泡生法蓝宝石单晶不同生长阶段的数值模拟研究

针对泡生法蓝宝石单晶生长的不同生长阶段的温场、流场和固液界面形状进行数值模拟研究.并分析了加热器相对坩埚的轴向位置和不同生长速率对蓝宝石单晶生长的影响.结果表明:在蓝宝石单晶生长中,在靠近坩埚壁面和固液界面的熔体内,等温线密,温度梯度较大;在靠近坩埚底部的熔体内,等温线稀疏,温度梯度较小.随着晶体高度的增加,熔体对流由放肩阶段的两个涡胞变成等径阶段的一个涡胞,熔体平均温度有小幅度下降;加热器相对坩埚的轴向位置对晶体生长炉内温场和固液界面形状影响很大,随着加热器位置上移,晶体内平均温度升高,温度梯度减小;熔体内平均温度降低,温度梯度增大.同时固液界面凸度增大.随着晶体生长速率增大,固液界面凸度增大,界面更加凸向熔体.     

热交换法蓝宝石晶体生长的数值模拟研究

针对热交换法蓝宝石晶体各生长阶段的温场、流场和热应力进行数值模拟研究,并讨论了上部保温层结构、热交换器内管高度对晶体生长的影响.结果表明:长晶初期,固液界面呈椭球形;等径阶段,固液界面平坦,晶体与坩埚壁不接触;长晶后期,中心轴向晶体生长速率增加,晶体中心首先冒出熔体液面.随晶体高度增加,熔体对流由初期的两个涡胞变为等径阶段的一个涡胞,最大对流速度量级为10-3 m/s.晶体中最大热应力分布在晶体底部,热应力分布呈W型.增加炉体上部保温层,长晶后期固液界面变得平坦;降低热交换器内管高度,有利于降低晶体底部热应力.     

泡生法生长蓝宝石晶体中固液界面形状的数值模拟研究

在泡生法蓝宝石单晶生长中,固液界面形状对晶体生长质量影响极大.本文针对泡生法蓝宝石晶体生长进行数值模拟,研究了晶体半透明性、放肩角、底部钼屏保温层厚度、加热器侧部和底部功率分配比等对固液界面形状的影响.模拟结果发现:不考虑蓝宝石晶体的半透明性,则固液界面凹向熔体生长,反之则固液界面凸向熔体生长;放肩角增大、底部钼屏保温层增厚,都造成固液界面凸度减小;加热器侧部与底部的功率比增大,则固液界面凸度增大.实际的固液界面形状取决于多种参数的综合作用.     

改进热交换法生长蓝宝石晶体的气泡研究

采用改进的热交换法生长的蓝宝石晶体,气泡是其主要缺陷之一.本文采用数值模拟研究了晶体生长过程中氦气流量对坩埚内温场、固液界面形状的影响.并结合晶体生长实验结果,分析了在实际的晶体生长过程中,氦气流量的线性增加对晶体内气泡的尺寸、形态和分布的影响.     

碲锌镉垂直布里奇曼法晶体生长过程固液界面的演化

计算模拟了半导体材料碲锌镉垂直布里奇曼法单晶体生长过程,以等温线图展示了固液界面形状的演化,分析了温度梯度和坩埚移动速率对固液界面形状以及晶体内组分偏析的影响.计算结果表明在凝固的初始段,固液界面的凹陷深度较大,随后有较大幅度的减小.整个凝固过程中固液界面的凹陷深度值有一定的波动性.提高温度梯度、降低坩埚移动速率均能有效地减小固液界面的凹陷,改善晶体的径向组分偏析.     

大直径硅单晶生长过程中固/液界面形状及熔体流动的数值分析

数值模拟技术是提升大直径硅单晶质量、降低晶体制备成本的有效工具.利用切克劳斯基法生长硅单晶时,固/液界面的形变程度是衡量晶体质量的关键参数.由于单晶炉体内的高温环境导致对界面的直接观察极为困难,因此本文采用有限元法对生长16英寸直径硅单晶过程中,不同生长阶段的固/液界面形状及熔体流动情况进行计算.数值计算结果表明:在本文所用的热场及工艺参数条件下,随着晶体长度的不断增加,固/液界面的形变量增加同时晶体内部的热应力加大;通过对晶体提拉速率及晶体转速-坩埚转速的比值的调整,我们发现,降低晶体的提拉速率以及精确的控制转速比可以使晶体各个阶段都获得比较理想的界面形状.     

石墨坩埚厚度对感应加热制备太阳能级多晶硅影响的数值模拟研究

定向凝固法制备的多晶硅是目前主要的光伏原材料,制备过程中热场结构和硅熔体对流形态对于生长高质量的多晶硅极为重要,本文利用专业晶体生长软件CGSim对制备太阳能级多晶硅用真空感应铸锭炉中的石墨坩埚进行改进并进行了数值模拟,分析了不同石墨坩埚厚度的变化对热场、流场、固液界面、硅晶体应力场以及和V/G值的影响。结果表明,当石墨坩埚厚度为20 mm,可获得良好的对流形态、平坦的固液界面、合理的V/G值等,有利于节约多晶硅的生产成本并提高多晶硅的品质,为生产实践中工艺方案优化及缺陷分析等提供重要的理论依据。     

降温速率对三维温度梯度法蓝宝石单晶影响的数值模拟

通过有限元分析方法对三维温度梯度法(3DGF)单晶炉内的温场进行数值模拟计算,发现固液交界面附近存在较大的温度梯度,易导致晶体开裂;通过改进坩埚内壁锥度,调整底部隔热屏的结构,选择合适的降温程序取得了较好的实验效果.结果表明,在三维温度梯度法蓝宝石晶体生长过程中,合适的温度梯度和控温程序能够缩短生长周期,提高晶体质量.     

6H-SiC单晶生长温度场优化及多型控制

本文模拟了升华法生长6H-SiC单晶的不同温度场,并进行了相应的生长实验.结果表明:改变石墨坩埚和感应线圈的相对位置,可以改变温度场形状;下移石墨坩埚;可以增大温度场径向温度梯度.在不同的径向温度梯度下,6H-SiC晶体分别以凹界面、平界面和凸界面生长.晶体生长界面的形状和速率影响晶体多型的产生,在平界面,生长速率小于300μm/h的晶体生长条件下,可获得无多型的高质量6H-SiC单晶.     

大尺寸氟化钡晶体的生长

通过软件模拟设计合理的炉体温场结构,并对晶体原料的提纯及生长工艺条件进行优化,采用改进的坩埚下降法成功地制备出了大尺寸、高质量的氟化钡晶体.晶体的透过率在0.2 ～10 μm波长范围内高于85;,最高透过率约为94;.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.