Silicon Oxycarbide Foams from a Silicone Preceramic Polymer and Polyurethane

Ceramic open-cell foams were obtained from a preceramic polymer (a silicone resin) and blown polyurethanes, by pyrolysis at 1200°C in nitrogen. Silicon carbide submicron powders were also added to the silicone resin to give SiOC + SiC composite foams. The morphology of the foams was dependent on the architecture of the blown polyurethanes. The crushing strength as well as the elastic modulus increased with increasing relative density, reaching values as high as 14 and 450 MPa, respectively. Some of the foams displayed an excellent thermal stability (resistance to oxidation in air and decomposition in inert atmosphere) up to elevated temperatures.     

Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses Derived from Polymer Precursors

This paper describes a new predictive model to estimate compositions of ceramic materials from the structure of the preceramic polymer. The polymers are prepared by sol-gel methods and have M and T silicone functionality. The ceramic predictive model works well for highly branched silsesquioxanes, which are some of the most common ceramic precursors. This report describes the control of ceramic SiOC compositions which in turn make the materials useful as: (1) matrices for ceramic matrix composites and; (2) anodes for rechargeable lithium ion batteries.     

Insights into the Oxidation Chemistry of SiOC Ceramics Derived from Silsesquioxanes

We have undertaken a systematic study of the oxidation chemistry for a range of SiOC ceramics derived from silsesquioxane polymeric precursors. This study examines the oxidation for 500 hours at 600, 800, 1000 and 1200°C for four SiOC powders. The material changes upon oxidation were characterized qualitatively by color change and optical microscopy and quantitatively by weight and composition change. In this study we employ a very easy method that uses the weight change upon oxidation and a carbon analysis after oxidation to arrive at the composition of the oxidized SiOC. Combined these qualitative and quantitative techniques have shown that on oxidation at 800 and 600°C the SiOC composition is more rapidly changed to that of silica than oxidation over the same time frame at 1000 or 1200°C. The data indicates that this difference is due to the relative rates of oxidation of the excess carbon versus the Si—C bonds in the SiOC. At lower temperatures initially the carbon oxidation predominates which leads to higher porosity throughout the material and an increase in the surface area with eventually complete oxidation to silica. At higher temperatures the Si—C bond oxidation rate is comparable to the rate of oxidation of carbon. This allows a silica-like surface to build up on the SiOC, which slows all subsequent reactions due to the necessity to diffuse O2 in and COx out of the bulk. Under these oxidation conditions materials that originally contain high amounts of excess carbon are more quickly oxidized to silica than those that contain minimal amounts of excess carbon, as confirmed by elemental analysis and optical microscopy. Regardless of the time or temperature of the oxidation conditions no materials were found to be completely stable to oxidation. SiOC materials with low levels of excess carbon showed the best resistance to change upon oxidation.     

基于聚氨酯的磁性碳化泡沫的制备及其吸油性能研究

以废弃聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)为原料,在其表面依次修饰聚丙烯酸(PAA)、Fe~(3+),然后在230℃条件下,通过高温碳化处理,制备了具有多孔结构的磁性碳化泡沫材料.用光学显微镜、红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、接触角对磁性碳化泡沫进行表征.详细考察了AA含量、Fe~(3+)浓度对材料吸附容量、吸附速率的影响.材料具有明显的亲油、疏水特性,对各种有机溶剂和油类分子吸附容量都在10 g/g以上,而且在5 min内就可吸附饱和,同时材料密度小,可漂浮于水面对有机溶剂进行快速吸附,并通过外界磁场实现快速分离.因此,该材料在原油泄漏处理、油水分离、油田采出液处理、工业污水净化等领域具有重要的应用价值.     

Preparation of Silicon Oxycarbide Ceramic Films by Pyrolysis of Polymethyl- and Polyvinylsilsesquioxanes

The sol-gel reactions of methyl- and vinyltrimethoxysilane under controlled conditions provided the corresponding polysilsesquioxanes and flexible thin films on further condensation of the precursors. Silicon oxycarbides containing a large amount of free carbon 58 mol% and 90 mol% were obtained in high yields 90 wt% on pyrolyzing the precursors of polymethyl-and polyvinylsilsesquioxane at 1400°C under N₂ atmosphere, respectively. Moreover, pyrolytic polycondensation of polyvinylsilsesquioxane was found to give the silicon oxycarbide ceramic films without deformations and cracks. The composition and properties of films were investigated.     

Fabrication of Stable Polyaniline Foams and Their Photoelectric Conversion Behaviors

We report a foaming‐polymerization method to prepare stable polyaniline (PANI)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foams. The formation mechanism of the foam materials is investigated and the photoelectric conversion properties of PANI/PVA foams are studied in detail. The enhancement of photoelectric conversion behavior in foams is achieved, which has potential application in solar cells and nano‐electronics devices.     

Polysilylether: A Degradable Polymer from Biorenewable Feedstocks

The synthesis of polysilylethers (PSEs) using a monomer derived from a biorenewable feedstock is reported. The AB‐type monomer was synthesized from undecenoic acid through hydrosilylation and reduction, and the polymerization was catalyzed by earth‐abundant metal salts. High‐molar‐mass products were achieved, and the degree of polymerization was controlled by varying the amount of an AA‐type monomer in the reaction. The PSEs possess good thermal stability and a low glass‐transition temperature (T_g≈?67 °C). To demonstrate the utility of the PSEs, polyurethanes were synthesized from low‐molar‐mass hydroxy‐telechelic PSEs.     

Smart Foams: Switching Reversibly between Ultrastable and Unstable Foams

Smart foams: Ultrastable foams with an optimal foamability are obtained using hydroxy fatty acids tubes. The stabilization results from the adsorption of monomers at the air-water interface and from the presence of tubes in the plateau borders. Upon heating, tubes transform to micelles, leading to foam destabilization and thus to the first foams to exhibit temperature-tuneable stability.     

有机泡沫浸渍法制备多孔磷灰石-硅灰石(AW)生物活性玻璃陶瓷研究

0引言多孔磷灰石-硅灰石(apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic,AW-GC)生物活性玻璃陶瓷,具有良好的生物活性、骨透导性和一定的可降解性,近年在骨组织工程研究中倍受重视[1￣4]。理想的骨组织修复和支架材料应具备三维立体多孔结构,这种结构有利于细胞粘附增殖、细胞外基质沉积、营养和氧气进入及代谢产物排出,也有利于血管和神经长入[5]。     

Polyurethanes: Versatile Materials and Sustainable Problem Solvers for Today’s Challenges

Polyurethanes are the only class of polymers that display thermoplastic, elastomeric, and thermoset behavior depending on their chemical and morphological makeup. In addition to compact polyurethanes, foamed variations in particular are very widespread, and they achieve their targeted properties at very low weights. The simple production of sandwich structures and material composites in a single processing step is a key advantage of polyurethane technology. The requirement of energy and resource efficiency increasingly demands lightweight structures. Polyurethanes can serve this requirement by acting as matrix materials or as flexible adhesives for composites. Polyurethanes are indispensable when it comes to high‐quality decorative coatings or maintaining the value of numerous objects. They are extremely adaptable and sustainable problem solvers for today’s challenges facing our society, all of which impose special demands on materials.     

Photophysical,Electrochemical, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Polyurethanes Containing Azomethine Bonding

In this paper, three new low band gap Schiff bases were prepared by using 3-etoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and different o-phylene diamines. Then, these Schiff bases were converted to low band gap polyurethane derivatives, and their photophysical, electrochemical, thermal, mechanical and morphological properties were investigated. Photophysical properties of the compounds were investigated by using UV-Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Electrochemical properties of Schiff bases and polyurethanes containing azomethine were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Thermal decomposition and transitions were determined by using TG-DTA, DMA and DSC techniques, respectively. Morphological properties of the compounds were also determined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images showed that polyurethanes containing azomethine consist of semi-crystalline particles.     

Carbohydrate Coated Polymer Particles: Preparation and Protein-binding Studies

A facile and effective organic synthesis route was provided for preparation of the carbohydrate coated polymer small particles. First, amino‐activated particles were prepared from PAN (polyacrylonitrile) by the heterogeneous cross‐linking method, then the amino groups on the particle were converted into hydrazide groups by N‐alkylation and hydrazine activation, meanwhile the length of linker was prolonged to the designed value. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) was used to study the reactions in the synthesis steps and to optimize part of the synthesis conditions. Two carbohydrates (maltose and heparin) were then directly coupled to the hydrazide‐activated particles in a relative high yield, the obtained particles were used to interact with BSA (bovine serum albumin) and typical heparin‐binding proteins. All of these particles had some nonspecific interactions with proteins and heparin coated particles showed additional strong binding ability with the heparin‐binding proteins. Data also showed that a longer linker length not only weakened nonspecific interaction but also increased the specific binding ability. As the carbohydrate coated particles are independent, flexible and easily detectable, they should be good acceptors for the diverse bioactive studies of carbohydrates.     

Biopolymer Aerogels and Foams: Chemistry,Properties, and Applications

Biopolymer aerogels were among the first aerogels produced, but only in the last decade has research on biopolymer and biopolymer–composite aerogels become popular, motivated by sustainability arguments, their unique and tunable properties, and ease of functionalization. Biopolymer aerogels and open‐cell foams have great potential for classical aerogel applications such as thermal insulation, as well as emerging applications in filtration, oil–water separation, CO₂ capture, catalysis, and medicine. The biopolymer aerogel field today is driven forward by empirical materials discovery at the laboratory scale, but requires a firmer theoretical basis and pilot studies to close the gap to market. This Review includes a database with over 3800 biopolymer aerogel properties, evaluates the state of the biopolymer aerogel field, and critically discusses the scientific, technological, and commercial barriers to the commercialization of these exciting materials.     

Control of the Composition and Structure of Silicon Oxycarbide and Oxynitride Glasses Derived from Polysiloxane Precursors

The reactions involved in the preparation of silicon oxycarbide and oxynitride glasses by pyrolysis of polysiloxane precursors respectively under argon and ammonia are reviewed. The influence of the composition and structure of the precursor and of these pyrolysis reactions on the pyrolysis yield, the composition, and the structure of the glass is discussed. The free-carbon content of the glass depends on the substituents in the precursor and on the nature of the pyrolysis atmosphere. The composition of the oxynitride or the oxycarbide phase depends on the O/Si ratio of the precursor. The structure of these phases is not directly related to the structure of the precursors, but rather depends on their composition and on the pyrolysis temperature.     

羧甲基纤维素钠修饰的聚氨酯泡沫制备磁性吸油材料

采用聚氨酯泡沫为模板,依次修饰羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、Fe~(3+),在惰性气氛中高温热处理反应,制备多孔结构的磁性吸油材料.用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、红外吸收光谱、X-射线衍射、接触角等技术对材料进行表征.详细考察了加热反应温度、CMC浓度和Fe~(3+)浓度对材料吸油性能和磁性的影响规律.实验表明,当加热反应温度选择230°C,CMC浓度为0.3 wt%,FeCl_3浓度为0.1 mol/L时,材料吸油性能最佳,对正己烷、二甲苯、环己烷、甲苯、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、机油、原油等有机溶剂和油类分子的吸附容量为10倍左右.磁性多孔材料具有明显的亲油、疏水特性,水的接触角达115.9°,同时材料密度只有0.036g/cm~3,能够漂浮于水面,实现对水面有机溶剂的快速吸附.吸附后的材料在外界磁场控制下,能够通过磁分离方式从水面快速分离.该材料具有良好的循环利用性能,可重复使用20次以上,吸油性能仍然保持良好.     

Chemo- and Regioselective Additions of Nucleophiles to Cyclic Carbonates for the Preparation of Self-Blowing Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams

Polyurethane (PU) foams are indisputably daily essential materials found in many applications, notably for comfort (for example, matrasses) or energy saving (for example, thermal insulation). Today, greener routes for their production are intensively searched for to avoid the use of toxic isocyanates. An easily scalable process for the simple construction of self-blown isocyanate-free PU foams by exploiting the organocatalyzed chemo- and regioselective additions of amines and thiols to easily accessible cyclic carbonates is described. These reactions are first validated on model compounds and rationalized by DFT calculations. Various foams are then prepared and characterized in terms of morphology and mechanical properties, and the scope of the process is illustrated by modulating the composition of the reactive formulation. With impressive diversity and accessibility of the main components of the formulations, this new robust and solvent-free process could open avenues for construction of more sustainable PU foams, and offers the first realistic alternative to the traditional isocyanate route.