岩石抽提物中极性化合物超高分辨质谱识别

采用具有超高分辨率的负离子电喷雾-傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(ESI FT-ICR MS)分析了储层岩石抽提物中的石油酸及中性氮化物的分子组成,得到了抽提物中杂原子化合物类型分布、等效双键数(Double bonds equivalent,DBE)及碳数分布特征。研究结果表明,储层抽提物中含有多达16种不同杂原子类型的化合物,包括N1、N1O1、N1O2、N1O3、N1S1、N1S2、N2、N2S1、O1、O1S1、O2、O2S1、O1S2、O2S2、O3和O4,其中N1、N1S1、O2及O2S1类具有较高的相对丰度。抽提物中的N1类化合物以咔唑和苯并咔唑类化合物为主;N1S1类化合物以C2~C8烷基取代的咔唑并苯并噻吩类化合物为主;O2类化合物主要为1~2环环烷酸,其次还在抽提物中鉴别出具有较高相对丰度的DBE为5和6的O2类化合物;而O2S1类化合物中以DBE为7和8的O2S1具有最高的相对丰度。     

岩石抽提物中极性化合物超高分辨质谱识别

采用具有超高分辨率的负离子电喷雾-傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（ESI FT-ICR MS）分析了储层岩石抽提物中的石油酸及中性氮化物的分子组成,得到了抽提物中杂原子化合物类型分布、等效双键数（Double bonds equivalent,DBE）及碳数分布特征。研究结果表明,储层抽提物中含有多达16种不同杂原子类型的化合物,包括N1、N1O1、N1O2、N1O3、N1S1、N1S2、N2、N2S1、O1、O1S1、O2、O2S1、O1S2、O2S2、O3和O4,其中N1、N1S1、O2及O2S1类具有较高的相对丰度。抽提物中的N1类化合物以咔唑和苯并咔唑类化合物为主;N1S1类化合物以C2~C8烷基取代的咔唑并苯并噻吩类化合物为主;O2类化合物主要为1~2环环烷酸,其次还在抽提物中鉴别出具有较高相对丰度的DBE为5和6的O2类化合物;而O2S1类化合物中以DBE为7和8的O2S1具有最高的相对丰度。     

自由基引发剂用于渣油减黏裂化的研究

基于热裂化按照自由基反应机理进行的特点,在高压釜式反应器中分别添加四种自由基引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、过氧化特二丁基(DTBP)、单质硫(S)和单质碘(I2),考察引发剂在390℃～410℃,引发剂添加量0～3000×10-6条件下对三种减压渣油减黏裂化的影响。通过测定减黏前后渣油的运动黏度和四组分的变化,对引发剂的作用机理进行了初步研究。结果表明,自由基引发剂对不同基属的减压渣油减黏裂化反应均有明显的促进作用,大小依次为:LHVR≥GDVRDQVR,并且这种促进作用在较低的反应温度下更加明显,促进效果由渣油本身的物理化学性质所决定。在同等条件下,I2和S促进渣油减黏的效果是AIBN和DTBP降黏率的两倍,这与S和I2形成氢化物的"活性原子"可以多次循环发生作用有关。与S相比,单质I2减黏促进作用更为明显。     

减黏裂化产物的长期储存稳定性

利用不同储存条件下,减黏产物运动黏度、酸值、质量损失、胶质和沥青质含量的变化,研究了委内瑞拉奥里常渣减黏产物长期储存稳定性的影响因素。结果表明,氧化缩聚、轻组分挥发和无氧缩聚作用影响减黏产物的长期储存稳定性,其中氧化缩聚作用最显著。热反应结束后,减黏产物中自由基并没有完全进行链终止反应,室温下自由基继续发生反应,减黏产物的稳定性与其中所含的自由基密切相关。不同储存条件下产物的沥青质和胶质的芳碳率均略低于减黏产物,沥青质间并没有发生缩聚,不易产生分层现象,减黏产物较稳定。     

逆向配平法

逆向配平法是从给生成物配系数开始配平氧化还原反应方程式的一种方法。此方法根据氧化还原反应中氧化数的增减总数相等的原则,配平氧化还原反应方程式的步骤如下。(1)写出反应式,标出发生氧化和还原的元素原子在反应前后的氧化数,例如:Cu2S 1-2 HN 5O3Cu 2(NO3)2 H2S 6O4 N 2O H2O(2)分别确定氧化剂、还原产物、还原剂和氧化产物的代表,通常它们的代表是化学式中标明氧化数的原子和标明氧化数的同种原子部分(如Cu 12S-2中的Cu 12)。例如在上面反应式中,氧化剂HN 5O3的代表是N 5,还原产物N 2O的代表是N 2,还原剂Cu 12S-2的代表是…     

供氢(氘)剂在减压渣油四组分裂化中的作用及其同位素效应

研究了辽河减渣四组分在微型高压釜内中临氮热裂化、临氢热裂化和临氢催化加氢反应,考察了供氢剂或供氘剂对上述反应的影响。结果表明,临氮热裂化时沥青质是大量生焦的物种,胶质的生焦能力不显著,芳香分、饱和分不生焦;临氢热裂化沥青质生焦量减少,胶质很少生焦,芳香分和饱和分不生焦;临氢催化加氢时,辽河减渣四组分在临氢反应基础之上,生焦量进一步降低。辽河减渣四组分在临氮热裂化、临氢热裂化和临氢催化加氢过程中添加供氢剂或供氘剂后,生焦反应得到显著抑制,相比之下供氢剂的作用更为明显。三种氢源都具有抑制渣油四组分缩合或缩聚反应的作用。渣油四组分从供氢剂或供氘剂中获得氢（氘）的能力不同,沥青质>胶质>芳香分≈饱和分。就同一组分而言,供氢剂或供氘剂的表观供氢（氘）率随反应条件不同而不同,临氮热裂化> 临氢热裂化>临氢催化加氢过程。供氢剂与供氘剂在所有的过程中都存在明显的动力学效应,并且这个动力学效应随加工环境的不同而变化,在临氮热裂化过程中动力学同位素效应明显。在临氢热裂化过程,尤其是催化加氢裂化过程中动力学效应逐渐变得不明显。2H-NMR分析表明,氘代四氢萘的环烷环中的α位比β位的脱氢选择性高,氘代四氢萘脱氢选择性大小的顺序为：临氮热裂化>临氢热裂化>临氢催化加氢过程。     

Au+(1S, 3D)与N2O(1Σ+)反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP方法, O和N用6-311+G*基组, Au+用赝势基组(8s7p6d)/[6s5p3d], 研究了Au+(1S, 3D)离子和N2O(1Σ+)分子的反应机理. 报道了在基态单重态和激发三重态势能面上各反应物、中间体和过渡态的构型特征及能量. 结果表明, 两个主反应通道Au+(1S)+ N2O(1Σ+)→1NA-Complex-1→1NA-TS1→1NA-Complex-2→1NA-Crossing→[3OAuNN]+和Au+(1S)+ N2O(1Σ+)→1NB-Complex→1NB-Crossing→[AuNN(1Σ+)]++O(3P)都需经过反应交叉势能面, 出现“系间窜越”. 用内禀坐标单点计算垂直激发态的方法确定了势能面交叉点, 并用含时密度泛函TD-B3LYP方法进一步探讨了自旋翻转机理.     

汽油催化裂化脱硫USY/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂

提出了汽油经催化裂化脱硫的技术路线,并对催化剂进行了研究.综合采用浸渍和共 沉淀法制备的USY/ZnO/Al2O3汽油催化裂化脱硫催化剂在固定床反应装置上评价结果表明, 具有优异的脱硫活性和硫化物裂化选择性.脱除的硫绝大多数以H2S的形式进入到裂化气中, 仅有少量沉积在催化剂上,这有利于硫的回收利用和环境保护.硫化物的裂化脱硫是裂化和 氢转移反应协同作用的结果,高温有利于裂化反应,而相对较低的温度对氢转移有利,420 ℃左右为汽油裂化脱硫的最佳温度是这对矛盾作用的结果.     

四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒人工模拟酶在快速检测二硝基甲苯中的研究及应用

通过共沉淀法制备了具有类过氧化物酶催化活性的四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒(Fe3O4 MNPs).研究表明,Fe3O4 MNPs可以催化H2O2氧化2,2'-连氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并二氢噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)二铵盐,生成有色的氧化态ABTS,同时也可催化H2O2氧化二硝基甲苯(DNT)的反应,消耗反应物H2O2.基于上述原理,构建了Fe3O4 MNPs-ABTS-H2O2-DNT反应体系,用于检测DNT.结果表明,氧化态ABTS在417 nm处的吸收值随着DNT含量的增加而降低,与DNT浓度在5×10-7 ～2.0×10-5 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检测限为1.5 ×10-7 mol/L(S/N=3).采用紫外-可见分光光度法对Fe3O4 MNPs-ABTS-H2O2-DNT体系的反应机理、反应条件等进行了深入探讨.所建立的硝基苯类化合物含量的比色分析方法简便、快速、灵敏、可靠,对环境水样中硝基苯类化合物的在线监测具有潜在的应用价值.     

委内瑞拉常压渣油供氢热转化研究

采用高压釜研究了委内瑞拉常压渣油的常规减黏裂化与供氢热转化过程。结果表明,相比常规减黏裂化而言,供氢热转化过程中的供氢剂能够抑制气体产物、沥青质以及焦的形成,后者的气体收率比前者低0.5%~1.2%,生焦率低0.02%~0.98%,残渣油沥青质含量低0.6%~1.3%;在反应温度425℃、反应时间5~20 min条件下,供氢热转化过程的总降黏率、净降黏率变化分别为46.1%~54.8%、10.2%~33.0%;供氢热转化过程的较佳反应条件为425℃、5 min,此条件下供氢热转化生成油斑点实验等级为一级(ASTM D4740),运动黏度(50℃)为185.5 mm²/s,净降黏率为26.4%,满足了船运的基本要求。     

渤海稠油及其组分中杂原子化合物的负离子电喷雾-高分辨质谱分析

采用沉淀法和色谱分离法将渤海某油田稠油分离成沥青质、胶质、剩余分3个组分。采用负离子电喷雾技术(ESI)结合高分辨傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪(FT-ICR MS)研究了该稠油及各组分的分子组成。结果表明,剩余分中有较少的极性杂原子化合物能被负离子ESI电离,如N_1,N_1O_1,O_1和O_2类,其等效双键数(DBE)较小。胶质和原油中极性化合物有相同的杂原子类型,包括N_1,N_1O_1,N_1O_2,N_2,N_2O_2S_1,O_1,O_2,其中胶质和原油中N_1,O_1,O_2类化合物的DBE-碳数分布图相似。沥青质中富集高缩合度且多杂原子的酸性化合物,如含杂原子N_,S的氧化程度高的化合物(N_2O_1,N_1O_3,S_1O_3)及O_3类化合物,这些物质具有较高的界面活性,易吸附在界面上促进界面张力降低和增强界面膜强度,从而有利于乳状液稳定存在。N_1O_1,N_1O_2,N_1O_3类化合物,N_2O_1类化合物可能分别是N_1化合物,N_2化合物的氧化降解产物;随着氧化降解程度增加,降解产物的极性明显增强。     

Absolute rate coefficients and branching percentages for the reactions of POxCly- + N (4S(3/2)) and POxCly- + O (3P) at 298 K in a selected-ion flow tube instrument

The absolute rate coefficients and product ion branching percentages at 298 K for the reactions of several POxCly- species with atomic nitrogen (N (4S(3/2))) and atomic oxygen (O (3P)) have been determined in a selected-ion flow tube (SIFT) instrument. POxCly- ions are generated by electron impact on POCl3 in a high-pressure source. O atoms are generated by quantitative titration of N atoms with NO, where N atoms are produced by microwave discharge on N2. The experimental procedure allows for the determination of rate coefficients for the reaction of the reactant ion with N (4S(3/2)) and O (3P) as well as with N2 and NO. None of the ions react with N2 or NO, giving an upper limit to the rate coefficient of <5 x 10(-12) cm3 molecules(-1) s(-1). POCl3- and POCl2- do not react with N atoms, giving an upper limit to the rate coefficient of <1 x 10(-11) cm3 molecules(-1) s(-1). The major product ion for POCl3- and POCl2- reacting with O involves loss of Cl from the reactant ion, accounting for >85% of the products. PO2- is a minor product (相似文献   

Site-selective nitrogen isotopic ratio measurement of nitrous oxide using 2 microm diode lasers

We demonstrate a high-precision measurement of the isotopomer abundance ratio 14N(15)N(16)O/15N(14)N(16)O/14N(14)N(16)O (approximately 0.37/0.37/100) using three wavelength-modulated 2 microm diode lasers combined with a multipass cell which provides different optical pathlengths of 100 and 1 m to compensate the large abundance difference. A set of absorption lines for which the absorbances have almost the same temperature dependence are selected so that the effect of a change in gas temperature is minimized. The test experiment using pure nearly natural-abundance N(2)O samples showed that the site-selective 15N/14N ratios can be measured relative to a reference material with a precision of +/-3 x 10(-4) (+/-0.3 per thousand) in approximately 2 h.     

Mass spectral study on O,O-dialkyl N,N-dialkyl phosphoramidates under electron impact conditions

A series of O,O-dialkyl N,N-dialkyl phosphoramidates (1-25) were analyzed under GC-EIMS conditions. Clear-cut differences are found in the fragmentation of O,O-dialkyl N,N-dimethyl phosphoramidates (Series 1) and O,O-dimethyl N,N-dialkyl phosphoramidates (Series 2). The phosphoramidates comprising of mixed/crossed alkyl groups on nitrogen and oxygen (Series 3) showed mixed fragmentation pattern corresponding to both Series 1 and 2 depending on the nature of alkyl groups. All the possible isomers among the studied compounds showed distinguishable EI mass spectra. Although the major ions in the EI mass spectra for the isomers containing O-n-propyl or O-isopropyl and N,N-diethyl or N-isopropyl N-methyl are similar, the isomers could be distinguished by characteristic ions of low abundance at low mass region. The differences are prominent in the metastable ion spectra of characteristic ions.     

Absolute rate coefficients for the reactions of O2- + N(4S(3/2)) and O2- + O(3P) at 298 K in a selected-ion flow tube instrument

The absolute rate coefficients at 298 K for the reactions of O(2) (-) + N((4)S(3/2)) and O(2) (-) + O((3)P) have been determined in a selected-ion flow tube instrument. O atoms are generated by the quantitative titration of N atoms with NO, where the N atoms are produced by microwave discharge on N(2). The experimental procedure allows for the determination of rate constants for the reaction of the reactant ion with N((4)S(3/2)) and O((3)P). The rate coefficient for O(2) (-) + N is found to be 2.3x10(-10)+/-40% cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), a factor of 2 slower than previously determined. In addition, it was found that the reaction proceeds by two different reaction channels to give (1) NO(2)+e(-) and (2) O(-)+NO. The second channel was not reported in the previous study and accounts for ca. 35% of the reaction. An overall rate coefficient of 3.9 x 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) was determined for O(2) (-) + O, which is slightly faster than previously reported. Branching ratios for this reaction were determined to be <55%O(3) + e(-) and >45%O(-) + O(2).     

The hydrolysis of 4-acyloxy-4-substituted-2,5-cyclohexadienones: limitations of aryloxenium ion chemistry

The title compounds serve as potential precursors to aryloxenium ions, often proposed, but primarily uncharacterized intermediates in phenol oxidations. The uncatalyzed and acid-catalyzed decomposition of 4-acetoxy-4-phenyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone, 2a, generates the quinol, 3a. (18)O-Labeling studies performed in (18)O-H(2)O, and monitored by LC/MS and (13)C NMR spectroscopy that can detect (18)O-induced chemical shifts on (13)C resonances, show that 3a was generated in both the uncatalyzed and acid-catalyzed reactions by C(alkyl)-O bond cleavage consistent with formation of an aryloxenium ion. Trapping with N(3)(-) and Br(-) confirms that both uncatalyzed and acid-catalyzed decompositions occur by rate-limiting ionization to form the 4-biphenylyloxenium ion, 1a. This ion has a shorter lifetime in H(2)O than the corresponding nitrenium ion, 7a (12 ns for 1a, 300 ns for 7a at 30 degrees C). Similar analyses of the product, 3b, of acid- and base-catalyzed decomposition of 4-acetoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone, 2b, in (18)O-H(2)O show that these reactions are ester hydrolyses that proceed by C(acyl)-O bond cleavage processes not involving the p-tolyloxenium ion, 1b. Uncatalyzed decomposition of the more reactive 4-dichloroacetoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone, 2b', is also an ester hydrolysis, but 2b' undergoes a kinetically second-order reaction with N(3)(-) that generates an oxenium ion-like substitution product by an apparent S(N)2'mechanism. Estimates based on the lifetimes of 1a, 7a, and the p-tolylnitrenium ion, 7b, and the calculated relative stabilities of these ions toward hydration indicate that the aqueous solution lifetime of 1b is ca. 3-5 ps. Simple 4-alkyl substituted aryloxenium ions are apparently not stable enough in aqueous solution to be competitively trapped by nonsolvent nucleophiles.     

Computational studies of nucleophilic substitution at carbonyl carbon: the S(N)2 mechanism versus the tetrahedral intermediate in organic synthesis

A theoretical study specifically addresses the question of whether nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl groups of acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides involves an addition-elimination pathway or proceeds by a concerted S(N)2-like mechanism in the absence of the generally assumed tetrahedral intermediate. Density functional calculations [B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)] establish that chloride ion exchange reactions with both formyl and acetyl chloride proceed by a pi attack on the C=O bond. No discernible tetrahedral intermediate typical of an addition-elimination pathway was found in either case. While a tetrahedral intermediate does exist for the addition of fluoride ion to (Cl)(2)C=O, halide exchange of LiCl with both ClFC=O and (Cl)(2)C=O also proceeds by a concerted S(N)2-like pathway. The formation of a tetrahedral intermediate from the addition of methanol to acetyl chloride is slightly exothermic (4.4 kcal/mol). The ion-dipole complex of methanol weakly bonded to the carbonyl carbon of protonated acetyl chloride is stabilized by 13.8 kcal/mol but does not collapse to a tetrahedral intermediate. When four CH(3)OH molecules are H-bonded to protonated acetyl chloride, a tetrahedral intermediate is not completely formed and this solvated complex more closely resembles the precursor to an S(N)1-type ionization of Cl(-). With six H-bonding methanol molecules, a methanol adds to the carbonyl carbon and a proton relay occurs with formation of a tetrahedral-like structure that immediately loses chloride ion in an S(N)1-like solvolysis. These results corroborate earlier suggestions (Bentley et al. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 7927) that the methanolysis of acetyl chloride does not proceed through the generally assumed addition-elimination pathway with a discrete tetrahedral intermediate but is consistent with ionization of Cl(-). The reaction of methoxide ion with methyl acetate proceeds via a multiple-well energy surface and involves the intermediacy of an asymmetrical species with differing C-OMe bond lengths. Models of synthetic applications of acyl transfer reactions involving anhydrides that form N-acyloxazolidinones also proceed by a concerted S(N)2-type pathway even with the carboxylate leaving group. Concerted transition states were observed for the reactions of each enantiomer of a 1,3-diphenylcycloprop-2-ene carboxylic anhydride by S-3-lithio-4-phenyloxazolidinone. Despite close structural similarities between the diastereomeric transition states, the relative energies correlated closely with the experimental results.     

Time-slice velocity-map ion imaging studies of the photodissociation of NO in the vacuum ultraviolet region

The time-slice velocity-map ion imaging and the resonant four-wave mixing techniques are combined to study the photodissociation of NO in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region around 13.5 eV above the ionization potential. The neutral atoms, i.e., N((2)D(o)), O((3)P(2)), O((3)P(1)), O((3)P(0)), and O((1)D(2)), are probed by exciting an autoionization line of O((1)D(2)) or N((2)D(o)), or an intermediate Rydberg state of O((3)P(0,1,2)). Old and new autoionization lines of O((1)D(2)) and N((2)D(o)) in this region have been measured and newer frequencies are given for them. The photodissociation channels producing N((2)D(o)) + O((3)P), N((2)D(o)) + O((1)D(2)), N((2)D(o)) + O((1)S(0)), and N((2)P(o)) + O((3)P) have all been identified. This is the first time that a single VUV photon has been used to study the photodissociation of NO in this energy region. Our measurements of the angular distributions show that the recoil anisotropy parameters (β) for all the dissociation channels except for the N((2)D(o)) + O((1)S(0)) channel are minus at each of the wavelengths used in the present study. Thus direct excitation of NO by a single VUV photon in this energy region leads to excitation of states with Σ or Δ symmetry (ΔΩ = ±1), explaining the observed perpendicular transition.     

Distinguishing sources of N2O in European grasslands by stable isotope analysis

Nitrifiers and denitrifiers are the main producers of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N(2)O). Knowledge of the respective contributions of each of these microbial groups to N(2)O production is a prerequisite for the development of effective mitigation strategies for N(2)O. Often, the differentiation is made by the use of inhibitors. Measurements of the natural abundance of the stable isotopes of N and O in N(2)O have been suggested as an alternative for the often unreliable inhibition studies. Here, we tested the natural abundance incubation method developed by Tilsner et al.1 with soils from four European grasslands differing in long-term management practices. Emission rates of N(2)O and stable isotope natural abundance of N(2)O and mineral N were measured in four different soil incubations: a control with 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS), a treatment with 60% WFPS and added ammonium (NH(4) (+)) to support nitrifiers, a control with 80% WFPS and a treatment with 80% WFPS and added nitrate (NO(3) (-)) to support denitrifiers. Decreases in NH(4) (+) concentrations, linked with relative (15)N-enrichment of residual NH(4) (+) and production of (15)N-depleted NO(3) (-), showed that nitrification was the main process for mineral N conversions. The N(2)O production, however, was generally dominated by reduction processes, as indicated by the up to 20 times larger N(2)O production under conditions favouring denitrification than under conditions favouring nitrification. Interestingly, the N(2)O concentration in the incubation atmospheres often levelled off or even decreased, accompanied by increases in delta(15)N and delta(18)O values of N(2)O. This points to uptake and further reduction of N(2)O to N(2), even under conditions with small concentrations of N(2)O in the atmosphere. The measurements of the natural abundances of (15)N and (18)O proved to be a valuable integral part of the natural abundance incubation method. Without these measurements, nitrification would not have been identified as essential for mineral N conversions and N(2)O consumption could not have been detected.