稀土Ce3+对盐胁迫下螺旋藻生理特性的影响

以非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻为实验材料,在0.3 mol.L-1NaCl胁迫下,通过生理学方法研究了不同浓度Ce3+对螺旋藻生长的影响。结果表明:Ce3+浓度在8.104～16.208μmol.L-1之间时,促进了螺旋藻的生长以及叶绿素a的合成;Ce3+浓度在16.208～48.62μmol.L-1之间时,促进可溶性蛋白的合成;Ce3+浓度为8.104μmol.L-1时藻体MDA含量最高,之后MDA含量随着Ce3+处理浓度的增加逐步降低。这说明Ce3+在一定的浓度范围内可减轻NaCl对螺旋藻的胁迫作用,促进螺旋藻可溶性蛋白和叶绿素a的积累,降低藻细胞MDA的浓度,高浓度Ce3+则会与NaCl协同、抑制螺旋藻的生长。     

铈在水鳖叶片内的分布及生理和结构效应分析

以分布广泛的高等浮水植物--水鳖为研究对象,在人工模拟的含不同浓度Ce的水溶液中培养7 d,研究了Ce在水鳖叶细胞中的分布及其结构和生理效应. 随着Ce浓度的增大,水鳖叶片褪绿程度逐渐加重,光合色素(叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)含量也显著下降. Ce对保护酶系统存在不同影响,分别在2.5和5 mg·L-1时诱导SOD和POD活性达峰值,其后逐渐下降,但POD活性都高于对照,SOD则受到明显抑制,而CAT活性一直呈上升趋势. Ce导致可溶性糖在水鳖叶片内显著积累. 可溶性蛋白含量在2.5 mg·L-1 Ce时最大,比对照增加了12.98%,其后则下降并与Ce浓度显著负相关. SDS-PAGE电泳表明,当Ce浓度大于2.5 mg·L-1后,分子量为141.9,54.8和15.8 kD的蛋白/多肽表达逐渐减弱,但同时诱导出了分子量为33.0和20.7 kD的新蛋白. 电镜观察发现Ce对叶绿体、线粒体和细胞核的结构造成明显损伤,主要是被膜或外膜破裂和核质消失. 定位结果显示Ce主要分布在细胞壁以及细胞壁和质膜之间,原生质体内部没有观察到. 结果表明,(1)Ce不仅损害了水鳖的生理活性,而且也破坏了细胞的超微结构,最终导致植物死亡. (2)光合色素是反应最敏感的生理指标. (3)在实验周期内,Ce对水鳖的半效应浓度(EC50)为10 mg·L-1,水体最大允许浓度为1 mg·L-1.     

哺乳动物细胞是所得多肽复合酶CAD催化反应产物的 HPLC分析

本研究报道了以150mm×4.6mmI.D.Zorbaxoqcyuosyg.10mmoI·L^-1KH~2PO~4和500mmoI·L^-1LKH~2PO~4水溶液为洗脱液,梯度程序为0～5min(φ=1,体积分数)10mmoI·L^-1KH~2PO~4溶液,5～50min由(φ=1)10mmoI·L^-1KH~2PO~4溶液转换到(φ=1)500mmol·L^-1KH~2PO~4溶液时,高效液相色谱分离了哺乳动物细胞中所得肽复合酶ACD催化反应混合物三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和二氢乳清酸(DHO),确定了ATP,ADP和DHO的出峰顺序,制作了工作曲线,确定了催化反应混合物中ATP,ADP和DHO的相应浓度。     

铈在水鳖叶中的亚细胞分布、赋存形态及毒理效应分析

以不同浓度Ce培养4 d的水鳖为实验材料,分析了Ce在各亚细胞组分中的分布、赋存形态及对矿质营养吸收、活性氧产生和非酶促保护系统的影响。研究表明:Ce在各亚细胞组分中的分布顺序为细胞壁>细胞器>可溶性部分;Ce在水鳖叶细胞内主要以紧密结合态存在;Ce明显导致水鳖矿质营养失衡;随着培养液中Ce浓度的增加,水鳖叶片中的H2O2含量和O2.-产生速率都显著上升,活性氧的积累可作为Ce胁迫的敏感指标;AsA含量随Ce浓度的升高显著增加,而GSH含量无明显变化;5～10 mg.L-1Ce能诱导PCs和NPT大量合成,20 mg.L-1虽开始下降,但仍高于正常水平。     

Ce4+对不同培养时期红豆杉细胞p-ERK-like的影响

为了探究培养生长不同时期的红豆杉细胞对Ce4 应答差异的机制,采用West-Blot免疫印迹法考察了1 mmol.L-1Ce4 对培养不同时期的红豆杉细胞的细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶磷酸化(p-ERK-like)的表达变化。结果发现,悬浮培养的红豆杉细胞基础p-ERK-like的表达在整个培养周期中呈"M"型变化,分别在培养第五天和第二十一天出现两个高峰,而培养第十一天达到低谷,仅为参比值的77%。在培养的不同时间点应用Ce4 诱导后,细胞的最大p-ERK-like表达量以及到达最大量所需的时间表现出显著的差异,培养第十一天的细胞经Ce4 诱导后其p-ERK-like表达速率达高峰。结果表明,处于不同培养时期的红豆杉细胞其p-ERK-like表达存在显著差异,这可能是导致不同培养时期细胞对Ce4 产生不同应答效应的一个因素。     

紫杉醇及其修饰物的光谱研究

紫杉醇 (paclitaxel,商品名 Taxol)是二萜类化合物 [1] ,对多种肿瘤细胞模型有特殊疗效 .由于它在水中极难溶 (<0 .0 0 4 mg/m L ) ,影响了临床应用 ,有大量关于合成紫杉醇衍生物的研究 ,试图找到增大紫杉醇水溶性的途径 .我们曾用血清白蛋白修饰紫杉醇 ,使其水溶性有一定程度提高 [2 ] .本文对紫杉醇及其修饰产物进行紫外和荧光光谱研究 ,希望找到一种测定紫杉醇修饰的方法 ,并对修饰物的结构进行了讨论 .1　材料和方法1 .1　试剂和仪器　牛血清白蛋白 (Bovine serum albumin,BSA)为电泳纯 ,购自中国医学科学院血液研究所 .紫杉醇购自天…     

镧、铈对低分子量单链尿激酶基因在酵母中表达的影响

LaCl3能提高rscu-PA-32k在酵母中的表达效率，2和5mmol.L^-1LaCl3可以使表达产物活力提高13％和20％，从14．6U／ml分别增加到16．5和17．5U/ml，而CeCl3则使表达产物的活力降低，2和5mmol.L^-1 CeCl3分别使产物活力下降了21％和33％，从14＝6U／ml分别下降到11．5和9．8U/ml。     

哺乳动物细胞是所得多肽复合酶CAD催化反应产物的 HPLC分析

本研究报道了以150mm×4.6mmI.D.Zorbaxoqcyuosyg.10mmoI·L^-1KH~2PO~4和500mmoI·L^-1LKH~2PO~4水溶液为洗脱液,梯度程序为0～5min(φ=1,体积分数)10mmoI·L^-1KH~2PO~4溶液,5～50min由(φ=1)10mmoI·L^-1KH~2PO~4溶液转换到(φ=1)500mmol·L^-1KH~2PO~4溶液时,高效液相色谱分离了哺乳动物细胞中所得肽复合酶ACD催化反应混合物三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和二氢乳清酸(DHO),确定了ATP,ADP和DHO的出峰顺序,制作了工作曲线,确定了催化反应混合物中ATP,ADP和DHO的相应浓度。     

高温高压合成的Ce1-xEuxO2-δ固溶体的价态和输运性质研究

Ce O2 具有典型的萤石结构 ,当晶格中产生氧缺位时则形成氧离子固体电解质材料 Ce O2 -δ.Ce O2中的氧缺位浓度可通过掺入不同价态的离子来调整 ,如通过掺杂 Ca,Sr,Y或其它稀土离子所形成的固溶体具有比 Y稳定的 Zr O2 更高的离子电导率 [1] .近年来通过水热法合成了一些 Ce O2 基固体电解质 [2～ 4 ] ,在对 (Ce O2 ) 1- x(Bi O1.5) x 固溶体的研究中发现 ,Bi2 O3在 Ce O2 中的固溶限可达 5 0 % ,而 Sm2 O3在 Ce O2 中的固溶限仅为 3 0 % .高温高压在化合物的合成方面具有可调节离子价态和阴离子缺位数等特点 .本文利用高温高压…     

填充式skutterudite化合物(Ce或Y)yFexCo4-x-Sb12的固相反应合成及填充原子Ce或Y对晶格热导率的影响

研究了以Sb, Co, Fe, 及Ce和Y的氯化物为起始原料, 用固相反应法合成填充式skutterudite化合物(Ce或Y)yFexCo4-xSb12的可能性和合成条件, 在 850～1 123 K温度及x = 0～1.0, y = 0～0.15组成范围内, 用固相反应法合成了单相的(Ce或Y)yFexCo4-xSb12化合物. Rietveld结构解析结果证明了固相反应法所得到的化合物(Ce或Y)yFexCo4?xSb12具有填充式skutterudite结构. (Ce或 Y)yFexCo4-xSb12化合物的Rietveld结构解析所得到的Ce或Y的填充分数与化学分析所得到的组成一致. 化合物的晶格常数随着在Co原子位置Fe置换量的增加及在skutterudite结构中的Sb二十面体空位上Ce的填充而明显增大. (Ce或 Y)yFexCo4-xSb12化合物的晶格热导率随着Ce 或Y原子在空位上的填充及在Co原子位置Fe的置换而大幅度下降.     

A Tubulin‐Based Quantitative Assay for Taxol (Paclitaxel) with Enzyme Channeling Sensing

We report the development and characterization of a biosensor for sensitive and rapid determination of the anticancer agent Taxol (paclitaxel). The sensor is based on the interaction of Taxol with its receptor protein tubulin in conjunction with the separation‐free immunosensor technique of enzyme channeling. The sensor system consisted of a three electrode electrochemical cell containing a graphite carbon electrode modified with glucose oxidase and tubulin as working electrode poised at +40 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). Addition of Taxol, horseradish peroxidase labeled Taxol, glucose and potassium iodide to the cell generated a cathodic current response that was proportional to the concentration of Taxol in the range of 10 to 1 000 pM.     

Diverse strategic approaches en route to Taxol total synthesis

Taxol is one of the most famous diterpenoid natural products used in clinical cancer therapy. Taxol and its analogues are popular synthetic targets and have attracted worldwide attention over the past decades. Tremendous research efforts have already been made and ten groups have achieved the total synthesis of Taxol since 1994. This mini-review summarized the recent highlights of divergent strategic approaches towards the chemical synthesis of Taxol's carbocyclic framework bearing a bridged eight-membered ring.     

The oxetane ring in taxol

Numerous structure-activity studies combining synthesis and bioassay have been performed for the anti-cancer drug Taxol. The four-membered D-ring, an oxetane, is one of four structural features regarded to be essential for biological activity. This proposition is examined by application of a Taxol-epothilone minireceptor, K(i) estimation for microtubule binding and docking of Taxol analogues into a model of the Taxol-tubulin complex. In this way, we evaluate the two characteristics considered responsible for oxetane function: (1) rigidification of the tetracyclic Taxol core to provide an appropriate framework for presenting the C-2, C-4, C-13 side chains to the microtubule protein and (2) service as a hydrogen-bond acceptor. An energy decomposition analysis for a series of Taxol analogues demonstrates that the oxetane ring clearly operates by both mechanisms. However, a broader analysis of four-membered ring containing compounds, C- and D-seco derivatives, and structures with no oxetane equivalent underscores that the four-membered ring is not necessary for Taxol analogue bioactivity. Other functional groups and ligand-protein binding characteristics are fully capable of delivering Taxol biobehavior as effectively as the oxetane D-ring. This insight may contribute to the design and development of novel anticancer drugs.     

Production of the Enzyme Cyclodextringlycosyltransferase from Bacillus firmus Alkalophilic

Different culture media have been testedfor the production of the enzyme CGTase (cyclodextringlycosyltransferase) from Bacillus firmus (strain #37). The concentration of different carbon and nitrogen sources have been varied and the enzyme activity, cell concentration, reducing sugars, total reducing sugars, soluble protein and pH have been followed during cultivation. Results indicate that higher concentrations of yeast extract and polypeptone lead to increased synthesis of CGTase, whereas when starch is substituted by glucose there is a drastic inhibition of CGTase production.     

The surfactant sensitized analytical reaction of cerium(IV) with some triphenylformazan derivatives

Cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), sensitizes the colour reaction of cerium(IV) with 1,3-o-hydroxyphenyl-5-phenylformazan(I), 1-m-hydroxyphenyl-3-o-hydroxyphenyl-5-phenylformazan(II) and 1-m-carboxyphenyl-3-o-hydroxyphenyl-5-phenylformazan(III). The formation of a soluble ternary complex of stoichiometric ratio 1:1:1 (Ce(IV)-R-CPB) is responsible for the observed enhancement in the molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity of the formed complex, when a surfactant is present. The ternary complex exhibits absorption maxima at 596, 571 and 607 nm (epsilon=6.05 x 10(4), 6.28 x 10(4) and 8.06 x 10(4)L mol(-1)cm(-1)) using triphenylformazan derivatives I, II and III, respectively. Beer's law is obeyed between 0.15 and 2.5 microg ml(-1), whereas, optimum concentration range applying Ringbom method is in the range 0.30-2.25 microg ml(-1). Conditional formation constants in the presence and absence of CPB for Ce(IV) complexes have been calculated. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of magnesium-base cerium alloys and synthetic mixtures corresponding to various cerium alloys.     

Synthesis of a Fluorescent Analogue of Paclitaxel That Selectively Binds Microtubules and Sensitively Detects Efflux by P‐Glycoprotein

The anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol) exhibits paradoxical and poorly understood effects against slow‐growing tumors. To investigate its biological activity, fluorophores such as Oregon Green have been linked to this drug. However, this modification increases its polarity by approximately 1000‐fold and reduces the toxicity of Taxol towards cancer cell lines by over 200‐fold. To construct more drug‐like fluorescent probes suitable for imaging by confocal microscopy and analysis by flow cytometry, we synthesized derivatives of Taxol linked to the drug‐like fluorophore Pacific Blue (PB). We found that PB‐Gly‐Taxol bound the target protein β‐tubulin with both high affinity in vitro and high specificity in living cells, exhibited substantial cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells, and was a highly sensitive substrate of the multidrug resistance transporter P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp).     

The relationship between Taxol and (+)-discodermolide: synthetic analogs and modeling studies

BACKGROUND: During the past decade, Taxol has assumed an important role in cancer chemotherapy. The search for novel compounds with a mechanism of action similar to that of Taxol, but with greater efficacy particularly in Taxol-resistant cells, has led to the isolation of new natural products. One such compound, (+)-discodermolide, although structurally distinct from Taxol, has a similar ability to stabilize microtubules. In addition, (+)-discodermolide is active in Taxol-resistant cell lines that overexpress P-glycoprotein, the multidrug-resistant transporter. Interestingly, (+)-discodermolide demonstrates a profound enhancement of the initiation process of microtubule polymerization compared to Taxol. RESULTS: The synthesis of (+)-discodermolide analogs exploiting our highly efficient, triply convergent approach has permitted structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Small changes to the (+)-discodermolide structure resulted in a dramatic decrease in the ability of all four discodermolide analogs to initiate tubulin polymerization. Two of the analogs also demonstrated a decrease in total tubulin polymerization, while a change in the olefin geometry at the C8 position produced a significant decrease in cytotoxic activity. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of (+)-discodermolide and the analogs, and the resultant SAR analysis, have permitted an exploration of the similarities and differences between (+)-discodermolide and Taxol. Docking of the X-ray/solution structure of (+)-discodermolide into the Taxol binding site of beta-tubulin revealed two possible binding modes (models I and II). The preferred pharmacophore model (I), in which the C19 side chain of (+)-discodermolide matches with the C2 benzoyl group of Taxol and the delta-lactone ring of (+)-discodermolide overlays with the C13 side chain of Taxol, concurred with the results of the SAR analysis.     

Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)氧化还原体系线性极化与交流阻抗研究

用线性极化法和交流阻抗法研究了新型Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)-V~(2+)/V~(3+)氧化 还原电池中Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)半电池在不同Ce~(4+)浓度下的电化学行为。得出Ce~ (4+)浓度为0.2 mol/L时,其极化电阻最小,似为理论最佳浓度。实际应用需综合 考虑电池的库仓效率和能量效率等因素,还应尽可能选择较高浓度。测得不同浓度 下的阻抗参数表明,在Ce(SO_4)_2体系处于稳态时,不论是慢扫还是使用低的动频 率,Ce~(4+)的反应都为传质控制;而在体系处于暂态时,则不论是快扫还是使用 高扰动频率,都为传荷控制;而当体系介于稳态和暂态之间时,则为传质和传荷的 混合控制。因而可通过提高传质速率和加入电化学催化剂的方法来提高Ce~(4+) /Ce~(3+)体系的反应速率。     

Development of practical syntheses of the marine anticancer agents discodermolide and dictyostatin

Initially isolated in trace quantities from deep-sea sponges, the structurally related polyketides discodermolide and dictyostatin share the same microtubule-stabilizing antimitotic mechanism as Taxol. Discodermolide has been the focus of intense research activity in order to develop a practical supply route, and these efforts ultimately allowed its large-scale synthesis and the initiation of clinical trials as a novel anticancer drug. Similarly, the re-isolation and synthesis of dictyostatin continues to stimulate the biological and chemical communities in their quest for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. This comprehensive review chronicles the synthetic endeavours undertaken over the last 15 years towards the development and realization of practical chemical syntheses of discodermolide and, more recently, dictyostatin, focusing on the methods and strategies employed for achieving overall stereocontrol and key fragment unions, as well as the design and synthesis of novel hybrid structures.