灵敏的基于分布反馈式半导体激光波长调制光声光谱

利用室温下单模运行的近红外半导体二极管激光,报导了波长调制共振光声光谱结合二次谐波探测技术.实验系统应用到乙炔探测,在1个标准大气压和3毫瓦平均光功率以及3毫秒锁相积分时间条件下其探测灵敏度可达10ppm(体积比),归一化到激光功率和系统带宽最小可探测吸收为4.0×10-8Wcm-1/Hz,并且实验中发现系统最佳压力响应值在2.66×104Pa附近.本实验装置可有效的消除光声光谱系统中常见的窗片和光声腔壁吸收入射光而引起的背景噪声.此外,相对于其他方法我们描述的基于半导体激光共振光声光谱具有很大的优点,为进一步发展便利、实用、便携式环境监测仪器奠定了坚实的基础.     

基于中红外分布反馈量子级联激光器的光声光谱技术用于痕量甲烷气体检测

由于工业监控和环境检测的需要,甲烷气体检测日益得到人们的关注。研究了基于中红外分布反馈量子级联激光器(DFB-QCL)的光声光谱技术,并应用于痕量甲烷的检测。自主研发的DFB-QCL室温工作时的激射波长在7.6μm附近,覆盖了甲烷的特征吸收谱线1 316.83cm-1。待测甲烷气体充入亥姆霍兹光声谐振腔中,DFB-QCL的工作频率为234Hz、室温脉冲工作时峰值功率为80mW。中红外光经过甲烷吸收后,产生的声波信号经麦克风检测,由锁相放大器对信号进行采集并输入计算机进行处理。按信噪比为1计算,得到甲烷的探测极限为189nmol.mol-1。     

Tunable fiber laser based photoacoustic gas sensor for early fire detection

A photoacoustic gas sensor using a near-infrared tunable fiber laser and based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy technique is developed. This sensor is capable of quasi-simultaneous quantification of water vapour, acetylene, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide (H₂O, C₂H₂, CO and CO₂) concentrations in the fire emulator. The feasibility of using this sensor as an early fire detector was demonstrated. The fire warning gases from smoldering paper were measured. The peak concentrations of gases from smoldering paper were 20,300 ppm H₂O, 2.1 ppm C₂H₂, 756 ppm CO, and 1612 ppm CO₂ after 400 s.     

Demonstration of a portable near-infrared CH4 detection sensor based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

A portable near-infrared (NIR) CH₄ detection sensor based on a distributed feedback (DFB) laser modulated at 1.654 μm is experimentally demonstrated. Intelligent temperature controller with an accuracy of −0.07 to +0.09 °C as well as a scan and modulation module generating saw-wave and cosine-wave signals are developed to drive the DFB laser, and a cost effective lock-in amplifier used to extract the second harmonic signal is integrated. Thorough experiments are carried out to obtain detection performances, including detection range, accuracy, stability and the minimum detection limit (MDL). Measurement results show that the absolute detection error relative to the standard value is less than 7% within the range of 0–100%, and the MDL is estimated to be about 11 ppm under an absorption length of 0.2 m and a noise level of 2 mV_pp. Twenty-four hours monitoring on two gas samples (0.1% and 20%) indicates that the absolute errors are less than 7% and 2.5%, respectively, suggesting good long term stability. The sensor reveals competitive characteristics compared with other reported portable or handheld sensors. The developed sensor can also be used for the detection of other gases by adopting other DFB lasers with different center-wavelength using the same hardware and slightly modified software.     

连续和准连续激光调制谱分析技术的比对研究

为了在面对不同检测需求时,能够选取适合的调谐激光吸收光谱技术方案,对直接吸收光谱、连续调制谱和准连续调制谱三种方法进行了理论分析和实验比较。在相同实验条件下,通过同一激光器测量不同浓度CO2气体,比较了这三种方法的技术特点、信号特征、检测灵敏度。结果表明,准连续调制谱技术具有与连续调制谱相当的检测灵敏度,但是受激光能量间断和较大的寄生幅度调制影响,检测信号相对于气体吸收谱的线形失真较大,因此不太适合依赖光谱线形和线宽的压力、流速测量。为选取更加适用的激光调制谱技术,提供了参考依据。     

激光器特性在痕量气体检测中的影响

研究了激光器扫描步长和线宽两种特性对可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱检测系统的影响,理论上推导出激光与气体吸收谱线的作用原理,分析出扫描信号(锯齿波)的台阶间隔和高度影响激光器中心波长的扫描原理.设定了仿真参数,仿真出锯齿波台阶数与最大扫描误差关系曲线,得出扫描信号的一个周期内具有4000个台阶时,半高全宽(FWHM)大于0.01 cm-1,误差小于1‰;仿真出激光器线宽与最大幅值、线宽误差关系曲线,给出线宽误差最大为1%,0.5%时激光器线宽对应的最小FWHM.在温度系数n取0.9,大气展宽系数γair取0.005的条件下,给出温度T,压强P与FWHM关系图,推出了适用的压强与温度范围.为指导选取激光器与气体吸收谱线、提高系统检测限提供了相关理论依据.     

Influence of laser intensity in second-harmonic detection with tunable diode laser multi-pass absorption spectroscopy

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy （TDLAS） has been widely employed in atmospheric trace gases detection. The ratio of the second-harmonic signal to the intensity of laser beam incident to the multi-pass cell is proved to be proportional to the product of the path length and the gas concentration under any condition. A new calibration method based on this relation in TDLAS system for the measurement of trace gas concentration is proposed for the first time. The detection limit and the sensitivity of the system are below 110 and 31ppbv （parts-per-billion in volume）, respectively.     

Intracavity photoacoustic gas detection with an external cavity diode laser

The first use of an external cavity diode-laser light source in combination with a photoacoustic detector for high-sensitivity gas detection is described. This combined system is applicable for detecting gases with absorption coefficients as low as 5 x 10^–8 cm^–1 by operating the photoacoustic cell in an intracavity mode. Measurements were made on the 1.13 m absorption lines of water vapour. For quantitative measurements, it was found to be necessary to introduce a reference cell into the system.     

Pressure-induced line broadening for the (30012)←(00001) band of CO2 measured with tunable diode laser photoacoustic spectroscopy

Pressure-induced foreign-broadening lineshape parameters of the carbon dioxide rovibrational transitions belonging to the (30012)←(00001) overtone band near the 1.573 μm wavelength region are measured by using a tunable diode laser photoacoustic spectrometer. The spectroscopic analysis has concerned the first 11 lines of the R branch. For these lines, the air- and Ar-broadening coefficients are measured at room temperature (∼298 K). The measured broadening coefficients of all the transitions of ¹²C¹⁶O₂ are compared with those given in the HITRAN04 database and former measurements with a different spectroscopic method. Agreements and discrepancies are underlined and briefly discussed. The recorded lineshapes are fitted with standard Voigt line profiles in order to determine the collisional broadening coefficient of carbon dioxide transitions.     

可调谐激光吸收光谱应用于气体二维浓度分布重建研究

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS),设计了气体浓度二维分布重建系统。将单路可调谐激光分为24路,交叉穿过目标区域,得到24组直接吸收信号(DA),并采用代数迭代法(ART)计算得到目标区域气体浓度二维分布。搭建了二维气体浓度分布测量试验台,利用中心波长在1.653μm的DFB激光器作为光源,选取HITRAN数据库CH4的2v3带R(3)线作为计算谱线进行数值模拟和试验验证,并对重建结果进行了误差分析。结果表明重建系统能很好的实现气体二维浓度分布重建测量。     

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱法测量环境空气中的甲烷含量

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱法是在二极管激光器与长光程吸收池技术相结合的基础上发展起 来的一种新的痕量气体检测方法.这种方法不仅精度较高、选择性强而且响应速度快.介绍了 一套可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱检测甲烷浓度的实验装置.这套装置具有灵敏度高、检测限 低（低于0087mg/m3³）、易于集成为便携式痕量气体检测仪等优点，利用 这套装置实现了对环境空气中甲烷含量的检测. 关键词： 可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱 多次回归 多次反射池     

可调谐激光吸收光谱法与气相色谱法监测甲烷的对比研究

甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,它对大气中温室效应的贡献仅次于二氧化碳.针对环境空气中甲烷的测定,从测量原理、测量过程和测量装置等方面比较了可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱和气相色谱法两种测量方法.结果表明用上述两种方法测得的甲烷的日变化趋势具有良好的一致性.相比较而言,后者造价更低,并且更方便.     

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱法监测二氧化碳的通量

含碳温室气体浓度增加所加剧的温室效应是气候变化的重要原因,大面积范围内二氧化碳气体通量的测量对于评价各类陆地生态系统对大气中主要温室气体浓度的贡献具有重要的意义。可调谐半导体激光吸收(TDLAS)光谱技术具有高分辨率、高灵敏度以及快速响应等特点,是痕量气体高灵敏快速监测的新方法。文章以可调谐分布反馈半导体激光器作为光源,通过波长调制方法对1.573μm附近二氧化碳气体某一吸收线的二次谐波信号测量,结合激光分束技术,实现对不同高度层面700多米光程范围内二氧化碳气体浓度的快速在线检测。结合大口径闪烁仪测量出来的莫宁-奥布霍夫长度和特征速度,通过公式计算得到一天内二氧化碳气体的通量在-1.5～2.5mg·(m2·s)-1范围内的波动,突破了目前对近地面痕量气体通量的监测只能提供局地结果的状况,使大面积范围内痕量气体通量的测量成为可能。     

Optical parametric oscillator based difference frequency laser source for photoacoustic trace gas spectroscopy in the 3 μm mid-IR range

We report on the extension of the emission wavelength range of a nanosecond pulsed commercial optical parametric oscillator (OPO) towards the infrared. By difference frequency mixing the idler of the OPO with the fundamental of its Nd:YAG pump laser the wavelength range from 2.5–4.5 μm is covered at considerable pulse energies. This laser source is then applied for the first time to photoacoustic trace gas spectroscopy in the fundamental C---H stretch band located around 3.3 μm. Spectra of single- and multi-component gas mixtures of volatile organic compounds are recorded and analyzed with respect to composition and concentration. The detection limits for the individual substances within the gas mixtures are found in the lower parts per million (ppm) range.     

Self-, N2- and O2-broadening coefficients for the CO2 transitions near-IR measured by a diode laser photoacoustic spectrometer

Using a high-resolution tunable diode laser photoacoustic spectrometer, self-, N₂ and O₂ pressure broadening coefficients for the first 11 transitions of ¹²C¹⁶O₂ in the R branch of the (30012) ← (00001) overtone band at the 6348 cm⁻¹ have been revisited at room temperature (∼298 K). Air-broadening parameters have also been calculated from the N₂ and O₂ measurements. The dependence of the broadening on rotational quantum number m is discussed. The recorded lineshapes are fitted with standard Voigt line profiles in order to determine the collisional broadening coefficients of carbon dioxide transitions. The results are compared to our previous measurements and to the values reported in the HITRAN04 database and by other research group with a different spectroscopic technique.     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术的气体浓度测量温度影响修正方法研究

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术测量气体浓度时,由于测量氛围温度变化的影响引起解调的二次谐波信号发生变化,最终导致浓度测量的较大误差. 为了修正温度变化对浓度反演结果的影响,适应工业测量、燃烧诊断的需要,采用通过实验所得温度关系的数值拟合修正方法即经验公式修正和根据HITRAN数据库参数的理论关系即理论公式修正两种方法进行分析与讨论. 实验中采用在50 cm长的高温管式炉中通入高温安全的21%浓度的 氧气为目标测定气体,选定760.77 nm的中心吸收波长,测量了温度变化范围为300–900 K,间隔50 K的情况下所得到的谐波信号,并利用一次谐波比值消元法消除光强波动影响后的结果,得出了不同温度下未修正的原始浓度值和通过修正方法后的修正值. 实验结果表明所述的经验公式和理论公式两种修正方法对温度影响都有一定的抑制作用,可以应用到温度变化引起的气体浓度误差修正监测中,为下一步开展燃烧诊断实时在线监测提供了依据. 关键词： 可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱 (TDLAS) 温度修正 经验公式 理论公式     

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱测量真空环境下气体温度的理论与实验研究

真空环境不仅会导致热电偶等温度传感器表面材料解吸,而且其传热机理也与常压不同,因此采用常压下校准和溯源的温度传感器测量真空环境下气体温度存在诸多不确定性问题,为此,本文利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)测量真空环境下气体温度,探索TDLAS温度测量技术在真空环境下的应用前景,在模拟热真空实验过程中,首先将真空气室浸没于恒温槽中,然后利用TDLAS测量真空气室中气体温度,同时利用一等标准铂电阻测量恒温槽的温度,试验结果表明:TDLAS和一等标准铂电阻测量得到的气体温度和恒温槽温度具有高度的一致性,两者之间的误差在恒温槽温度稳定时不超过±0.2℃。     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱的瓦斯监测方法研究

瓦斯爆炸是煤矿安全的主要威胁,对瓦斯气体浓度进行准确、快速、实时监测和预警是治理瓦斯灾害的有效手段。实验研究了近红外半导体激光吸收光谱技术在煤矿瓦斯气体安全检测中的应用。系统光源采用的是1.65μm波长的近红外可调谐DFB激光器,使用了波长调制和二次谐波检测技术,通过光纤进行信号传输。系统检测限低于0.09%,气体浓度的检测速度最高可达到0.02s。研究表明:该技术具有实时、连续、快速、非接触检测的特点;现场无带电部件,具有多点分布式遥测的能力,能够满足煤矿瓦斯安全检测的要求。     

Effect of buffer gases on the performance of SO2 trace measurement based on photoacoustic spectroscopy

In this experimental work a laser photoacoustic spectrometer designed and fabricated. System sensitivity for detection of SO₂ and NO₂ was measured. Resonance frequency variation versus pressure increase of Nitrogen, Argon, Helium and Air buffer gases was studied. Results show that, sensitivity of system for SO₂ and NO₂ are 353 ppb and 963 ppb respectively. It was shown that resonance frequency for Nitrogen, Argon, and Air buffer gases was not noticeably varied by buffer gas pressure increasing, but for Helium, resonance frequency not only is not in range of three other gases, but also grows by pressure increasing. The system noises were damped preparing two buffer chambers.     

激光自外差相干测量中分布反馈半导体激光器电流调谐非线性的补偿方法

半导体激光器的电流调谐非线性对自外差相干测量的精度影响很大.研究了分布反馈半导体(DFB) 激光器的电流调谐特性,据此提出一种数学模型补偿方法.利用已知光程差下的差拍频率,建立了动态调频 系数的数学模型.以此模型对DFB激光器的电流调谐非线性进行补偿,可以将差拍信号频率预测值的相对误差 减小约3%,提高了系统的测量精度.数学模型补偿方法简化了测量系统的结构,适用于高精度的电流调谐 激光在线测量系统.