Ionisierungs- und Umladequerschnitte von Wasserstoff-Atomen und Ionen von 9 bis 60 keV in Wasserstoff

This paper describes the measurement of ionization and charge exchange cross-sections for hydrogen atoms (H⁰), Protons (H⁺) and molecular hydrogen ions H ₂ ⁺ and H ₃ ⁺ in hydrogen gas in the energy range 9 to 60 keV. Further, the emission of secondary electrons from copper-beryllium by impact of these particles was measured. A beam of monoenergetic neutral hydrogen atoms was produced by charge exchange of a beam of protons in a gas chamber. Separation of the charged and uncharged components was accomplished by a magnetic field. The pressure in the chamber in which the cross-sections were measured was so low, that only a few particles of the incident beam suffered an effective collision. The positive and negative charges, which were produced by ionization and charge exchange along the path of the beam, were extracted by a transverse electric field and the saturation current was measured. The intensity of the neutral beam was determined at the same time by repeated charge exchange in an 80 mμ thick foil of aluminiumoxide.     

Chemisorption of H2 on W(100): Absolute sticking probability,coverage, and electron stimulated desorption

Measurements of both the absolute sticking probability near normal incidence and the coverage of H₂ adsorbed on W(100) at ~ 300K have been made using a precision gas dosing system; a known fraction of the molecules entering the vacuum chamber struck the sample crystal before reaching a mass spectrometer detector. The initial sticking probability S₀ for H₂/W(100) is 0.51 ± 0.03; the hydrogen coverage extrapolated to S = 0 is 2.0 × 10¹⁵ atoms cm^?2. The initial sticking probability S₀ for D₂/W(100) is 0.57 ± 0.03; the isotope effect for sticking probability is smaller than previously reported. Electron stimulated desorption (ESD) studies reveal that the low coverage β₂ hydrogen state on W(100) yields H⁺ ions upon bombardment by 100 eV electrons; the ion desorption cross section is ~ 1.8 × 10^?23 cm². The H⁺ ion cross section at saturation hydrogen coverage when the β₁ state is fully populated is ? 10^?25 cm². An isotope effect in electron stimulated desorption of H⁺ and D⁺ has been found. The H⁺ ion yield is ? 100 × greater than the D⁺ ion yield, in agreement with theory.     

Balmer Hβ vs. Dβ line intensity in the collisions of H+, H2 +, H3 +, D+, D2 +, and D3 + ions with “realistic” metal surface at energies below 1 keV

The intensities of hydrogen H_β and deuterium D_β spectral lines of the Balmer series were measured as a function of collision energy when H⁺, H₂ ⁺, H₃ ⁺, D⁺, D₂ ⁺, and D₃ ⁺ ions impinged on Al, Ti, Cu, Mo, W, and Pb targets. The collision energies were kept in the 100–1000 eV range. The target surface was contaminated with hydrocarbons from the vacuum pumping system and possibly also by oxygen molecules due to limited vacuum conditions. At projectile velocities above 200 km/s the luminescence of backscattered deuterium atoms is about 30–50% weaker than that of hydrogen atoms.     

Umladung und Ionisation beim Durchgang von leichten und schweren Wasserstoffionen durch leichten und schweren Wasserstoff

Charge exchange and ionisation cross-sections were measured for the interaction of H⁺, H ₂ ⁺ , D⁺ and D ₂ ⁺ ions with H₂ and D₂ in the energy range 1.5–30 keV. In contrary to earlier measurements showing no isotope effect for a given ion velocity the results were as follows:

1. a)
   The charge exchange cross-sections depend on the proportion of the ion massm ₁ and the mass of the target moleculem ₂. The cross-sections increase with increasingm ₂/m ₁.     
   
   

Helium/hydrogen synergistic effect in reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel investigated by slow positron beam

Here, we investigated the irradiation defect in reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels by slow positron beam. Three ion-irradiation experiments were carried out: (i) He²⁺ irradiation, (ii) H⁺ irradiation and (iii) He²⁺ irradiation followed by H⁺ irradiation, at temperature 450?°C. The presences of vacancy defects, represented by ?S_He+H parameter, induced by sequential irradiations was larger than the sum of defects, ?S_He parameter + ?S_H parameter, caused by single He ions and single H ions. The synergistic effect of He and H was confirmed clearly from the perspective of positron annihilation spectroscopy.     

Isotope effect in electron capture by protons into the 2S-state of hydrogen

We have investigated the isotope effect for electron capture into the 2S-state of hydrogen in close collisions for the processes H⁺ in H₂ and H⁺ in D₂. The differential cross sections and transition probabilities P_2S obtained for capture into H(2S) as a function of energy at a fixed angle of θ = 1° exhibit distinctive features, but no apparent isotope effects are detected.     

Study of the luminescence of H2O and D2O ices induced by charged-particle bombardment

We measured the optical emission of H₂O and D₂O ices in visible region (300-500 nm) induced by energetic hydrogen ions (H⁺, H₂⁺, and H₃⁺) irradiation. Our analysis of the data of ion-stimulated luminescence (ISL) shows that all spectra of ISL emission are identical, independent of projectile. We show that all lines in the ISL emission spectrum may be assigned to decays from excited particles and/or fragments of H, H₂, OH, and H₂O. From the independence of emission spectrum on projectile we conclude that the final process causing the emissions may be attributed to the interaction between H⁺ (and/or H) and the water molecules.     

Hexagonal overlayer of hydroxyl groups on Ni(100) modified by sulfur: effect on the H2-D2 isotope exchange reaction

The hexagonal overlayer formed by adsorption of H₂, and O₂ on Ni(100) was studied by AES, LEED, TDS and HREELS. This overlayer was generated when H(a) and O₂ coexisted, regardless of the coverage of sulfur. Hydroxyl groups (-OH(a)) were detected by HREEL Spectroscopy. This overlayer was also formed during the H₂+D₂ isotope exchange reaction in the medium-pressure range with O₂ concentrations of ppm. H₂+D₂ isotope exchange reaction was completely arrested by this overlayer. Mechanism of formation of the hexagonal overlayer is discussed.     

Relative densities of hydrogen ion species in a hollow cathode glow discharge

Highly resolved Doppler shifted peaks of the hydrogen Balmer lines, resulting from charge exchange of H⁺, H₂⁺, and H₃⁺ with an H₂ gas target, were obtained without the need for a deconvolution procedure. This enabled the unambiguous determination of the chemistry of these hydrogen species in the units of mTorr pressure range. This was obtained from a gaseous discharge using a biconical hollow cathode that yielded a well collimated and monoenergetic beam.     

Stoßdissoziation von H 2 + - und D 2 + -Ionen

The angular and energy distribution of protons produced by collision-induced dissociations of H ₂ ⁺ ions with energies of 10 and 20 keV were measured in a parabola spectrograph. From these measurements the velocity distribution of the protons in the center of mass system of the H ₂ ⁺ ion can be calculated. This gives information about the type, the abundance, and the anisotropy of the processes involved. The most frequent transitions leading to dissociations are the excitation of the 2pσ_u state, the ionisation of the H ₂ ⁺ ion, the transition into the vibrational continuum, and the electron capture into the 1³ σ _u ⁺ state of the hydrogen. It is shown that the cross section for an electronic transition depends on the velocity of the ion, the distance of the nuclei in the ion, the angle between the internuclear axis and the direction of the primary ion beam, and the excitation energy of the target. The fraction of protons produced by vibrational excitation increases with increasing atomic number of the target. Concerning electronic transitions D ₂ ⁺ ions equal H ₂ ⁺ ions of the same velocity.     

The influence of discharge parameters on the generation of ions H<Subscript>3</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript> in the source based on reflective discharge with hollow cathode

For hydrogen ions source based on reflective discharge with hollow cathode the investigations of the effect of discharge current and gas pressure on the component composition of the ion beam have been performed. It has been shown that the optimization of the discharge parameters makes it possible to achieve up to 70% triatomic hydrogen ions H₃ ⁺ in the beam.     

Angular characteristics of processes of electron detachment from negative ions and hydrogen atoms in gases

The results of experimental measurement of spatial-angular distributions of hydrogen particles (H⁻, H⁰, H⁺) obtained in scattering of a collimated ribbon beam of H⁻ ions and H⁰(1s) atoms in He, Ar, Kr, Xe, H₂, O₂, and CO₂ gas targets for certain values of energy in the range from 0.6 to 15 MeV are reported. The experimental setup and the measurement procedure with an angular resolution of 5×10⁻⁶ rad are described. The angular characteristics of measured distributions, i.e., full width at half maximum and standard deviation, were determined. It is shown that the shape of distribution for a beam of hydrogen atoms produced by neutralization of H⁻ ions in a gas target varies with the type and thickness of the target, and the angular spread is smallest for the H₂ target. The variations in the shape of distribution are due to the contribution of scattering processes without changing the charge of particles.     

H+5团簇离子及其中性团簇产物H3和H4

报道了H⁺₅的实验结果.分析讨论了H⁺₅的 形成和分解途径.根据理论分析，以稳定的H⁺₃为核心与一个或多个氢分子结合可能形成稳定的H^{+_n氢团簇离子.另一方面，在高频离子源中, 有发生H+₃与H₂反应的条件.实 验中，从高频离子源引出的离子束被静电加速器加速，然后用9 关键词： +}₅团簇离子')" href="#">H⁺₅团簇离子 3中性团簇')" href="#">H₃中性团簇 4中性团簇')" href="#">H_{4中性团簇}     

Formation of bubbles and blisters in hydrogen ion implanted polycrystalline tungsten

ABSTRACT

Tungsten (W) has been regarded as one of the most promising plasma facing materials (PFMs) in fusion reactors. The formation of bubbles and blisters during hydrogen (H) irradiation will affect the properties of W. The dependence of implantation conditions, such as fluence and energy, is therefore of great interest. In this work, polycrystalline tungsten samples were separated into two groups for study. The thick samples were implanted by 18?keV H₃⁺ ions to fluences of 1?×?10¹⁸, 1?×?10¹⁹ and 1?×?10²⁰ H⁺/cm², respectively. Another thick sample was also implanted by 80?keV H₂⁺ ions to a fluence of 2?×?10¹⁷ H⁺/cm² for comparison. Moreover, the thin samples were implanted by 18?keV H₃⁺ ions to fluences of 9.38?×?10¹⁶, 1.88?×?10¹⁷ and 5.63?×?10¹⁷ H⁺/cm², respectively. Focused ion beam (FIB) combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for micro-structure analysis, while time-of-flight ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to characterize the H depth profile. It is indicated that bubbles and blisters could form successively with increasing H⁺ fluence. H bubbles are formed at a fluence of ～5.63?×?10¹⁷ H⁺/cm², and H blisters are formed at ～1?×?10¹⁹ H⁺/cm² for 18?keV H₃⁺ implantation. On the other hand, 80?keV H₂⁺ ions can create more trapping sites in a shallow projected range, and thus enhancing the blisters formation with a relatively lower fluence of 2?×?10^17?H⁺/cm². The crack-like microstructures beneath the blisters are also observed and prefer to form on the deep side of the implanted range.     

Hydrogen isotope replacement reactions on rhenium

The existence of a mobile equilibrium at room temperature between part of the hydrogen adsorbed on rhenium and gaseous hydrogen is demonstrated by the easy exchange of isotopes between the adsorbed layer and the gas phase. The adsorbed gas is desorbed as a mixture of homonuclear molecules (of H₂ or D₂)and of the isotopically mixed species (HD). However, the replacement reactions are not symmetrical; there is a greater proportion of HD in the desorbed gas when deuterium is replaced by hydrogen than in the converse reaction. This kinetic isotope effect is attributed to differences between the zero-point energies of the various hydrogen containing species.Quantatitive agreement between the shapes of the experimentally observed desorption curves and calculated curves is obtained if the zero-point energy of the bond between a surface rhenium atom and deuterium is assigned the value 2.6 kcal mole^?1.     

Velocity dependence of the chemi-ionization of H2O and D2O on impact of 21S and 23S helium atoms

The velocity dependence for the ionization of H₂O and D₂O to form H₂O⁺ and D₂O⁺ in collisions with both 2³S and 2¹S metastable helium atoms has been measured in a crossed molecular beam apparatus using a mechanical velocity-selector on the metastable beam. The cross-sections are found to be proportional to the —n power of the relative collision energy, with n ? 0.4 for both metastable atoms in both gases. The branching ratios H₂O⁺/OH⁺ and D₂O⁺/OD⁺ were both found to be 4.3 for both metastable helium atoms, and to be independent of the relative collision energy.     

Influence of ion irradiation on the morphology, structure, and optical properties of gold nanoparticles synthesized in SiO2 and Al2O3 dielectric matrices

Irradiation of fused quartz (SiO₂) and sapphire (Al₂O₃) by Ne⁺ and F⁺ ions with medium energies and their subsequent annealing enables us to control the intensity and frequency of surface plasmon resonance in Au nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized in oxide matrices. The control process can be implemented because NPs dissolve during irradiation and undergo partial reconstruction at annealing. The degree of reconstruction depends on the matrix material and the type and dose of ions. It has been found that the difference in the results obtained by means of irradiation with ions with similar masses is substantially affected by the chemical nature of the ions. The composition, morphology, and structure of the unirradiated and irradiated layers are investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry.     

用高能H+束辐照类金刚石碳膜的研究

用能量(112,89keV)和剂量(1×10¹⁷,5×10¹⁶个/cm²)配比不同的H⁺束对双离子束溅射淀积的类金刚石碳(DLC)膜进行辐照,用Raman光谱、红外透射光谱和膜层电阻率测量、粘着力测定等多种手段对辐照前后的DLC膜进行,表征和分析,结果表明,高能H⁺束辐照效应跟高能重离子辐照效应是不同的,H⁺束辐照使膜层sp³C—H键相对减少,sp关键词：     

Manifestation of matrix effects in the energy spectra of secondary ions of titanium isotopes

The energy spectra of ⁴⁶⁻⁵⁰Ti⁺ titanium isotope secondary ions are investigated via steady-state oxygen ion beam sputtering of FeTiO₃ ilmenite and UTi₂O₆ brannerite samples. The effect of these samples’ phase composition on the formation of specific short-range order statistics on the sputtered surface as well as the influence of various factors on the form of the energy spectra of these matrices are analyzed. The nature of the differences between the energy spectra of Ti⁺ and U⁺ secondary ions is considered. The isotopic composition of the elements in the investigated samples and the correlation between the type of isotope and the nature of its short-range order are analyzed.     

Near resonance charge transfer from a laser excited donor state

A laser induced charge transfer from Na(3p) to hydrogen-ions at different kinetic energies has been studied. An enhancement factor of about 90% in the production rate of Lyman-α radiation has been demonstrated to occur only with H⁺ and Na(3p) atoms reaction; no enhancement was observed with either H ₂ ⁺ or H ₃ ⁺ ions. Absolute cross-section for the production of Lyman-α radiation during the collision of H⁺, H ₂ ⁺ and H ₃ ⁺ ions and Na(3p) and Na(3s) atoms have been measured in the energy range 1–600eV. The charge exchange reactions involving hydrogen-ions and Na(3p) atoms created by two different methods have also been compared.