Effects of the thermal history and concentration on the aggregation of Erwinia gum in an aqueous solution

The aggregation of Erwinia (E) gum in a 0.2 M NaCl aqueous solution was investigated by multi‐angle laser light scattering and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) combined with light scattering. The GPC chromatograms of five fractions contained two peaks; the fractions had the same elution volume but different peak areas, suggesting that aggregates and single chains coexisted in the solution at 25 °C. The apparent weight‐average molecular weights (M_w) of the aggregates and single chains for each fraction were all about 2.1 × 10⁶ and 7.8 × 10⁴, respectively. This indicates that the aggregates were composed of about 27 molecules of E gum in the concentration range used (1.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ g/mL). The weight fraction of the aggregates (w_ag) increased with increasing concentration, but the aggregates still existed even in an extremely dilute solution. The fractionation process and polymer concentration hardly affected the apparent aggregation number but significantly changed w_ag. The E‐gum M_w decreased sharply with an increase in temperature. When the E‐gum solution was kept at 100 °C, w_ag decreased sharply for 20 h and leveled off after 100 h. Once the aggregates were decomposed at a higher temperature, no aggregation was observed in the solution at 25 °C, indicating that the aggregation was irreversible. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1352–1358, 2000     

Disruption of polystyrene latex aggregates in capillary flow

 Disruption of polystyrene latex aggregates, formed in 1 M citric acid/phosphate buffer solution at pH 3.8 through diffusion-limited colloid aggregation (DLCA) and in 0.2 M NaCl solution at pH 5.5 through reaction-limited colloid aggregation (RLCA), was studied with respect to aggregate size and fractal nature. This was achieved using small-angle laser scattering in conjunction with a specially designed sampling method, which brought about the elimination of the disruption of the aggregates caused by a commercial stirrer sample unit. Aggregations were carried out in a mixture of deuterium oxide and water instead of water alone as a solvent to minimise sedimentation resulting from the differences in density between the latex particles and the electrolytes. An initial “steady state” in terms of aggregate size and fractal dimension was found to occur after around 20 min and 2 days for DLCA and RLCA aggregates, respectively, at 25 °C. No aggregate disruption was detected for DLCA and RLCA aggregates after their passing through a capillary tube for shear rates up to 1584 and 2694 s⁻¹, respectively. At higher shear rates, significant decreases in the aggregate volume-mean diameter, D[4, 3], occurred after shearing. The degree of reduction in D[4, 3] was larger for DLCA aggregates in comparison to RLCA aggregates. The results would suggest that DLCA aggregates were more subject to disruption during shearing. A high degree of disruption was observed in turbulent flow for both aggregates. Received: 30 June 1999 Accepted in revised form: 11 November 1999     

Molecular weight and aggregation of Aeromonas gum treated with dimethyl sulfoxide in aqueous solution

Aeromonas (A) gum, an acidic hetero polysaccharide, in 0.2 M LiCl/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was fractionated satisfactorily according to the nonsolvent addition method. Eight fractions were chosen to examine their aggregation behavior in aqueous solution. The weight‐average molecular weight (M_w), radius of gyration 〈S²〉^1/2, and intrinsic viscosities [η] of the fractions in 0.2 M LiCl/DMSO and 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution at 25 °C were measured by static light scattering and viscometry. The results indicated that the A gum was aggregated in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution at 25 °C, and the aggregates were broken in 0.2 M LiCl/DMSO. The apparent weight‐average aggregation number (N_ap) of the fractions increased with the process of fractionation, that is, N_ap increased from 1.1 to 15 with decreasing M_w of the single chain. The fractions obtained by treating with DMSO were more easily dissociated in the aqueous solution, and its N_ap was lower than that of the A gum fractions that were not treated with DMSO. Moreover, the A gum molecules with relatively low M_w aggregated easily to form a compact spherelike structure in the aqueous solution. Elemental analysis and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy indicated that DMSO was adsorbed on the A gum molecules caused by the fractionation program; DMSO not only prevented the polysaccharide aggregation but also increased the solubility. A model has been proposed to describe the aggregation behavior of the A gum chains with DMSO overcoat in the aqueous solution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2269–2276, 2002     

Activation of alkyl halides at the Cu0 surface in SARA ATRP: An assessment of reaction order and surface mechanisms

The external order in reagents for the activation of alkyl halides by Cu⁰ was investigated in supplemental activator and reducing agents (SARA) ATRP. Using methyl 2-bromopropionate (MBrP) or ethyl α-bromophenylacetate (EBPA) and tris(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amine (Me₆TREN) in DMSO and MeCN, it was determined that the rate of activation scaled with (S/V)^0.9 in both solvents. For MBrP, the rate was first order with respect to [MBrP]₀ until a saturation in the rate was observed around 33 and 110 mM in DMSO and MeCN, respectively. For EBPA, the reaction was also first order until a maximum rate was observed at 33 mM in DMSO, whereas an inverse order was observed for concentrations above 66 mM in MeCN. At saturated concentrations of MBrP, it was found that the rate increased linearly with respect to [Me₆TREN]₀ for all systems but became asymptotic with a maximum rate of 2 × 10⁻⁶ and 4 × 10⁻⁵ M s⁻¹ in DMSO and MeCN, respectively. Model polymerizations in the absence of ligand showed slow reaction rates, indicating the necessity for ligand. The results allow more accurate modeling and understanding of SARA ATRP under a large range of initiator concentrations. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 3048–3057     

Fluorospectroscopy monitoring aggregation of block ionomers in aqueous media

A new type of aggregation behavior of block ionomers, i.e. functionalized polystyrene-block-poly[ethylene-co-(1-butene)]-block-polystyrene (SEBS) with respective contents of 3.2 mol-% and 8.3 mol-% sodium carboxylate groups in polystyrene blocks has been studied using steady-state fluorescence techniques. It is found that the block ionomers could form a stable dispersion in water although both the slightly ionized polystyrene block and the ethylene/1-butene block are hydrophobic. The intensity ratio of the first to third vibronic band (I₁/I₃) of pyrene varies from 1.8, characteristic of the aqueous medium, to about 0.8, characteristic of hydrophobic microenvironment when the ionomer concentration in water is increased from 8 × 10⁻⁴ g/L to 2 × 10⁻¹ g/L. Meanwhile, the emission intensity ratio of excimer to monomer (I_e/I_m) of pyrene increases with increasing polymer concentration first, then passes through a maximum and eventually falls off to zero. Both of the methods show the same critical aggregation concentration (8 × 10⁻⁴ g/L). Besides the non-radiative energy transfer efficiency between naphthalene and anthracene shows a considerable increase when the concentration reaches 0.01 g/L. All of these three approaches lead to the fact that the block ionomers could form hydrophobic aggregates in water stabilized by the rare ionic groups.     

Fractal Morphology and Breakage of DLCA and RLCA Aggregates

Latex aggregates, formed in 1 M McIlvaine buffer solution and 0.2 M NaCl solution, have been characterized in terms of aggregate size distribution and fractal morphology. This was achieved using three sizing techniques (image analysis, laser scattering, and electrical sensing) in which size distributions and fractal properties of the aggregates were measured. Estimates of fractal dimensions were made using the two-slope method based on dimensional analysis and the small-angle light scattering method. Aggregate suspensions were prepared using both water and a mixture of heavy water/ water as the solvent. The latter essentially eliminated sedimentation, which was observed after one day of aggregation when water alone was used as a solvent. Latex aggregates formed by diffusion-limited colloid aggregation (DLCA) and reaction-limited colloid aggregation (RLCA) had fractal dimensions close to 1.8 and 2.1, respectively. As observed through image analysis, DLCA aggregates possessed a loose tenuous structure, whereas RLCA aggregates were more compact. Disruption of both DLCA and RLCA aggregates has been investigated in laminar flow and turbulent capillary flow. The shear forces introduced by a laminar shear device with a shear rate up to 1711 s(-1) were unable to bring about aggregate breakup; shearing facilitates aggregate growth in the case of DLCA. However, latex aggregates were significantly disrupted after passage through a turbulent capillary tube at 95209 s(-1). Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Poly(styrene‐b‐isobutylene) multiarm star‐block copolymers

Multiarm star‐branched polymers based on poly(styrene‐b‐isobutylene) (PS‐PIB) block copolymer arms were synthesized under controlled/living cationic polymerization conditions using the 2‐chloro‐2‐propylbenzene (CCl)/TiCl₄/pyridine (Py) initiating system and divinylbenzene (DVB) as gel‐core‐forming comonomer. To optimize the timing of isobutylene (IB) addition to living PS⊕, the kinetics of styrene (St) polymerization at −80°C were measured in both 60 : 40 (v : v) methyl cyclohexane (MCHx) : MeCl and 60 : 40 hexane : MeCl cosolvents. For either cosolvent system, it was found that the polymerizations followed first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer and the number of actively growing chains remained invariant. The rate of polymerization was slower in MCHx : MeCl (k_app = 2.5 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹) compared with hexane : MeCl (k_app = 5.6 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹) ([CCl]_o = [TiCl₄]/15 = 3.64 × 10⁻³M; [Py] = 4 × 10⁻³M; [St]_o = 0.35M). Intermolecular alkylation reactions were observed at [St]_o = 0.93M but could be suppressed by avoiding very high St conversion and by setting [St]_o ≤ 0.35M. For St polymerization, k_app = 1.1 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ ([CCl]_o = [TiCl₄]/15 = 1.82 × 10⁻³M; [Py] = 4 × 10⁻³M; [St]_o = 0.35M); this was significantly higher than that observed for IB polymerization (k_app = 3.0 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹; [CCl]_o = [Py] = [TiCl₄]/15 = 1.86 × 10⁻³M; [IB]_o = 1.0M). Blocking efficiencies were higher in hexane : MeCl compared with MCHx : MeCl cosolvent system. Star formation was faster with PS‐PIB arms compared with PIB homopolymer arms under similar conditions. Using [DVB] = 5.6 × 10⁻²M = 10 times chain end concentration, 92% of PS‐PIB arms (M_n,PS = 2600 and M_n,PIB = 13,400 g/mol) were linked within 1 h at −80°C with negligible star–star coupling. It was difficult to achieve complete linking of all the arms prior to the onset of star–star coupling. Apparently, the presence of the St block allows the PS‐PIB block copolymer arms to be incorporated into growing star polymers by an additional mechanism, namely, electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS), which leads to increased rates of star formation and greater tendency toward star–star coupling. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 1629–1641, 1999     

A kinetic study of the reaction of chlorine and fluorine atoms with HC(O)F at 295±2 K

Using relative rate techniques the reactions of chlorine and fluorine atoms with HC(O)F have been determined to proceed with rate constants of k₁ = (1.9 ± 0.2) × 10⁻¹⁵ and k₂ = (8.3 ± 1.7) × 10⁻¹³ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively. Stated errors reflect statistical uncertainty; possible systematic uncertainties could add additional 10% and 20% ranges to the values of k₁ and k₂, respectively. Experiments were performed at 295 ± 2 K and 700 torr total pressure of air. The results are discussed with respect to the design and interpretation of laboratory studies of the atmospheric chemistry of CFC replacements. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Lateral thermal expansion of chitin crystals

Measurements of the thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of chitin crystals in the lateral direction are reported. We investigated highly crystalline α chitin from the Paralithodes tendon and an anhydrous form of β chitin from a Lamellibrachia tube from room temperature to 250 °C, using X‐ray diffraction at selected temperatures in the heating process. For α chitin, the TECs of the a and b axes were α_a = 6.0 × 10⁻⁵ °C⁻¹ and α_b = 5.7 × 10⁻⁵ °C⁻¹, indicating an isotropic thermal expansion in the lateral direction. However, the anhydrous β chitin exhibited an anisotropic thermal expansion in the lateral direction. The TEC of the a axis was constant at α_a = 4.0 × 10⁻⁵ °C⁻¹, but the TEC of the b axis increased linearly from room temperature to 250 °C, with α_b = 3.0–14.6 × 10⁻⁵ °C⁻¹. These differences in the lateral thermal expansion behaviors of the α chitin and the anhydrous β chitin are due to their different intermolecular hydrogen bonding systems. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 168–174, 2001     

Synthesis and characterization of perfluoro quaternary ammonium anion exchange membranes

In this study, new alkaline exchange membranes were prepared from the perfluorinated 3M ionomer with various quaternary ammonium cations attached with sulfonamide linkage. The degree of functionalization varied depending on the cation species, resulting in different ion exchange capacities (IECs), 0.33–0.72 meq g⁻¹. There was evidence of polymer degradation when the films were exposed to hydroxide, and hence all membrane characterization was performed in the chloride form. Conductivity was dependent on cation species and IEC, E_a = 36–59 kJ mol⁻¹. Diffusion of water through the membrane was relatively high 1.6 × 10⁻⁵ cm² s⁻¹ and indicated restriction over a range of diffusion times, 6–700 ms. Water uptake (WU) in the membranes was generally low and the hydration level varied based on cation species, λ = 6–11. Small-angle scattering experiments suggested ionic aggregation, 37–42 Å, independent of cation species but slight differences in long-range order with cation species. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1761–1769, 2013     

Micelles with highly branched nanoporous interior: Solution properties and binding capabilities of amphiphilic copolymers with linear dendritic architecture

This article describes the solution behavior of model amphiphilic linear‐dendritic ABA block copolymers that self‐assemble in aqueous media and form micelles with highly branched nanoporous cores. The materials investigated are constructed of poly(ethylene glycol), PEG, with molecular weight 5,000 or 11,000 as the water‐soluble B block and poly(benzyl ether) monodendrons [G] of second and third generation as the hydrophobic A fragments. The process of self‐assembly in aqueous media and the character of the micellar core are investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy using pyrene as the molecular probe. The data obtained by different methods indicate that the critical micelle concentrations (cmc) for these systems are between 1.1 × 10⁻⁵ and 2.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L for [G‐2]‐PEG5000‐[G‐2] and between 7.08 × 10⁻⁶ and 7.94 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L for [G‐3]‐PEG11000‐[G‐3]. It is found that the ratio of the first and third vibronic bands (I₁/I₃ ) in the fluorescence spectrum of the encapsulated pyrene changes from 1.77 to 1.32 when the concentration of [G‐2]‐PEG5000‐[G‐2] increases from 1.1 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L to 1.1 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L. For [G‐3]‐PEG11000‐[G‐3] these changes are between 1.77 and 1.17 in the same concentration range. The hybrid copolymers form host‐guest complexes with several polyaromatic compounds (phenanthrene, pyrene, perylene and fullerene, C₆₀) that are stable over extended periods of time (more than 12 months). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2711–2727, 2000     

Oxyalkylene polymers with alkylsulfonylmethyl side chains: Gas barrier properties

Gas barrier properties of alkylsulfonylmethyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene)s are discussed. Oxygen permeability coefficients of three methylsulfonylmethyl-substituted poly(oxyalkylene)s, poly[oxy(methylsulfonylmethyl)ethylene] (MSE), poly[oxy(methylsulfonylmethyl)ethylene-co-oxyethylene] (MSEE), and poly[oxy-2,2-bis (methylsulfonylmethyl)trimethylene oxide] (MST) were measured. MSEE, which has the most flexible backbone of the three polymers, had an oxygen permeability coefficient at 30°C of 0.0036 × 10⁻¹³ cm³(STP)·cm/cm²·s·Pa higher than that of MSE, 0.0014 × 10⁻¹³ cm³(STP)·cm/cm²·s·Pa, because the former polymer's T_g was near room temperature. MST with two polar groups per repeat unit and the highest T_g showed the highest oxygen permeability, 0.013 × 10⁻¹³ cm³(STP) · cm/cm²·s·Pa, among the three polymers, probably because steric hindrance between the side chains made the chain packing inefficient. As the side chain length of poly[oxy(alkylsulfonylmethyl)ethylene] increased, T_g and density decreased and the oxygen permeability coefficients increased. The oxygen permeability coefficient of MSE at high humidity (84% relative humidity) was seven times higher than when it was dry because absorbed water lowered its T_g. At 100% relative humidity MSE equilibrated to a T_g of 15°C after 2 weeks. A 50/50 blend of MSE/MST had oxygen barrier properties better than the individual polymers (O₂ permeability coefficient is 0.0007 × 10⁻¹³ cm³(STP)·cm/cm² ·s·Pa), lower than most commercial high barrier polymers. At 100% relative humidity, it equilibrated to a T_g of 42°C, well above room temperature. These are polymer systems with high gas barrier properties under both dry and wet conditions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36 : 75–83, 1998     

Temperature‐dependent desorption of surfactants in LLDPE blend films

The temperature‐dependent desorption behavior of surfactants in linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) blend films was studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy at 25, 40, and 50 °C. The LLDPE/low‐density polyethylene blend was 70/30. Three different specimens (labeled II, III, and IV) were prepared with various compositions of the surfactant, sorbitan palmitate (SPAN‐40), and the migration controller, poly(ethylene acrylic acid) (EAA). The calculated diffusion coefficients of SPAN‐40 in specimens II, III, and IV at 25, 40, and 50 °C varied from 9.6 × 10⁻¹² to 17.4 × 10⁻¹² cm²/s, from 5.5 × 10⁻¹² to 11.0 × 10⁻¹² cm²/s, and from 3.1 × 10⁻¹² to 5.8 × 10⁻¹² cm²/s, respectively. In addition, the activation energies of specimens II, III, and IV measured between 25 and 50 °C were 18.74, 19.42, and 20.14, respectively. Hence, the desorption rate of the surfactant increased with the temperature and decreased with an addition of EAA, but the activation energy increased with EAA. The diffusion kinetics, analyzed with a plot of the integrated intensity ratio as a function of time, log(I_t/I_∞) versus log t, at 25, 40, and 50 °C obeyed Fickian diffusion behavior. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 218–227, 2001     

Rate coefficients for reactions of OH radicals with CH3D,CH2D2, CHD3, and CD4

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) smog chamber techniques were used to investigate the atmospheric chemistry of the isotopologues of methane. Relative rate measurements were performed to determine the kinetics of the reaction of the isotopologues of methane with OH radicals in cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ units: k(CH₃D + OH) = (5.19 ± 0.90) × 10⁻¹⁵, k(CH₂D₂ + OH) = (4.11 ± 0.74) × 10⁻¹⁵, k(CHD₃ + OH) = (2.14 ± 0.43) × 10⁻¹⁵, and k(CD₄ + OH) = (1.17 ± 0.19) × 10⁻¹⁵ in 700 Torr of air diluent at 296 ± 2 K. Using the determined OH rate coefficients, the atmospheric lifetimes for CH_4–xD_x (x = 1–4) were estimated to be 6.1, 7.7, 14.8, and 27.0 years, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to previous measurements of these rate coefficients.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfonated Polyimides Containing Trifluoromethyl Groups as Proton Exchange Membranes

A novel sulfonated diamine, 4,4′‐bis(4‐amino‐3‐trifluoromethylphenoxy) biphenyl 3,3′‐disulfonic acid (F‐BAPBDS), was successfully synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl with 2‐chloro‐5‐nitrobenzotrifluoride, followed by reduction and sulfonation. A series of sulfonated polyimides of high molecular weight (SPI‐x, x represents the molar percentage of the sulfonated monomer) were prepared by copolymerization of 1,4,5,8‐naphathlenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA) with F‐BAPBDS and nonsulfonated diamine. Flexible and tough membranes of high mechanical strength were obtained by solution casting and the electrolyte properties of the polymers were intensively investigated. The copolymer membranes exhibited excellent oxidative stability due to the introducing of the CF₃ groups. The SPI membranes displayed desirable proton conductivity (0.52×10⁻¹–0.97×10⁻¹ S·cm⁻¹) and low methanol permeability (less than 2.8×10⁻⁷ cm²·s⁻¹). The highest proton conductivity (1.89×10⁻¹ S·cm⁻¹) was obtained for the SPI‐90 membrane at 80°C, with an IEC of 2.12 mequiv/g. This value is higher than that of Nafion 117 (1.7×10⁻¹ S·cm⁻¹). Furthermore, the hydrolytic stability of the obtained SPIs is better than the BDSA and ODADS based SPIs due to the hydrophobic CF₃ groups which protect the imide ring from being attacked by water molecules, in spite of its strong electron‐withdrawing behaviors.     

Water sorption by poly(tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate). I. A mass‐uptake study

Cylindrical samples (≈5 mm × 20 mm) of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and copolymers of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and furfuryl methacrylate were prepared, and the sorption of water into these cylinders was studied by the mass‐uptake method and by the measurement of the volume change at equilibrium. The equilibrium water content and volume change for the cylinders both varied systematically with the copolymer composition. The diffusion of water into the cylinders followed Fickian behavior, with the diffusion coefficients, dependent on the copolymer composition, varying from 2.00 × 10⁻¹¹ m²s⁻¹ for poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) to 5.00 × 10⁻¹² m²s⁻¹ for poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate) with a 1 : 4 composition. The polymers that were rich in 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate were characterized by a water‐sorption overshoot, which was attributed to a slow reorientation of the polymer chains in the swollen rubbery regions formed after water sorption. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1939–1946, 2000     

Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of indan,indene, fluorene,and 9,10-dihydroanthracene with OH radicals,NO3 radicals,and O3

The kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO₃ radicals, and O₃ with indan, indene, fluorene, and 9,10-dihydroanthracene have been studied at 297 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air. The rate constants, or upper limits thereof, for the O₃ reactions were (in cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ units): indan, < 3 × 10⁻¹⁹; indene, (1.7 ± 0.5) × 10⁻¹⁶, fluorene, < 2 × 10⁻¹⁹; and 9,10-dihydroanthracene, (9.0 ± 2.0) × 10⁻¹⁹. Using a relative rate method, the rate constants for the OH radical and NO₃ radical reactions, respectively, were (in cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ units): indan, (1.9 ± 0.5) × 10⁻¹¹ and (6.6 ± 2.0) × 10⁻¹⁵; indene, (7.8 ± 2.0) × 10⁻¹¹ and (4.1 ± 1.5) × 10⁻¹²; fluorene, (1.6 ± 0.5) × 10⁻¹¹ and (3.5 ± 1.2) × 10⁻¹⁴; and 9,10-dihydroanthracene, (2.3 ± 0.6) × 10⁻¹¹ and (1.2 ± 0.4) × 10⁻¹². These kinetic data were used to assess the relative contributions of the various reaction pathways. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 29: 299–309, 1997.     

Aerogelation Process Simulation by a Cluster-Cluster Aggregation Algorithm

A ballistically-limited cluster-cluster aggregation (BLCA) model was developed to simulate aerogelation processes. In the model, the clusters move along linear paths, in random directions, in a finite box. When two aggregates contact each other, they are combined irreversibly to form a larger aggregate. As expected, the simulations show that the aggregation time is much shorter than that obtained with diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation (DLCA) models. The minimum concentration, c_g, required for gel formation scales as L^D–3, where L is the length of the sides of the box and D is the fractal dimension of the aggregates (D 1.95). For a concentration c larger than c_g, the mean free path of the aggregating clusters, , scales as c^–1.1. The pair correlation function g(r) and its Fourier transform S(q) were determined for the single large aggregates formed at the end of the simulations. These functions indicate that there is a characteristic length which scales as c^1/(D–3). As observed previously for the DLCA model, there is a discrepancy between the fractal dimensions obtained from g(r) and S(q).     

Direct measurement of the C2H5C(O)O2 + NO reaction rate coefficient using chemical ionization mass spectrometry

The rate coefficient for the reaction of the peroxypropionyl radical (C₂H₅C(O)O₂) with NO was measured with a laminar flow reactor over the temperature range 226–406 K. The C₂H₅C(O)O₂ reactant was monitored with chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The measured rate coefficients are k(T) = (6.7 ± 1.7) × 10⁻¹² exp{(340 ± 80)/T} cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ and k(298 K) = (2.1 ± 0.2) × 10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. Our results are comparable to recommended rate coefficients for the analogous CH₃C(O)O₂ + NO reaction. Heterogeneous effects, pressure dependence, and concentration gradients inside the flow reactor are examined. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet: 31: 221–228, 1999     

Polymerization of N-carbazolylacetylene by various transition metal catalysts and polymer properties

N-Carbazolylacetylene (CzA) was polymerized in the presence of various transition metal catalysts including WCl₆, MoCl₅, [Rh(NBD)Cl]₂, and Fe(acac)₃ to give polymers in good yields. The polymers produced with W catalysts were dark purple solids and soluble in organic solvents such as toluene, chloroform, etc. The highest weight-average molecular weight of poly(CzA) reached about 4 × 10⁴. In the UV–visible spectrum in CHCl₃, poly(CzA) exhibited an absorption maximum around 550 nm (ε_max = 4.0 × 10³ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) and the cutoff wavelength was 740 nm, showing a large red shift compared with that of poly(phenylacetylene) [poly(PA)]. Poly(CzA) began to lose weight in TGA under air at 310°C, being thermally more stable than poly(PA) and poly[3-(N-carbazolyl)-1-propyne]. Poly(CzA) showed a third-order susceptibility of 18 × 10⁻¹² esu, which was 2 orders larger than that of poly(PA). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 36: 2489–2492, 1998