The attenuation of lined plenum chambers in ducts,II: Measurements and comparison with theory

Experimental measurements of the acoustic performance of single and three-pass lined plenum chambers are compared to calculations based on theoretical models described in a companion paper [1]. Generally, quite good agreement is obtained, subject to the limitations of the theories. For the sake of completeness, comparison is made between the performance of a single plenum chamber and that of an equivalent splitter silencer. The two are seen to differ somewhat in their attenuation characteristics. The aerodynamic pressure losses of all three silencers are compared, and observations are made concerning the relative mass, construction time, et cetera, of the single chamber and the splitter. A tentative design procedure for plena is suggested.     

Comparison of models for predicting the transmission loss of plenum chambers

New experimental data for the transmission loss of plenum chambers are compared to results obtained using several different and well known prediction models. Results for transmission loss as a function of frequency in 1/3 octave bands are presented for a series of plenum chamber configurations of various sizes and interior acoustical treatments. In the experimental work the transmission loss was determined from simultaneous measurements at two upstream and two downstream microphones.     

A theoretical study of limit cycle oscillations of plenum air cushions

Air cushion vehicles (ACV) are prone to the occurrence of dynamic instabilities which frequently appear as stable finite amplitude oscillations. The aim of this work is to ascertain if the non-linearities characteristics of ACV dynamics generate limit cycle oscillations for cushion systems operating at conditions for which a linear theory predicts instability. The types of non-linearity that can occur are discussed, and an analysis is presented for a single cell flexible skirted plenum chamber constrained to move in pure heave only. Two cushion feed cases are considered: a plenum box supply and a duct. The results obtained by a Galerkin/describing function analysis are compared with those generated by a full numerical simulation. For the plenum box supply system, it is shown that the limit cycles can be suppressed by using a piston to introduce high frequency small amplitude volume oscillations into the plenum chamber.     

Acoustic characteristics of a rocket combustion chamber: Radial baffle effects

This paper describes methods used for determining the characteristic acoustic modes and frequencies of a liquid-propellant rocket-motor combustion chamber and effects of radial baffles on the chamber’s acoustic field. A multi-point sensing experimental setup, including stationary and moving sensors, was used to measure characteristic frequencies and mode shapes of a combustion chamber. A new technique based on the comparison of signal phase angles from stationary sensors to that of a moving sensor was used to map complex characteristic mode shapes of a combustor. A three-dimensional Helmholtz acoustic solver was also developed using an efficient finite volume approach for complex geometries to simulate the acoustic field inside a combustor. Using this approach the effects of the convergent section of the nozzle and the number of radial baffles on the chamber’s dominant acoustic modes with no mean flow were investigated. We have shown that the classical reduction of characteristic frequency of tangential modes caused by radial baffles is due to longitudinalization of tangential modes and is a function of the blade length and weakly dependent on the number of blades. Also, conjugate spinning modes are decoupled and do not spin in any baffled combustor, independent of the number of blades. On the other hand the converging nozzle section of a combustion chamber modifies pure longitudinal modes in the radial direction and pure tangential modes in the longitudinal direction. Existence of some mixed tangential-longitudinal modes in a combustor is dependent on the ratio of the nozzle throat diameter to the combustor head plate diameter.     

Numerical solutions of the acoustic eigenvalue equation in the rectangular room with arbitrary (uniform) wall impedances

Two numerical procedures for finding the acoustic eigenvalues in the rectangular room with arbitrary (uniform) wall impedances are developed. One numerical procedure applies Newton's method. Here, starting with soft walls, the eigenvalues are found by increasing the impedances of each wall pair in small increments up to the terminal impedances. Another procedure poses the eigenvalue problem as one of homotopic continuation from a non-physical reference configuration in which all eigenvalues are known and obvious. The continuation is performed by the numerical integration of two differential equations. The latter procedure was found to be faster and finds all possible solutions. The set of eigenvalues allowed the room modal natural frequencies and damping constants to be obtained. From sound decays measured in a hard-walled rectangular room, and from the collective-modal-decay curve, the impedances of the hard walls are estimated. These are then used to find the reverberation times of the modes in the room with the floor lined with sound absorbing material of known acoustic impedance. It was found that a single reverberation time, for all modes, is only supported in the rectangular room with hard walls and at the higher frequency bands, consistent with Sabine's theory, which assumes a diffuse sound field. In the rectangular room with hard walls and at the lower frequency bands, and in the rectangular room with the floor lined with sound absorbing material and for all frequency bands, modes with rather distinctive reverberation times may produce sound decays not always consistent with Sabine's prediction.     

Combustion oscillations in gas fired appliances: Eigen-frequencies and stability regimes

This paper presents a one-dimensional acoustic model for prediction of the frequencies of self-excited oscillation and acoustic mode shapes in combustion systems. The impedance of the combustion system is represented in terms of a frequency response function (FRF). Impedances of the settling and combustion chambers are predicted by using the acoustic model, taking into account the temperature distribution in the combustion chamber. Reasonably good agreement between measured and predicted acoustic resonance frequencies and mode shapes was achieved. Some data on stability regimes are discussed.     

RESONANT PROPERTIES OF SHORT EXPANSION CHAMBERS IN A CIRCULAR DUCT: INCLUDING EXTREMELY SHORT CASES AND ASYMMETRIC MODE WAVE INCIDENCE CASES

Resonant properties of short expansion chambers are studied comprehensively using a traditional analytical approach with simply refined equations. Containing enough number of radial modes in calculation, properties of chambers including the cases of extremely short ones and/or asymmetric mode waves incidence are investigated, and confirmed experimentally with the well-designed apparatus. For various dimensions of chambers and for any mode wave incidence, resonant properties are simply summarized using the resonant frequency, which is almost decisively normalized by the chamber depth and the wavelength of the plane wave for an extremely short one; and by the chamber diameter for a relatively long one with the transition length from acoustically short (resonant-type) to long (common-type): the length is also decided by the chamber diameter. As the case may be, the extremely short chamber might be applicable as a compact resonator muffler.     

插管结构对膨胀腔消声器声学性能的影响

将数值模态匹配法(NMM)拓展应用于计算和分析外插管膨胀腔消声器的声学性能,推导了相应的理论公式并编写了计算程序。使用二维有限元法提取横向波数和本征向量,应用模态匹配法计算消声器的传递损失。使用数值模态匹配法和三维有限元法(FEM)研究了插管长度和进出口位置对带有外插进出口管椭圆形非同轴膨胀腔消声器声学性能的影响,两种方法计算结果吻合良好,从而验证了本文数值模态匹配法的正确性。研究结果表明,设置特定的插管长度和进出口位置可以消除消声器的通过频率,进而改善消声器中低频的消声性能。     

Design of a reverberant chamber for noise exposure experiments with small animals

Previous work on the acoustic design of small reverberant chambers for studies on laboratory animals has paid, in general, more attention to the frequency response at certain points in their interior. These designs aimed to provide a frequency response as flat as possible at the receivers, thus avoiding unpleasant spectral coloration effects. However, an equally important, and frequently neglected, aspect is to set an acoustic field as spatially uniform as possible inside the zone where the animals are to be placed during the exposure to noise. Here, an optimization procedure is described to calculate the proportions of the chamber dimensions that confers the highest sound level with the minimum mean squared deviation averaged in a given area inside the chamber. In addition, new stimuli have been designed with a high-pass filtering and linear with frequency gain. These stimuli were intended to adapt the characteristics of the exposing noise to the rodent hearing spectrum, displaced toward higher frequencies than the hearing frequency band of humans.     

Thermal effect on the acoustic behavior of an axisymmetric lined duct

This paper deals with the effect of the temperature and the frequency on the acoustic behavior of lined duct partially treated with usual material used in acoustic insulation.First, the effect of frequencies and temperature on the acoustic impedance of usual materials used in lined duct such as glass or rock wools in order to reduce acoustic level is investigated.Secondly, the variational formulation of the acoustic duct problem taking into account velocity and temperature effects is established. Then, a numerical model is derived which permits to compute the reflection and the transmission coefficients of such duct for different temperatures and several flow velocities. The acoustic power attenuation is then computed from these coefficients and the effect of the temperature and flow velocities on this energetic quantity is evaluated.The numerical results are obtained for three configurations of a lined duct treated for different temperature ranges and several velocities. Numerical coefficients of transmission and reflection as well as the acoustic power attenuation show the relative influence of temperature.     

Acoustic damping enhanced by gaps in baffled injectors in an acoustic chamber

Acoustic damping enhanced by gap width in baffled injectors is investigated numerically, which are installed to suppress pressure oscillations in a model acoustic chamber. The previous experimental works reported that baffled injectors show larger acoustic damping with gaps between adjoining injectors than baffled injectors without the gap or conventional baffles. Acoustic-damping behaviors of baffled injectors are simulated numerically and the damping mechanism is examined. Damping factors are calculated as a function of baffle gap and it is found that the maximum acoustic damping is observed at a gap of 0.1-0.2 mm. The enhanced damping by gaps is attributed to viscous dissipation on the surfaces of the injectors or baffle blades. The optimum gap for maximum damping depends on the viscosity of the medium in the chamber and it increases with the viscosity. As a quantitative parameter of viscous dissipation, the dissipation rate of kinetic energy is calculated as a function of baffle gap. The parameter shows its maximum value at a specific gap and especially, the viscous dissipation rate has the same profile as that of damping factor. It verifies that the enhanced damping by gaps is attributed to the viscous dissipation of acoustic energy increased by gaps in baffled injectors.     

Acoustic attenuation of hybrid silencers

The acoustic attenuation of a single-pass, perforated concentric silencer filled with continuous strand fibers is investigated first theoretically and experimentally. The study is then extended to a specific type of hybrid silencer that consists of two single-pass perforated filling chambers combined with a Helmholtz resonator. One-dimensional analytical and three-dimensional boundary element methods (BEM) are employed for the predictions of the acoustic attenuation in the absence of mean flow. To account for the wave propagation in absorbing fiber, the complex-valued characteristic impedance and wave number are measured. The perforation impedance facing the fiber is also presented in terms of complex-valued characteristic impedance and wave number. The effects of outer chamber diameter and the fiber density are examined. Comparisons of predictions with the experiments illustrate the need for multi-dimensional analysis at higher frequencies, while the one-dimensional treatment provides a reasonable accuracy at lower frequencies, as expected. The study also shows a significant improvement in the acoustic attenuation of the silencer due to fiber absorption. Multi-dimensional BEM predictions of a hybrid silencer demonstrate that a reactive component such as a Helmholtz resonator can improve transmission loss at low frequencies and a higher duct porosity may be effective at higher frequencies.     

Transverse plane wave analysis of short elliptical chamber mufflers: An analytical approach

Short elliptical chamber mufflers are used often in the modern day automotive exhaust systems. The acoustic analysis of such short chamber mufflers is facilitated by considering a transverse plane wave propagation model along the major axis up to the low frequency limit. The one dimensional differential equation governing the transverse plane wave propagation in such short chambers is solved using the segmentation approaches which are inherently numerical schemes, wherein the transfer matrix relating the upstream state variables to the downstream variables is obtained. Analytical solution of the transverse plane wave model used to analyze such short chambers has not been reported in the literature so far. This present work is thus an attempt to fill up this lacuna, whereby Frobenius solution of the differential equation governing the transverse plane wave propagation is obtained. By taking a sufficient number of terms of the infinite series, an approximate analytical solution so obtained shows good convergence up to about 1300 Hz and also covers most of the range of muffler dimensions used in practice. The transmission loss (TL) performance of the muffler configurations computed by this analytical approach agrees excellently with that computed by the Matrizant approach used earlier by the authors, thereby offering a faster and more elegant alternate method to analyze short elliptical muffler configurations.     

Resonances in the system “piezoelectric emitter-multilayer ultrasonic chamber with losses”

An approach to calculating resonance frequencies and acoustic characteristics of ultrasonic multilayer liquid chambers bordering an air or liquid half-space and loaded to a piezoelectric emitter is proposed. The assumption on the validity of plane motion is accepted. The approach allows for obtaining comprehensive data on physical processes in the chamber. The equation relating electrical admittance of a piezoplate with input impedance of the acoustic load is derived. An unloaded emitter and an emitter loaded to acoustic resistance with constant and frequency-dependent impedances are considered as examples.     

高氧气浓度甲烷不稳定燃烧实验研究

采用无回火的急速混合管状燃烧技术,以二氧化碳和氧气的混合气体为氧化剂,基于CH~*自发光高速摄影图像及同步声压曲线,分析氧气浓度β=0.67的甲烷富氧燃烧特性。研究发现当量比0.6~1.0之间的火焰结构呈周期性变化,其频率与燃烧室内声压振荡频率一致,均为高频振荡。分析结果表明,燃烧器内的富氧燃烧振荡模式属于轴向声学共振。混合气体当量比由0.6增至1.0,热释率提高,热释率脉动与声压耦合增强,低频声压幅值减小,高频声压幅值增大,低频振动能量向高频振动能量转变,频谱特性由具有两个特征频率的周期性振荡转变为只有一个高频的周期振荡燃烧。     

含侧腔的机械抗混叠声低通滤波光纤水听器

报道了一种含侧腔的机械抗混叠声低通滤波光纤水听器.基于电-声类比理论建立了该光纤水听器的低频集中参量模型,画出了声学等效电路图,利用电路分析方法给出了声压传递函数表达式,并对其声学特性进行了理论分析.研究表明,该光纤水听器具有三个共振频率,由于侧腔的引入使得传递函数出现了一个零点,从而加快了第二个共振频率之后的衰减速度,可以获得更好的高频整体衰减特性.在充水驻波罐中对自行设计并制作的含侧腔的声低通滤波光纤水听器进行了测试.在50—7000 Hz频段上,该光纤水听器的声压灵敏度频响曲线与理论结果具有大致相同的变化形式,低频响应非常符合,声压灵敏度约为-140 dB（0 dB=1 rad/μPa）,受低频模型精度的限制,高频响应差异较大.这为解决光纤水听器的高频混叠问题提供了一条简单可行的技术途径. 关键词： 光纤传感器 光纤水听器 声压灵敏度 低通滤波器     

The hearing aid feedback path: mathematical simulations and experimental verification

Acoustic feedback in hearing aids has received little attention in the literature. Feedback occurs when stability conditions of the open-loop transfer function of an in situ hearing aid are violated. Solving the feedback problem will first require knowledge of the open-loop transfer function. Included in the open-loop transfer function is the acoustical path by which sound emanating from the earmold vent returns to the microphone (i.e., the feedback path). Reported herein are two different mathematical procedures for simulating transfer functions of the feedback path of an eyeglass-type hearing aid. In one procedure the vent exit was modeled as a point source of sound located on a flat plane, while it was treated as a point source on a sphere in the other. Results of laboratory experiments indicate that the mathematical models accurately predict those acoustic phenomena for which they were intended: point sources on plane and spherical baffles. Results of manikin experiments showed both models to be less accurate for simulating the feedback path around the human head. The maximum difference between experiment and theory was 6 dB at one frequency. Surprisingly, the flat-baffle model produced better agreement with experimental results than did the sphere model.     

北京正负电子对撞机试验束描迹仪的应用

试验束能提供不同种类、一定动量的单粒子束流。用三个多丝正比室做探测器,采用阴极感应电荷重心读出的方法,由单个多丝室对粒子击中点的二维坐标进行定位,粒子在三个室平面上的二维坐标经拟合后精确地描绘出北京正负电子对撞机试验束单粒子束流的径迹及入射方向。对阴极感应电荷重心读出的理论、实现方法及数据处理做了详细论述,并给出了实验结果。     

北京正负电子对撞机试验束描迹仪的应用

 试验束能提供不同种类、一定动量的单粒子束流。用三个多丝正比室做探测器，采用阴极感应电荷重心读出的方法，由单个多丝室对粒子击中点的二维坐标进行定位，粒子在三个室平面上的二维坐标经拟合后精确地描绘出北京正负电子对撞机试验束单粒子束流的径迹及入射方向。对阴极感应电荷重心读出的理论、实现方法及数据处理做了详细论述，并给出了实验结果。     

Sound source in the presence of wall shear layers

Numerical solution techniques for evaluating the acoustic field generated by a single line source located inside or outside a wall shear layer of an infinitely long lined rectangular duct are presented. A formula for calculating wave attenuation due to an acoustic lining is given.