高温空气燃烧NOx排放特性的试验研究

通过两种结构烧嘴的热态燃烧试验对比,研究了烧嘴结构、燃气射流速度、过量空气系数对高温空气燃烧过程氮氧化物排放的影响特性。研究结果认为:在燃气喷口两侧布置两个矩形空气喷口的烧嘴,氮氧化物排放量低于圆形空气喷口烧嘴;随着燃气射流速度的提高,高温空气燃烧过程排放的氮氧化物逐渐减少。与普通燃烧过程不同的是,随着过量空气系数的提高,在一定范围内高温空气燃烧的氮氧化物排放量不断增加。分析认为,高温空气燃烧氮氧化物排放量与火焰体积、炉内氧气与燃气混合过程以及燃气射流和空气射流对炉内烟气的卷吸量有关。     

高温空气低燃气浓度燃烧过程的数值模拟研究

从工程实际出发,本文提出了高温空气低燃气浓度燃烧新技术,即充分利用烟气余热提高助燃空气温度,提高热能利用率;同时通过优化喷口结构,提高燃气射流速度,使燃气射流在同空气射流混合燃烧前卷吸大量炉内烟气,从而降低燃气射流中的可燃物浓度,进而降低氮氧化物的排放。通过数值模拟研究表明,通过燃气射流速度从24.56m/s提高到55.26m/s,可以降低NOx的排放;当围绕燃气喷口的六个圆形空气喷口改为两个矩形喷口时,燃气射流可从两侧卷吸更多的炉内烟气,形成低燃气浓度燃烧,从而大大降低了NOx的排放。     

微流燃料电池空气阴极物质传输孔隙尺度模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法研究了微流燃料电池空气阴极多孔扩散层内多组分物质传输特性。随机重构了扩散层,获得渗透率及有效扩散系数。建立了耦合边界电化学反应的二维模型,研究了过电位、孔隙率对氧气、水蒸气浓度分布及局部反应速率的影响。结果表明,常用的Bruggeman经验关联式会高估氧气有效扩散系数;扩散层孔隙结构对物质传输有重要影响,孔隙率减小使得传质阻力增大,导致局部氧气浓度降低,局部反应速率降低,而水蒸气浓度增大,当孔隙率从0.83降至0.7,催化界面平均氧气浓度从8.472降至8.466 mol·m^-3。     

隧道双火源火灾燃烧特性的实验研究

为研究火源间距对隧道内双火源燃烧特性的影响,本文开展小尺寸模型隧道火灾实验,研究不同间距下,空气卷吸与辐射热反馈的竞争关系对火源质量损失规律和顶棚温度变化规律的影响;分析远火源区顶棚温度的分布规律,并采用数值模拟方法进行验证。结果表明:火源间距在10～15 cm之间增大时,空气卷吸作用占主导地位,卷吸受限导致火源质量损失速率下降,顶棚最高温度也因此有所下降;当火源间距大于15 cm时,空气卷吸充足,辐射热反馈发挥主要作用。远火源区顶棚温度分布规律不受间距变化影响,始终满足指数衰减,且与数值模拟结果吻合良好;相较初期发展阶段,不同间距对充分发展阶段的远火源区顶棚温度纵向衰减快慢影响较大。     

MILD燃烧PSR网络模型的建立与应用

本文基于PSR(Perfectly StirredReactor)开发了一种适用于模拟气体燃料MILD(Moderate and Intense Low-oxygen Diluttion)燃烧的化学反应动力学网络模型。该模型使用多个PSR串联,模拟了燃炉内天然气MILD燃烧的预热、烟气卷吸和燃烧过程。本文同时考虑了炉体散热和烟气卷吸量等因素,建立适用于气体燃料MILD燃烧的PSRN模型。研究表明,所建立的PSRN模型能够有效模拟气体MILD燃烧的温度、二氧化碳浓度等结果。此外,该模型能够准确模拟出N_2和CO_2稀释下燃气的MILD燃烧过程,说明了该PSRN模型具有普适性。     

火灾烟气危害性气体在狭长通道内水平方向迁移的模拟实验研究

利用狭长通道的小型实验台模拟研究了火灾烟气毒性成分在水平方向上的迁移规律.结果发现,火灾烟气危害性成分水平方向上的演变非常相似,而不同高度水平面上的烟气成分浓度有些差别,这主要是建筑结构中各种开口或者空气流动造成的.数据表明,CO等气体到达浓度峰值的时间随着高度的降低而逐渐增加.其中,O2和CO2到达峰值的时间比较一致,而CO则与前两者不一致,整体滞后80秒左右,这可能因为热烟气在传播过程又新生成了CO.     

基于简单碰撞理论煤粉燃烧动力学模型的研究--PART Ⅱ:颗粒表面的氧气浓度分布模型

为了较准确地预报炉内煤粉燃烧速率,正确区分TGA中滞止煤粉表面与炉内载流煤粉表面氧气浓度的变化规律是非常关键的。从TGA中非稳态条件下坩埚内颗粒表面氧气浓度分布的数理解知,煤样的氧化过程是同时进行的,只是上部的氧化速率大一些,底部的氧化速率小一些;同一样品,同一升温速率,试样的堆积厚度的差异,会影响实验结果的重复性。分析表明,在初始和反应结束时,坩埚内颗粒表面氧气浓度等于环境浓度;反应速率达到最大值时,颗粒表面氧气浓度达到最小值。颗粒在炉内流动燃烧过程中,环境中氧气浓度值是单调减少的,煤焦表面氧的浓度是非线性变化的。     

坡度条件下湍流扩散火焰形态的实验研究

本文以湍流扩散火焰为研究对象,在不同坡度及热释放速率条件下开展了火焰形态参数演化的实验研究。结果表明,当坡度在10°~15°范围内上升,火焰附着长度的增加主要是由于火焰两侧空气卷吸差异引起的压差。火焰附着长度和水平火焰长度之间呈现出较好的线性关系,火焰附着范围可通过火焰长度及火焰倾斜角来表征。当坡度为0°和40°时,无量纲火焰长度和无量纲热释放速率之间满足幂律关系;相对于坡度为0°时,40°时火焰长度随热释放速率的增长速率较为缓慢。     

重点排烟作用下地下通道顶棚烟气温度分布研究

本文通过改变重点排烟量及火源功率,研究了在不同重点排烟方式下,顶部重点排烟量对地下通道顶棚烟气温度分布的影响。研究发现:在无重点排烟条件下,由于热烟气的卷吸,以及与顶棚之间的传热影响,通道内的顶棚纵向烟气温升在不同火源功率下均随距离的增加而不断衰减。不同顶部重点排烟方式及火源功率下的顶棚烟气温度衰减趋势相同,且重点排烟量越大,顶棚纵向温度越低。本文引入了重点排烟量影响因子β,该影响因子随着重点排烟量的增加呈现指数增加。建立了顶部不同重点排烟模式下地下通道顶棚烟气温度分布模型,模型预测值与实验测量值吻合较好。     

存在空气卷吸时等离子体射流光谱诊断应做的修正

采用一套高精度多谱线的等离子光谱诊断系统来同时探测等离子体射流中两条谱线的强度。通过谱线绝对强度法 ,获得了直接流入空气的氩等离子体射流在考虑卷吸和不考虑卷吸时两种不同的温度分布和卷吸空气的浓度分布。两种情况下所获得的温度分布的对比 ,说明等离子射流中的空气卷吸现象对光谱诊断的结果有可观的影响。忽略所卷吸的空气会对绝对强度法的温度诊断带来误差 ,尤其在远离喷口的区域 ,这种误差是很明显的。     

Experimental characterization of spark ignited ammonia combustion under elevated oxygen concentrations

Due to its nature as a carbon free fuel and carrying hydrogen energy ammonia has received a lot of attention recently to be used as an alternative to fossil fuel in gas turbine and internal combustion engines. However, several barriers such as long ignition delay, slow flame speed, and low reactivity need to be overcome before its practical applications in engines. One potential approach to improve the ignition can be achieved by using oxygen enriched combustion. In this study, oxygen-enriched combustion of ammonia is tested in a constant volume combustion chamber to understand its combustion characteristics like flame velocity and heat release rates. With the help of high speed Schlieren imaging, an ammonia-oxygen flame is studied inside the combustion chamber. The influence of a wide range of oxygen concentrations from 15 to 40% are tested along with equivalence ratios ranging from 0.9 to 1.15. Ammonia when ignited at an oxygen concentration of 40% with an equivalence ratio of $\varphi =$ 1.1 at 10 bar has a maximum flame velocity of 112.7 cm/s. Reduced oxygen concentration also negatively affects the flame velocity, introducing instabilities and causing the flame to develop asymmetrically due to buoyancy effects inside the combustion chamber. Heat release rate (HRR) curves show that increasing the oxygen concentration from 21 to 35% of the mixture can help reduce the ignition delays. Peak HRR data shows increased sensitivity to air fuel ratios with increased oxygen concentrations in the ambient gas. HRR also shows an overall positive dependence on the oxygen concentration in the ambient gas.     

Evaluation of heat release indicators in lean premixed H2/Air cellular tubular flames

Heat release rate in combustion systems must be understood in order to control thermoacoustic instabilities, flame extinction, and heat losses. Traditionally OH chemiluminescence (OH*) is used to trace heat release rate (HRR) in H₂/air flames, but its accuracy as a tracer has not been assessed. Lean premixed H₂/air cellular tubular flames are a good test case to evaluate HRR tracers due to the presence of highly reactive flame cells surrounded by regions of near extinction. Comparing the calculated heat release rate to OH* concentration, one finds that [OH*] profiles correlate with the regions of high reactivity (flame cells) but the correlation fails in the low reactivity regions where the HRR is much higher than the [OH*] value indicates. Alternate HRR tracers including [H] and pixel-by-pixel products of [O₂]x[H], [OH]x[H₂], and [O]x[H₂] are analyzed with detailed numerical simulations. The chosen products derive from the main chain reaction steps that contribute to overall HRR in lean, premixed H₂/air flames. Findings suggest that [H] is an accurate yet simple way of tracking HRR. Planar measurements of HRR are possible if LIF measurements of [H] are improved.     

Simulations of laminar non-premixed flames of kerosene with hot combustion products as oxidiser

The effects of hot combustion product dilution in a pressurised kerosene-burning system at gas turbine conditions were investigated with laminar counterflow flame simulations. Hot combustion products from a lean (φ = 0.6) premixed flame were used as an oxidiser with kerosene surrogate as fuel in a non-premixed counterflow flame at 5, 7, 9 and 11 bar. Kerosene-hot product flames, referred to as ‘MILD’, exhibit a flame structure similar to that of kerosene–air flames, referred to as ‘conventional’, at low strain rates. The Heat Release Rate (HRR) of both conventional and MILD flames reflects the pyrolysis of the primary and intermediate fuels on the rich side of the reaction zone. Positive HRR and OH regions in mixture fraction space are of similar width to conventional kerosene flames, suggesting that MILD flames are thin fronts. MILD flames do not exhibit typical extinction behaviour, but gradually transition to a mixing solution at very high rates of strain (above A = 160, 000 s^?1 for all pressures). This is in agreement with literature that suggests heavily preheated and diluted flames have a monotonic S-shaped curve. Despite these differences in comparison with kerosene–air flames, MILD flames follow typical trends as a function of both strain and pressure. Further still, the peak locations of the overlap of OH and CH₂O mass fractions in comparison with the peak HRR indicate that the pixel-by-pixel product of OH- and CH₂O-PLIF signals is a valid experimental marker for non-premixed kerosene MILD and conventional flames.     

Simultaneous measurement of localized heat release with OH/CH2O-LIF imaging and spatially integrated OH∗ chemiluminescence in turbulent swirl flames

The in-situ and localized observation of heat release in turbulent flames is important for the validation of computational modeling of turbulent flows with combustion. In the present work we obtain localized information on heat release rate (HRR) by the commonly accepted technique of the simultaneous and single-shot planar imaging of OH and CH₂O concentrations by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Additionally, we combine this with the simultaneous line-of-sight and temporally resolved chemiluminescence detection of OH^?, spatially integrated within the flame volume, interrogated by the laser sheets used for the HRR imaging technique. The combined diagnostic methods are demonstrated for a swirl-stabilized, premixed turbulent methane/air flame of 30-kW thermal power, and they show the existence of correlations between both HRR-sensitive diagnostic techniques.     

High-repetition-rate pulsed fiber laser based on virtually imaged phased array

High-repetition-rate(HRR) pulsed fiber lasers have attracted much attention in various fields. To effectively achieve HRR pulses in fiber lasers, dissipative four-wave-mixing mode-locking is a promising method. In this work, we demonstrated an HRR pulsed fiber laser based on a virtually imaged phased array(VIPA), serving as a comb filter. Due to the high spectral resolution and low polarization sensitivity features of VIPA, the 30 GHz pulse with high quality and high stability could be obtained. In the experiments, both the single-waveband and dual-waveband HRR pulses were achieved. Such an HRR pulsed fiber laser could have potential applications in related fields, such as optical communications.     

激光辐照环境对金属材料反射特性的影响

 利用积分球绝对测量法,对在20 Pa真空缺氧、1 000 Pa空气,10⁵ Pa空气及1 000 Pa氧气环境下,1 064 nm波长连续激光辐照30CrMnSiA碳钢材料过程中的反射光信号进行了测量,得到了30CrMnSiA碳钢在4种辐照环境下的反射率和温度变化曲线。结果表明：在空气组分辐照环境的低压到10⁵ Pa范围内,材料初始反射率随压力增大而增大;在缺氧和富氧环境的激光辐照过程中,缺氧环境下材料反射率变化缓慢,且变化拐点温度高于富氧环境,富氧环境下材料被加热后的快速氧化反应有利于材料对激光能量的吸收;不同辐照环境（缺氧和富氧）相同材料温度条件下,材料反射率并不相同。     

Ignition limit and shock-to-detonation transition mode of n-heptane/air mixture in high-speed wedge flows

In this work, oblique detonation of n-heptane/air mixture in high-speed wedge flows is simulated by solving the reactive Euler equations with a two-dimensional (2D) configuration. This is a first attempt to model complicated hydrocarbon fuel oblique detonation waves (ODWs) with a detailed chemistry (44 species and 112 reactions). Effects of freestream equivalence ratios and velocities are considered, and the abrupt and smooth transition from oblique shock to detonation are predicted. Ignition limit, ODW characteristics, and predictability of the transition mode are discussed. Firstly, homogeneous constant-volume ignition calculations are performed for both fuel-lean and stoichiometric mixtures. The results show that the ignition delay generally increases with the wedge angle. However, a negative wedge angle dependence is observed, due to the negative temperature coefficient effects. The wedge angle range for successful ignition of n-heptane/air mixtures decreases when the wedge length is reduced. From two-dimensional simulations of stationary ODWs, the initiation length generally decreases with the freestream equivalence ratio, but the transition length exhibits weakly non-monotonic dependence. Smooth ODW typically occurs for lean conditions (equivalence ratio < 0.4). The interactions between shock/compression waves and chemical reaction inside the induction zone are also studied with the chemical explosive mode analysis. Moreover, the predictability of the shock-to-detonation transition mode is explored through quantifying the relation between ignition delay and chemical excitation time. It is demonstrated that the ignition delay (the elapsed time of the heat release rate, HRR, reaches the maximum) increases, but the excitation time (the time duration from the instant of 5% maximum HRR to that of the maximum) decreases with the freestream equivalence ratio for the three studied oncoming flow velocities. Smaller excitation time corresponds to stronger pressure waves from the ignition location behind the oblique shock. When the ratio of excitation time to ignition delay is high (e.g., > 0.5 for n-C₇H₁₆, > 0.3 for C₂H₂ and > 0.2 for H₂, based on the existing data compilation in this work), smooth transition is more likely to occur.     

The investigation of neutralization process of gas-phase sewage sludge using thermal plasma method

The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of plasma flow on the composition of gaseous phase organic waste. The experimental method and simulation program “Chemical Workbench” were used for this research. The gas phase waste was neutralized using air plasma in the temperature range of 1200–1700 K. The reactor simulation results showed that the amount of atomic oxygen and nitrogen decreases by 0.5%, meanwhile the amount of carbon monoxide increases by 0.5 percent, as the plasma forming gas is air. The investigation of percentage concentration results showed that as the temperature reaches 1700 K, the H₂ decreases by 4%, CO increases by 7%, CH₄ decreases by 0.4%, CO increases by 0.5%, N₂ decreases by 5%. The experimental measurement results of percentage concentration correlates sufficiently with simulation results for listed gas.     

等离子体放电活化生理盐水杀菌应用研究

等离子体中含有多种活性物种可实现高效安全杀菌,活性物种与生物体相互作用多在水环境下进行.因此等离子体与水的相互作用过程研究掀起了等离子体生物杀菌的新浪潮.本文采用水中阵列放电产生等离子体活化生理盐水,利用所产生的活化生理盐水对大肠杆菌开展了杀菌消毒研究,当等离子体放电时间达到120 s时产生的活化生理盐水与大肠杆菌混合后可使大肠杆菌的存活效率降至0.001%.通过紫外-可见吸收光谱测量及化学氧化还原沉降滴定表明放电电荷及激发态氧化性活性物种与水溶液相互作用,转化为活化生理盐水中长寿命相对稳定存在的H_2O_2和O_3等氧化性物种,与大肠杆菌作用并主导主要杀菌效果.     

激光辐照环境对金属材料反射特性的影响

利用积分球绝对测量法,对在20 Pa真空缺氧、1 000 Pa空气,105 Pa空气及1 000 Pa氧气环境下,1 064 nm波长连续激光辐照30CrMnSiA碳钢材料过程中的反射光信号进行了测量,得到了30CrMnSiA碳钢在4种辐照环境下的反射率和温度变化曲线。结果表明：在空气组分辐照环境的低压到105 Pa范围内,材料初始反射率随压力增大而增大;在缺氧和富氧环境的激光辐照过程中,缺氧环境下材料反射率变化缓慢,且变化拐点温度高于富氧环境,富氧环境下材料被加热后的快速氧化反应有利于材料对激光能量的吸收;不同辐照环境（缺氧和富氧）相同材料温度条件下,材料反射率并不相同。