High spin yrast states in even platinum isotopes

The high spin yrast states up toJ=20⁺ in^{184, 186}Pt and^{190, 192, 194}Pt are studied in a microscopic approach of variation with number-conserved projected states. The energy spectra, quadrupole moments andB(E2) values are calculated by employing the Hamiltonian with quadrupole plus pairing interactions. The results of the calculations are in fair agreement with the available experimental data.     

On the observability of the fieldB (3): Relativistic effects in magneto-optics

It is shown that the novel vacuum fieldB ⁽³⁾ is an experimental observable, and several methods of observation are suggested: these include the pulsed microwave magnetization of a plasma, the optical Aharonov-Bohm effect, and the microwave frequency optical Faraday effect. The effect ofB ⁽³⁾ is presented in the form of relativistically corrected semi-classical theory.     

Back-bending in182,184,186osmium

The high spin yrast states uptoJ=22⁺ in^182,184,186Os are studied in a microscopic variational approach with number-conserved projected states. The energy spectra, quadrupole, moments andB (E2) values are calculated by employing the Hamiltonian with quadrupole plus pairing interactions. The results of the calculations are in fair agreement with the available experimental data.     

Forms of the evans-vigier fieldB (3)

The newly inferred longitudinal magnetic field of vacuum electromagnetism is given in a number of equivalent forms derived in several different ways. It is therefore overwhelmingly likely that the Evans-Vigier fieldB ⁽³⁾ will be isolated experimentally through its characteristic square root power density dependence. It is the first classical field of vacuum electromagnetism to be inferred since Maxwell and as such fundamentally extends our understanding of the nature of electromagnetism and field-particle theory.     

The Biot-Savart-Ampère law and the vacuum fieldB (3)

It is shown that the longitudinal vacuum fieldB ⁽³⁾ emerges from the Biot-Savart-Ampère law governing the motion of an electron with intrinsic spin moving at the speed of light, in which case the expression forB ⁽³⁾ is identical with that obtained from the Dirac equation of one electron accelerated to the speed of light by an electromagnetic field. Use of an O(3), non-Abelian, gauge geometry forB ⁽³⁾ identifies the quantized photon momentum appearing in the Dirac equation witheA ⁽⁰⁾, wheree is the charge on the electron andA ⁽⁰⁾ the amplitude of the vector potential. The condition =eA ⁽⁰⁾ can be obtained in turn from the relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation of an electron accelerated to the speed of light by an electromagnetic field.     

Photon mass and the fieldB (3)

The connection between finite photon mass and the fieldB ⁽³⁾ is developed with reference to special relativity in the vacuum. The existence of the physical and longitudinal fieldB ⁽³⁾ implies that there are three degrees of polarization associated with the photon, which cannot therefore be a massless boson. The fieldB ⁽³⁾ can be observed experimentally through the magnetization of a plasma with microwave pulses, and this experiment serves to demonstrate unequivocally the existence of photon mass.     

Microscopic study of low-lying yrast spectra in <Superscript>100–108</Superscript>Mo isotopes

Variation-after-projection (VAP) calculations in conjunction with Hartree-Bogoliubov (HB) ansatz have been carried out for A=100−108 molybdenum (Mo) isotopes. In this framework, the yrast spectra with J _max ^π ≥10⁺, B(E2) transition probabilities, quadrupole (β₂) and hexadecapole (β₄) deformation parameters, moment of inertia (I) and square of cranking frequency (ω²) for even-even Mo isotopes have been obtained. The results of the calculation give an indication that it is important to include the hexadecapole-hexadecapole component of the two-body interaction for obtaining various nuclear structure quantities in these Mo isotopes.     

A simple method for analyzing 51V solid-state NMR spectra of complex systems

Five vanadium complexes as models for biological systems were investigated using ⁵¹V-MAS–NMR spectroscopy. All spectra show an uncommon line shape, which can be attributed to a shorter relaxation time of the satellite transition in contrast to the central one. A method for the reliable analysis of such kind of spectra is presented for the first time and the most important NMR parameters of the investigated complexes (quadrupolar coupling constant C_Q, asymmetry of the EFG tensor η_Q, isotropic chemical shift δ_iso, chemical shift anisotropy δ_σ and asymmetry of the CSA tensor η_σ) are presented. These results are of particular importance with respect to the analysis of the ⁵¹V-MAS–NMR spectra of vanadium moieties in biological matrices such as vanadium chloroperoxidase, which show hitherto unexplained low intensity of the satellite sideband pattern.     

51(p,n)51Cr reaction from E p 1.9 to 4.5 MeV

The total cross-section for the reaction⁵¹V(p, n)⁵¹Cr has been measured fromE _p 1.9 to 4.5 MeV by using two different techniques: (i) by detecting the neutron using the 4π neutron counter and (ii) by measuring the activity of the residual nucleus⁵¹Cr. The two measurements are consistent with each other and together they are in good agreement with the data of Zyskindet al. The thermonuclear reaction rates have also been extracted starting from these cross-sections.     

Magnetization of an electron plasma by microwave pulses: Experiment to detect the longitudinal vacuum fieldB (3)

By solving the relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation of one electron in classical, circularly polarized, electromagnetic radiation, it is shown that the orbital electronic angular momentum is induced and governed entirely by the novel longitudinal vacuum fieldB ⁽³⁾. The presence of this field in the vacuum is detectible easily in principle by measuring its characteristicsquare root power density dependence using megawatt microwave pulses to magnetize an electron plasma set up in an inert gas such as helium.     

Reply to A. Lakhtakia: Experimental measurement ofB (3)

In answer to the assertion by Lakhtakia [1] thatB ⁽³⁾ isunknowable, presumably unmeasurable, the experimental conditions for its measurement are defined.     

The optical Aharonov-Bohm effect

It is shown that the vector potential of a circularly polarized laser causes the optical equivalent of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. An estimate is made of the expected fringe shift due to a circularly polarized laser directed through an optical fiber in an electron diffraction experiment, and it is shown that the effect is equivalent to that of a magnetic field.     

Optical NMR from the Dirac equation: A reply to Buckingham and Parlett

The Dirac equation of the fermion in a circularly polarized electromagnetic field produces optical NMR shifts of the same order of magnitude as observed in the recent experiments of Warrenet al. By decreasing the frequency of the irradiation field the Dirac equation shows that electromagnetically induced NMR lines can be observed in the infrared or visible range in theory. A recent paper by Buckingham and Parlett [9] is criticized in detail.     

SU(2)×SU(2) Electroweak Theory I: The B3 Field on the Physical Vacuum

Nonlinear optics confronts the U(1) theory of electrodynamics with the dilemma of the existence of nonlinear fields. The U(1) group is completely linear and Abelian and causes consideration of an SU(2) theory of electrodynamics. An SU(2) theory of electrodynamics, with a B ³ magnetic field, means that physics is forced to consider an SU(2) × SU(2) electroweak theory. It is then demonstrated that the B ³ field exists on the physical vacuum defined by the Higgs symmetry breaking of this extended electroweak theory.     

Reply to comment by E. Comay on the longitudinal magnetic field of circularly polarized electromagnetic waves

The argument presented by E. Comay in Ref. 1 is in error precisely at the point where he uses the Cartesian form of Stokes' theorem. His Comment is therefore erroneous and inconsequential.     

Derivation of the vacuum longitudinal fieldB (3) from the Dirac equation of the electron in the electromagnetic field

By solving the Diras equation for the motion of an electron (c) in the circularly polarized electromagnetic field it is shown that the intrinsic electron spin forms an interaction Hamiltonian with a time independent fieldB ⁽³⁾ of electromagnetic radiation in the vacuum. In the same way as intrinsic spin is a fundamental property of the electron,B ⁽³⁾ is therefore a fundamental and intrinsic property of the vacuum electromagnetic field.     

SU(2) × SU(2) Electroweak Theory II: Chiral and Vector Fields on the Physical Vacuum

In this letter a discussion is offered on how symmetry breaking of a theory with twisted bundle of two chiral SU(2) bundles leads to a set of gauge potentials from each group on the physical vacuum that are vector and chiral. The result is that symmetry breaking of this theory leads to massive A ³ transverse modes of the 3-photon along with electromagnetic photons plus the massive neutral and charged weakly interacting bosons. The electromagnetic sector is demonstrated to be a massless vector field and the remainder is a broken chiral field theory.     

Reply to criticisms of theB (3) field

The confusion and self-contradiction among recent critics of theB ⁽³⁾ (Evans-Vigier) field are analysed. Barron [17] and Buckingham [18] assert that the field is zero by symmetry. Grimes [21] asserts that the field isnon-zero butfortuitous. Lakhtakia in one paper [19] asserts thatB ⁽³⁾ isnon-zero butnot fundamental, and in a second paper that it isunknowlable and therefore may as well be zero. A rebuttal is given of each the individual papers, and it is shown that the Evans-Vigier field is the fundamental magnetizing field of electromagnetic radiation.     

The evans-vigier field,B (3): Derivation of the de Broglie matter-wave equation from the Hamilton-Jacobi equation

The emergence of the Evans-Vigier fieldB ⁽³⁾ of vacuum electromagnetism has been accompanied by a novel charge quantization condition inferred from 0(3) gauge theory. This finding is used to derive the de Broglie matter-wave equation from the classical Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) equation of one electron in the electromagnetic field. The HJ equation is used with the charge quantization condition to show that, in a perfectly elastic photon-electron interaction, complete transfer of angular momentum occurs self-consistently, and the electron acquires the angular momentum of the photon. In this limit the electron travels infinitesimally near the speed of light, and its concomitant electromagnetic fields become indistinguishable from those of the uncharged photon. This result independently proves the validity of the charge quantization condition and demonstrates unequivocally the existence of the vacuum fieldB ⁽³⁾.