Coordinate Structures of PrIII, GdIII, TmIII, and YbIII Complexes with Nitrilotriacetic Acids

The crystal and molecular structures of the [Pr^III(nta)(H₂O)₂]·H₂O (nta = nitrilotriacetic acids), K₃[Gd^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]·6H₂O, and K₃[Yb^III(nta)₂]·5H₂O complexes have been determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analyses. In [Pr^III(nta)(H₂O)₂]·H₂O, the Pr^IIINO₈ part forms a nine-coordinate pseudo-monocapped square antiprismatic structure in which one N and three O atoms are from one nta ligand in the same molecule, three O atoms from another nta ligand in the neighboring molecule and two O atoms from two coordinate water molecules. In K₃[Gd^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]·6H₂O, the [Gd^III(nta)₂(H₂O)^3- complex anion has a nine-coordinate pseudo-monocapped square antiprismatic structure in which each nta acts as a tetradentate ligand with one N atom of the amino group and three O atoms of the carboxylic groups. In K₃[Yb^III(nta)₂]·5H₂O, each nta also acts as a tetradentate ligand with one N atom of amino group and three O atoms of the carboxylic groups, but the [Yb^III(nta)₂ ^3- complex anion has an eight-coordinate structure with a distorted square antiprismatic prism. All the results including those for [Tm^III(nta)(H₂O)₂]·2H₂O confirm the inferences on the coordinate structures and coordination numbers of rare earth metal complexes with the nta ligand.     

Inner-sphere oxidation of ternary nitrilotriacetatocobalt(II) complexes involving oxalate and phthalate by periodate

The oxidation of [Co^II(nta)(ox)(H₂O)₂]³⁻ and [Co^II(nta)(ph)(H₂O)₂]³⁻ (nta = nitrilotriacetate, ox = oxalic acid and ph = phthalic acid) by periodate have been studied kinetically in aqueous solution over 20–40 °C and a variety of pH ranges. The rate of oxidation of [Co^II(nta)(ox)(H₂O)₂]³⁻ by periodate, obeys the following equation: d[Co^III]/dt = [Co^II(nta)(ox)(H₂O)₂³⁻][H₅IO₆] {k ₄ K ₅ + (k ₅ K ₆ K ₂/[H⁺]} while the reaction of [Co^II(nta)(ph)(H₂O)₂]³⁻ with periodate in aqueous acidic medium obeys the following rate law: d[Co^III]/dt = k ₆ K ₈[Co^II]_T [I^VII]_T/{1 + [H⁺]/K ₇ + K ₈[I^VII] _T }. Initial cobalt(III) products were formed and slowly converted to final products, fitting an inner-sphere mechanism. Thermodynamic activation parameters have been calculated. A common mechanism for the oxidation of ternary nitrilotriacetatocobalt(II) complexes by periodate is proposed and supported by an excellent isokinetic relationship between ΔH* and ΔS* values for these reactions.     

A kinetic study on the iron(III)-promoted aquation of [Cr(C2O4)2(picolinato)]2− and [Cr(C2O4)2(2-pyridineacetato)]2− complexes

Two [Cr(C₂O₄)₂(AB)]^2– type complexes, obtained from the reaction of cis-[Cr(C₂O₄)₂(H₂O)₂]^– with the AB ligand, [AB = picolinic (pyac) or 2-pyridine-ethanoic acid (pyeac) anions], were converted into [Cr(C₂O₄)(pyac)(H₂O)₂]⁰ and [Cr(C₂O₄)(pyeac)(H₂O)₂]⁰ compounds, respectively via Fe^III-induced substitution of the oxalato ligand. The aquation products were separated chromatographically and their spectral characteristics and acid dissociation constants determined. The kinetics of the oxalato ligand substitution were studied with a 10–40 fold excess of Fe^III over [Cr^III] at [H⁺] = 0.2 M and at constant ionic strength 1.0 M (Na⁺, H⁺, Fe³⁺, ClO^– ₄). The reaction rate law is of the form: r = k _obs[Cr^III], where k _obs = kQ[Fe^III]/(1 + Q[Fe^III]). The first-order rate constants (k), preequilibria quotients (Q) and activation parameters derived from the k values have been determined. The reaction mechanism is discussed in terms of a Lewis acid catalyzed (induced) ligand substitution.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonato)chromium(III) by periodate

The kinetics of oxidation of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonato)chromium(III), Cr^IIINTMP, by periodate to yield Cr^VI have been studied spectrophotometrically over the 5.80–6.85 pH range at 22–33 °C. The reaction rate, which is first-order with respect to [Cr^IIINTMP] and [IO^– ₄] and inversely dependent on [H⁺], obeys the rate law:-d[Cr^IIINTMP/dt=kKK_h[IO^- ₄] [Cr^III]_T/K_h+ [H⁺] +KK_h[IO^- ₄] The values of the intramolecular electron transfer, k, and the formation constant of the intermediate complex, K, were determined at various temperatures. The hydrolysis constant for Cr^IIINTMP, K _h , was determined spectrophotometrically and is in agreement with the value estimated from the kinetic data. The activation parameters were calculated from the temperature dependence of the specific rate constants. A mechanism is proposed in which the hydroxo complex, [CrHNTMP(OH)]^3–, is the reactive species. The results support a mechanism where intramolecular electron transfer is the rate-determining step.     

Reactions of chromium(III) complexes with ferricyanide. Magnetism of K2[Cr(salen)(H2O)][Fe(CN)6]·H2O and the crystal structure of [trans-Cr(tn)2Cl2]3[Fe(CN)6]·6H2O [salen2− = N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylideneaminato) dianion,tn = 1,3-diaminopropane]

Two Cr^III–Fe^III complexes, K₂[Cr(salen)(H₂O)][Fe(CN)₆]·H₂O (1) and [trans-Cr(tn)₂Cl₂]₃[Fe(CN)₆]·6H₂O (2), have been prepared. Crystal structure determination shows that complex (2) possesses an ionic salt structure. General physical measurements and magnetic studies indicate that (1) assumes a cyanide-bridged dinuclear structure, and that the Cr^III–Fe^III magnetic coupling through the cyanide bridge is antiferromagnetic, which can be rationalized by the overlap of magnetic orbitals of the same symmetry.     

Kinetics and mechanism of substitution of [RuIII(Hedtra)(H2O)] (Hedtra = N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate) with iodide ion in aqueous solution

Summary The interaction of iodide ion with [Ru^III(Hedtra)(H₂O)] (Hedtra = N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate) was investigated by spectrophotometry, electrochemical and stopped-flow techniques. The rate of formation of a red [Ru^III(Hedtra)I]^– complex was found to be first order both with respect to [Ru^III(Hedtra)(H₂O)] and [I^–]. Rate and activation parameters are consistent with the proposed associative interchange mechanism. Experimental results are discussed with reference to the data available for other ligand substitutions of the [Ru^III(Hedtra)(H₂O)] complex.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of chromium(III)–dipicolinic acid complex by N-bromosuccinimide

The kinetics of oxidation of the chromium(III)–dipicolinic acid complex [Cr^III(DPA)₂(H₂O)₂]^– by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in aqueous solution to Cr^VI have been studied spectrophotometrically over the 20–40 °C range. The reaction is first order with respect to both [NBS] and [Cr^III], and increases with pH over the 5.92–6.93 range. Thermodynamic activation parameters were calculated. It is proposed that electron transfer proceeds through an inner-sphere mechanism via coordination of [NBS] to chromium(III).     

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of cis-diaquabis(glycinato)chromium(III) by periodate ion in aqueous solutions

The kinetics of oxidation of cis-[Cr^III(gly)₂(H₂O)₂]⁺ (gly = glycinate) by $ {\text{IO}}_{ 4}^{ - } $ has been studied in aqueous solutions. The reaction is first order in the chromium(III) complex concentration. The pseudo-first-order rate constant, k _obs, showed a small change with increasing $ \left[ {{\text{IO}}_{ 4}^{ - } } \right] $ . The pseudo-first-order rate constant, k _obs, increased with increasing pH, indicating that the hydroxo form of the chromium(III) complex is the reactive species. The reaction has been found to obey the following rate law: $ {\text{Rate}} = 2k^{\text{et}} K_{ 3} K_{ 4} \left[ {{\text{Cr}}\left( {\text{III}} \right)} \right]_{t} \left[ {{\text{IO}}_{ 4}^{ - } } \right]/\left\{ {\left[ {{\text{H}}^{ + } } \right] + K_{ 3} + K_{ 3} K_{ 4} \left[ {{\text{IO}}_{ 4}^{ - } } \right]} \right\} $ . Values of the intramolecular electron transfer constant, k ^et, the first deprotonation constant of cis-[Cr^III(gly)₂(H₂O)₂]⁺, K ₃ and the equilibrium formation constant between cis-[Cr^III(gly)₂(H₂O)(OH)] and $ {\text{IO}}_{ 4}^{ - } $ , K ₄, have been determined. An inner-sphere mechanism has been proposed for the oxidation process. The thermodynamic activation parameters of the processes involved are reported.     

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of chromium(III)-tetraoxalylurea complex by periodate

A novel chromium(III) complex of tetraoxalylurea was prepared. In aqueous solutions, [Cr^III(H₂L)(H₂O)]⁺ (H₂L = diprotonated tetraoxalylurea) is oxidized by IO ₄ ^– according to the rate law

Nitrilotriacetato-monoperoxo complexes of vanadium(V): formation in aqueous solution,synthesis and structure

Summary M₂[VO(nta)(O₂)]·xH₂O, where M⁺ is NH _inf4 ^p+ , K⁺ or Rb⁺ and nta is nitrilotriacetate, and Sr[VO(nta)(O₂)]·2H₂O were synthesized. The electronic spectra of aqueous KVO₃-H₂O₂-H₃nta-HClO₄(KOH) solutions (pH 1.45–5.62) and the thermal decomposition of K₂[VO(nta)(O₂)]· 2H₂O with active oxygen release at 275° C showed that the nta-monoperoxo complex is the most stable vanadium(V) peroxo complex so far investigated. The anhydrous potassium salt was prepared on heating the crystallohydrate under dynamic conditions. The i.r. spectra indicate the same anion structure in solution and in the solid state where nta is coordinated as a tetradentate ligand.     

Kinetic studies on the oxidation of [N-phenylethylethylenediaminetriacetate]chromium(III) by periodate

Summary Kinetic studies of the oxidation of [Cr^IIIZ(H₂O)](Z=N-phenylethylethylenediaminetriacetate) by periodate ion, to produce chromium(VI), were carried out in aqueous solutions. The reaction is first order with respect to both total chromium(III) and total periodate, and the rate is inversely dependent upon H⁺ in the 5.43–7.02 pH range. The reaction may follow a two-step inner-sphere electron transfer mechanism. The activated parameters are reported. Steric effects of the phenyl ring account for the smaller electron-transfer rate constants for [Cr^IIIZ(H₂O)] compared to [Cr^III(TOH)(H₂O)], (TOH=N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetate).     

Inner-sphere oxidation of cis-diaquabis(oxalato)chromate(III) by periodate in aqueous weakly acidic solutions

The kinetics of oxidation of cis-[Cr^III(ox)₂(H₂O)₂]^– (ox = C₂O₄ ^2–) by IO₄ ^– showed a first-order dependence on the initial Cr^III complex concentration in the presence of a vast excess of [IO₄ ^–]. The dependence of the pseudo-first-order rate constant on [IO₄ ^–] is complex and is consistent with the formation of a precursor complex. It is proposed that this complex is formed through the coordination of the two carbonyl oxygens of the ox ligand with the IO₄ ^– ion, forming a cyclic intermediate. The kinetics are consistent with the hydroxo form of the Cr^III complex being the reactive species, whereas the aqua species forms an unreactive complex.     

Olefin epoxidation catalyzed by [Ru(TDL)(tmeda)H2O] complexes (TDL = tridentate Schiff-base ligand; tmeda = tetramethylethylenediamine)

Mixed-chelate complexes of ruthenium have been synthesized using tridentate Schiff-base ligands (TDLs) derived from condensation of 2-aminophenol or 2-aminobenzoic acid with aldehydes (salicyldehyde, 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde), and tmeda (tetramethylethylenediamine). [Ru^III(hpsd)(tmeda)(H₂O)]⁺ (1), [Ru^III(hppc)(tmeda)(H₂O)]²⁺ (2), [Ru^III(cpsd)(tmeda)(H₂O)]⁺ (3) and [Ru^III(cppc)(tmeda)(H₂O)]²⁺ (4) complexes (where hpsd²⁻ = N-(hydroxyphenyl)salicylaldiminato); hppc⁻ = N-(2-hydroxyphenylpyridine-2-carboxaldiminato); cpsd²⁻ = (N-(2-carboxyphenyl)salicylaldiminato); cppc⁻ = N-2-carboxyphenylpyridine-2-carboxaldiminato) were characterized by microanalysis, spectral (IR and UV–vis), conductance, magnetic moment and electrochemical studies. Complexes 1–4 catalyzed the epoxidation of cyclohexene, styrene, 4-chlorostyrene, 4-methylstyrene, 4-methoxystyrene, 4-nitrostyrene, cis- and trans-stilbenes effectively at ambient temperature using tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) as terminal oxidant. On the basis of Hammett correlation (log k_rel vs. σ⁺) and product analysis, a mechanism involving intermediacy of a [Ru–O–OBu^t] radicaloid species is proposed for the catalytic epoxidation process.     

Syntheses and Structure Determination of Nine-Coordinate (NH4)3[TbIII(nta)2(H2O)]·4H2O and Eight-Coordinate (NH4)3[ErIII(nta)2] Complexes

Syntheses and structure determination of Tb^III and Er^III complexes with nitrilotriacetic acids (nta) are reported. Their crystal and molecular structures, molecular formulas, and compositions were determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analyses and elementary analyses, respectively. The crystal of the (NH₄)₃[Tb^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]·4H₂O complex belongs to the monoclinic crystal system and C2/c space group. Crystal data are as follows: a = 16.357(8) Å, b = 8.552(4) Å, c = 17.390(9) Å, β = 104.748(7)°, V = 2352.6(19) ų, Z = 4, Mr = 675.32, D_c = 1.932 g·cm⁻³, μ = 3.112 mm⁻¹, and F(000) = 1368. The final R and Rw are 0.0220 and 0.0494 for 2357 (I > 2σ(I)) unique reflections, R and Rw are 0.0266 and 0.0510 for all 5613 reflections, respectively. The Tb^IIIN₂O₇ moiety in the [Tb^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]³⁻ complex anion has a pseudo-monocapped square antiprismatic nine-coordinate structure, in which the eight coordinate atoms (two N and six O) are from two nta ligands and the water molecule is coordinated to the central Tb^III ion directly as the ninth coordinate atom. The crystal of the (NH₄)₃[Er^III(nta)₂] complex belongs to the trigonal crystal system and R-3^c space group. Crystal data are as follows: a = 7.9181(16) Å, b = 7.9181(16) Å, c = 54.27(2) Å, γ = 120°, V = 2946.7(14) ų, Z = 6, Mr = 597.61, D _c = 2.021 g·cm⁻³, μ = 4.345 mm⁻¹, and F(000) = 1770. The final R and Rw are 0.0295 and 0.0673 for 677 (I > 2σ(I)) unique reflections, R and Rw are 0.0366 and 0.0700 for all 4827 reflections, respectively. The Er^IIIN₂O₆ part in the [Er^III(nta)₂]³⁻ complex anion is an eight-coordinate structure with a pseudo-dicapped octahedron, in which the eight coordinate atoms (two N and six O) are from two nta ligands.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by J. Wang, X. D. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. R. Liu, J. Tong, and P. L. Kang__________Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 1067–1075, November–December, 2004.     

Inner-sphere oxidation of ethylenediaminetetraacetatocobaltate(II) by N-bromosuccinimide

Summary The kinetics of oxidation of [Co^II(EDTA)]^2- (EDTA = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in aqueous solution obey the equation: Rate = k ₂ K ₃[Co^II]_T[NBS]/{1 + [H⁺]/K ₂ + K ₃[NBS]} where k ₂ is the rate constant for the electron-transfer process, K ₂ the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of [Co^II(EDTAH)(H₂O)]^– to [Co^II(EDTA)(OH)]^3– and K ₃ the pre-equilibrium formation constant. The activation parameters are reported. It is proposed that electron transfer proceeds via an inner-sphere mechanism with the formation of an intermediate which slowly generates hexadentate[Co^III(EDTA)]^–.Abstracted from the M.Sc. thesis of Eman S. H. Khaled.     

Inner-sphere oxidation of ternary iminodiacetatochromium(III) complexes involving DL-valine and L-arginine as secondary ligands. Isokinetic relationship for the oxidation of ternary iminodiacetato-chromium(III) complexes by periodate

Background  

In this paper, the kinetics of oxidation of [Cr^III(HIDA)(Val)(H₂O)₂]⁺ and [Cr^III(HIDA)(Arg)(H₂O)₂]⁺ (HIDA = iminodiacetic acid, Val = DL-valine and Arg = L-arginine) were studied. The choice of ternary complexes was attributed to two considerations. Firstly, in order to study the effect of the secondary ligands DL-valine and L-arginine on the stability of binary complex [Cr^III(HIDA)(IDA)(H₂O)] towards oxidation. Secondly, transition metal ternary complexes have received particular focus and have been employed in mapping protein surfaces as probes for biological redox centers and in protein capture for both purification and study.     

Syntheses and structural determinations of the nine-coordinate rare earth metal: Na4[DyIII(dtpa)(H2O)]2·16H2O,Na[DyIII(edta)(H2O)3]·3.25H2O and Na3[DyIII(nta)2(H2O)]·5.5H2O

Three complexes, Na₄[Dy^III(dtpa)(H₂O)]₂?·?16H₂O, Na[Dy^III(edta)(H₂O)₃]?·?3.25H₂O and Na₃[Dy^III (nta)₂(H₂O)]?·?5.5H₂O, have been synthesized in aqueous solution and characterized by FT–IR, elemental analyses, TG–DTA and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Na₄[Dy^III(dtpa)(H₂O)]₂?·?16H₂O crystallizes in the monoclinic system with P2₁/n space group, a?=?18.158(10)?Å, b?=?14.968(9)?Å, c?=?20.769(12)?Å, β?=?108.552(9)°, V?=?5351(5)?ų, Z?=?4, M?=?1517.87?g?mol^?1, D _c?=?1.879?g?cm^?3, μ?=?2.914?mm^?1, F(000)?=?3032, and its structure is refined to R ₁(F)?=?0.0500 for 9384 observed reflections [I?>?2σ(I)]. Na[Dy^III(edta)(H₂O)₃]?·?3.25H₂O crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with Fdd2 space group, a?=?19.338(7)?Å, b?=?35.378(13)?Å, c?=?12.137(5)?Å, β?=?90°, V?=?8303(5)?ų, Z?=?16, M?=?586.31?g?mol^?1, D _c?=?1.876?g?cm^?3, μ?=?3.690?mm^?1, F(000)?=?4632, and its structure is refined to R ₁(F)?=?0.0307 for 4027 observed reflections [I?>?2σ(I)]. Na₃[Dy^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]?·?5.5H₂O crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with Pccn space group, a?=?15.964(12)?Å, b?=?19.665(15)?Å, c?=?14.552(11)?Å, β?=?90°, V?=?4568(6)?ų, Z?=?8, M?=?724.81?g?mol^?1, D _c?=?2.102?g?cm^?3, μ?=?3.422?mm^?1, F(000)?=?2848, and its structure is refined to R ₁(F)?=?0.0449 for 4033 observed reflections [I?>?2?σ(I)]. The coordination polyhedra are tricapped trigonal prism for Na₄[Dy^III(dtpa)(H₂O)]₂?·?16H₂O and Na₃[Dy^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]?·?5.5H₂O, but monocapped square antiprism for Na[Dy^III(edta)(H₂O)₃]?·?3.25H₂O. The crystal structures of these three complexes are completely different from one another. The three-dimensional geometries of three polymers are 3-D layer-shaped structure for Na₄[Dy^III(dtpa)(H₂O)]₂?·?16H₂O, 1-D zigzag type structure for Na[Dy^III(edta)(H₂O)₃]?·?3.25H₂O and a 2-D parallelogram for Na₃[Dy^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]?·?5.5H₂O. According to thermal analyses, the collapsing temperatures are 356°C for Na₄[Dy^III(dtpa)(H₂O)]₂?·?16H₂O, 371°C for Na[Dy^III(edta)(H₂O)₃]?·?3.25H₂O and 387°C for Na₃[Dy^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]?·?5.5H₂O, which indicates that their crystal structures are very stable.     

Kinetic study of the protonations and substitutions of different cobalt(III)–nta complexes

The behaviour of the Cobalt(III)–nta (nta = nitrilotriacetate) system in an acidic medium was investigated. The acid dissociation constant, pK _a1, of [(nta)(H₂O)Co(-OH)Co(H₂O)(nta)]^– was determined as 3.09(3) and the pK _a of the cis-[Co(nta)(H₂O)₂]/[Co(nta)(H₂O)(OH)]^– equilibrium was determined as 6.71(1). cis-[Co(nta)(H₂O)₂] undergoes ring-opening upon acidification below pH = 2.0. The formation of [Co( ³-nta)(H₂O)₃]⁺ was also studied. The substitutions between cis-[Co(nta)(H₂O)₂] and NCS^– ions were investigated in the pH = 2–7 ranges. [Co(nta) (H₂O)(OH)]^– reacts ca. 70 times faster at 24.7 °C with NCS^– ions than cis-[Co(nta)(H₂O)₂], indicating a cis-labilising effect of the OH^– ligand.     

Kinetic studies of the oxidation ofN-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-ethylenediaminetriacetatochromate(III) by periodate

The kinetics of the oxidation of [Cr^III(H₂O)(XOH)], (XOH=N-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethylenediaminetriacetate) to Cr^VI by periodate have been investigated in aqueous solution at various pH values (6.00–7.20) and temperatures (15.0–35.0°C). The reaction follows the rate law:

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of a ternary complex involving dipicolinatochromium(III) and DL‐aspartic acid by N‐bromosuccinimide

The kinetics of oxidation of [Cr^III(Dpc)(Asp)(H₂O)₂] (Dpc = dipicolinic acid and Asp = DL ‐aspartic acid) by N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) in aqueous solution have been found to obey the equation: where k₂ is the rate constant for the electron transfer process, K₁ is the equilibrium constant for deprotonation of [Cr^III(Dpc)(Asp)(H₂O)₂], K₂ and K₃ are the pre‐equilibrium formation constants of precursor complexes [Cr^III(Dpc)(Asp)(H₂O)(NBS)] and [Cr^III(Dpc)(Asp)(H₂O)(OH)(NBS)]^?. Values of k₂ = 4.85 × 10^?2 s^?1, K₁ = 1.85 × 10^?7 mol dm^?3, and K₂ = 78.2 mol^?1 dm³ have been obtained at 30°C and I = 0.1 mol dm^?3. The experimental rate law is consistent with a mechanism in which the deprotonated [Cr^III(Dpc)(Asp)(H₂O)(OH)]^? is considered to be the most reactive species compared to its conjugate acid. It is assumed that electron transfer takes place via an inner‐sphere mechanism. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 394–400, 2004