-heptanal was observed using as-synthesized Mg-Al hydrotalcite of Mg/Al molar ratio of 3.5 as a catalyst. The kinetics of the reaction was measured and reaction rate and order of reaction were determined under optimum reaction conditions. The catalyst was re-used upto three cycles without significant loss in its activity. The base catalyzed reaction mechanism for condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde is proposed.     

Transesterification of ethyl butyrate with methanol using MgO/CaO catalysts

A series of mixtures of MgO/CaO with different Mg/Ca molar ratios (between 3 and 15), as well as the corresponding pure oxides, was prepared by the coprecipitation method in a basic medium and subsequent calcination. Their textural and structural characterization was carried out by using XRD, FT-IR, SEM and N₂ sorption at 77 K. The alkalinity was studied by CO₂-TPD and catalytic decomposition of 2-propanol. The MgCa oxides obtained after calcination at 1073 K exhibit X-ray diffraction patterns with clearly visible signals corresponding to crystalline CaO and MgO. Textural properties are improved by the presence of Mg, with the porosity increased and the particle sizes decreased with respect to pure CaO. FT-IR spectroscopy reveals the presence of surface carbonate. These catalysts are active in the transesterification of ethyl butyrate with methanol at 333 K and atmospheric pressure, a model reaction to evaluate the potential of these basic catalysts in triglycerides transesterification for biodiesel production. The highest activity was found for a Mg:Ca molar ratio of 3, with conversion close to 60%, whereas MgO was inactive. Moreover, lixiviation of the active phase was not observed thus excluding the contribution of the homogeneous catalysis to the studied transesterification process.     

水滑石负载钾盐催化酯交换反应合成生物柴油

以水滑石为载体,负载钾盐作为酯交换合成生物柴油的催化剂,采用XRD、Hammett指示剂-苯甲酸滴定、N2吸附-脱附、TG-DSC研究了活性组分和载体类型、焙烧温度和时间以及负载量对催化剂碱性和酯交换活性的影响.H-介于9.3 ～15的中强碱量是决定催化剂活性的主要因素.钾与水滑石高温焙烧形成的相互作用物种是催化剂中强...     

Transesterification of palm oil using supercritical methanol with co-solvent HCFC-141b

The transesterification of palm oil in supercritical methanol has been investigated without using any catalyst. HCFC-141b was used as co-solvent to reduce the molar ratio of methanol to palm oil under the milder conditions. The reaction was carried out in a flow-type tubular reactor. The residence time was fixed at 40 min. When the molar ratio of methanol to palm oil was set to 20:1 at 325 °C and 35 MPa, the optimum molar ratio of methanol to co-solvent was found to be 20:1. Addition of HCFC-141b increased FAME production even at the lower molar ratio of methanol to palm oil. In addition, a similar FAME content was obtained under the milder conditions (5 MPa lower pressure) compared with conditions without co-solvent at higher pressure. The role of HCFC-141b in the transesterification reaction under supercritical conditions was investigated.     

On the gelation rate of thermoreversible poly(vinylidene fluoride) gels in glyceryl tributyrate

The gelation rate of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF₂)/glyceryl tributyrate (GTB) system has been measured. It has been analysed with the help of an equation which contains φⁿ and f(T) term where φ is a reduced overlapping concentration and n is analogous to the percolation exponent β in a three-dimensional lattice. f(T) is related to the temperature function of the coil-to-helix transition. Analysis of the gelation rates supports that the three-dimensional percolation is a suitable mechanism in this gelation process and it also indicates that the gelation is caused by coil-to-helix transition followed by their association.     

Synthetic talc as a solid base catalyst for condensation of aldehydes and ketones

Magnesium organo silicates (MOSs; synthetic talc) as such and with amine surface functionalities were synthesized by sol–gel method under non-hydrothermal conditions and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized talc samples were observed to be thermally stable up to 200 °C in nitrogen atmosphere and used as catalysts for condensation of aldehydes and ketones. Application of synthetic talc as a solid base catalyst for condensation of aldehydes and ketones is being reported for the first time. The effect of solvent, solvent to reactant molar ratio, amount of catalyst and temperature was studied in detail for self-condensation of propanal. High conversion (86%) of propanal with 95% selectivity of 2-methylpentenal was achieved using dimethyl sulphoxide as a solvent. The kinetic study was carried out for the condensation of propanal catalyzed by amine functionalized MOS under optimum reaction conditions. Catalyst was re-used without significant loss in activity up to three cycles.     

超声作用下KF/CaO催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油

等体积浸渍法制备了KF/CaO固体碱催化剂,用于催化大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油,在反应体系中引入超声作为辅助条件。研究表明,KF/CaO催化活性高。在超声的辅助作用下,酯交换反应速率加快,生物柴油的收率提高。实验考察了反应条件对产品中脂肪酸甲酯含量的影响。醇油摩尔比为12∶1,反应温度65℃,催化剂与大豆油的质量比为3%,反应1 h,超声频率20 kHz,超声声强1.01 W/cm2,在此反应条件下,产品中脂肪酸甲酯的质量分数达到99.6%。     

High efficient Aldol condensation reaction utilizing modified calcium oxide as stable solid base catalyst

Aldol condensation of acetophenone and benzaldehyde, as well as various benzaldehydes was carried out efficiently to produce chalcone with a good selectivity and high yields by using modified CaO as a solid base catalyst. Stability and catalytic activity of commercial CaO were significantly improved after modifying calcium oxide with bromobenzene in a simple way. An Aldol yield higher than 98.9% was obtained after the reaction was conducted for 3 h. This time interval is considerably shorter when compared to a period of 12 h needed for the commercial CaO to reach 92.1% yield under optimum activation. The high catalytic activity of modified CaO suggests that heterogeneous aldolisation was greatly improved by changing its hydrophilic properties. The influence of several reaction parameters, such as temperature and catalyst loading, was investigated. The humidity test over modified CaO reveals that the basic sites of modified CaO are resistant to CO₂ and moisture. The type of aldehyde has great influence on the yield of Aldol condensation. Based on the results of characterization by Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric measurements (TG), it was concluded that the modifier was chemically bonded to the surface of CaO and nearly no Ca(OH)₂ was formed during the modification process.     

Transesterification of ketoesters with alcohols using polyaniline salts as catalysts

Polyaniline salts have been used as catalysts for the transesterification of ketoesters with alcohols in a process being reported for the first time. The catalytic use of polyaniline salts is feasible because of their easy preparation, recovery and reusability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Decomposition of methanol vapour over solid catalyst,measured by DSC

The activity of copper containing catalysts for the formation of methanol from CO and H₂ is investigated by DSC measurement of the methanol decomposition. Calibration of the DSC signal can be performed by melting experiments with tin under reaction conditions. Comparison of catalysts is well possible by measurement of the standard activity at 240°, the apparent activation energy for the methanol decomposition reaction and the aging of the catalyst samples.

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Zusammenfassung In DSC-Messungen an der Zersetzung von Methanol wurde die Aktivität von kupferhaltigen Katalysatoren für die Bildung von Methanol aus CO und H₂ untersucht. Das DSC-Signal kann mittels Zinn-Schmelzexperimenten unter Reaktionsbedingungen kalibriert werden. Ein Vergleich der Katalysatoren ist ohne weiteres durch die Messung der Standardaktivität bei 240°C, der scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergie der Methanol-Zersetzungsreaktion und des Alterns der Katalysatorproben möglich.

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Dedicated to Professor Dr. H. J. Seifert on the occasion of his 60^th birthday     

Transesterification and esterification with subcritical methanol. Synthesis of biodiesel

Benzoic acid esterification and ethyl benzoate transesterification with subcritical methanol were carried out at 220 °C without any catalyst. A procedure for biodiesel production from vegetable oil under indicated conditions was proposed. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 102–104, January, 2008.     

Zn-La复合氧化物催化剂用于甲醇与碳酸乙烯酯酯交换反应的研究

ZnO、La₂O₃和Zn-La复合氧化物催化剂用于甲醇与碳酸乙烯酯反应制备碳酸二甲酯和乙二醇。催化剂采用共沉淀法进行制备,并用BET、XRD、TG-DSC、CO₂-TPD和Hammett滴定等对催化剂进行表征。考察了Zn-La物质的量比、焙烧温度,反应条件（反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等）对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,ZnLa复合氧化物物质的量比为2：1,焙烧温度为500℃时,催化剂表现了较好的催化效果。催化剂的活性与催化剂表面的碱性强度和碱量有关,碱量越多催化剂的活性越好。     

Fe-Ca磁性固体碱催化剂上菜籽油酯交换反应

采用原位沉淀法合成了双功能磁性固体碱催化剂CaO·γ-Fe₂O₃,用于催化菜籽油酯交换反应制备生物柴油。利用XRD、BET、TG-DTA、SEM和VSM对催化剂进行了表征,用ICP-AES对产物脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)中Ca、Fe残留量进行了测定。结果表明,Fe和Ca两种组分间有较好复合,催化剂显示出较好的磁学性能,饱和磁化率达到45.7emu/g,明显高于文献报道的磁性碱催化剂。在温和的反应条件(常压、64℃、催化剂加入量为油重的2.5%、醇油摩尔比15、转速750r/min)下,反应2h,重复使用前三次酯交换反应转化率都维持在95%左右。     

过渡金属改性Mg-Al基固体碱催化剂上碳酸丙烯酯与甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

以共沉淀法制备了一系列不同价态过渡金属(Fe、Cu、Zr)改性的Mg-Al固体碱催化剂,考察了其对于甲醇与碳酸丙烯酯(PC)酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯的反应性能。采用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、FT-IR、XPS、CO₂-TPD等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的碱强度、碱密度是影响催化活性的主要因素,不同价态过渡金属的加入可以调控Mg-Al固体催化剂的碱性。在考察的催化剂中,FeMgAl催化剂具有最高的表面碱密度,因此,表现出最好的催化性能。在温度为65℃、时间为4 h、甲醇与PC物质的量比为10∶1、催化剂用量为4%的反应条件下,PC转化率可达66.2%。     

固体酸催化合成蓖麻基癸二酸二辛酯的研究

以蠕虫(Worm-like)状介孔材料为载体,采用浸渍的方法将磷钨酸负载到介孔载体上制备不同磷钨酸负载量的固体酸催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和N2吸附-脱附等表征手段对其物理化学性质进行分析,结果表明磷钨酸成功地负载于Wormlike介孔材料上.将一系列负载型磷钨酸催化剂用于癸二酸二辛酯的合成反应中,考察其酸催化活性,并对磷钨酸负载量、癸二酸和异辛醇物质的量比、反应温度以及反应时间等因素对酯化率的影响进行了研究.实验结果表明:当反应控制温度在120℃、癸二酸与异辛醇物质的量比为1∶3、反应时间为3h、磷钨酸负载量为50%时,反应酯化率可达98.2%.     

固相法合成铜铝尖晶石催化甲醇重整反应

以氢氧化铜和拟薄水铝石为原料(Cu/Al物质的量比为1/2),采用固相法经过不同温度焙烧后获得了一系列Cu-Al氧化物催化剂.当焙烧温度由500 ℃提高到900 ℃时,催化剂的主要铜物种由CuO渐变为CuAl₂O₄,比表面积由75.0 m²/g降低至16.6 m²/g.在甲醇重整反应过程中,以CuAl₂O₄为主要成分且具有较高比表面积的催化剂表现了优异的催化性能.另外,以CuAl₂O₄为主要成分的催化剂不经过预还原处理时,在反应过程中同时存在活性铜的释放和烧结,其催化活性呈现先增加后降低的趋势.在本研究催化剂制备条件下,优选800 ℃焙烧的催化剂,其催化性能优于商业Cu-Zn-Al催化剂,且具有可再生性.当催化剂不经过预还原处理时,在水醇物质的量比为1、240 ℃、1.01×10⁶ Pa、质量空速为1.75 h^-1的条件下,甲醇起始转化率为55.2%;反应进行288.3 h时,甲醇转化率升高至79.3%;反应继续运行至1 000.5 h时,甲醇转化率降低至63.9%.     

含有多级孔复合分子筛的复合催化剂上合成气一步制二甲醚

以Beta分子筛为核、Y型分子筛为壳层的多级孔复合分子筛(BFZ)作为甲醇脱水催化剂用于固定床中合成气一步法制备二甲醚,并与纯Y型分子筛进行了比较,研究了二甲醚合成催化反应活性与甲醇脱水催化剂孔道结构和酸性之间的关系.结果表明,复合分子筛HBFZ具有中等强度的酸性和中孔孔道结构,有利于提高合成气制备二甲醚的催化反应活性.二甲醚直接合成催化剂由工业CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂(CZA)与分子筛(HBFZ、HY)采用机械混合方法制备;催化评价结果显示,CZA/HBFZ比CZA/HY具有更优的催化活性和稳定性.在250 ℃, 5.0 MPa 和 1 500 h^-1的反应条件下,CZA/HBFZ催化剂上CO的转化率和DME的选择性分别达到94.2%和67.9%.