TDDFT and CIS Studies of Optical Properties of Dimers of Silver Tetrahedra

The absorption spectra for dimers of Ag(4)(+2) and Ag(8) clusters at various interparticle distances are examined using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and configuration interaction singles (CIS) calculations. With TDDFT calculations employing the SAOP functional, minor peaks for Ag(4)(+2) and Ag(8) dimers appear as the interparticle distance decreases; these peaks are suggested to be charge transfer artifacts on the basis of CIS and TDDFT (CAM-B3LYP) calculations. The relationship of the absorption peak locations to the distance and orientation between T(d) Ag(20) dimers is also investigated. TDDFT calculations using the SAOP functional are used to determine excitation absorption spectra for eight different orientations of Ag(20) dimers. Although the Ag(20)T(d) monomer has a sharp peak, each dimer absorption spectrum is split due to lower symmetry. This splitting increases as the center of mass distance decreases. As the interparticle distance between the monomers decreases, the initially strong peaks decrease in intensity and red or blue shift depending on symmetry, while the minor peaks increase in intensity and red shift.     

Large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-section of directly linked fused diporphyrins

The excited state dynamics and two-photon absorption properties of four novel triply linked porphyrin dimers in toluene have been investigated. The fused porphyrin dimers exhibit extremely increased two-photon absorption cross-section values (12,000-15,000 GM) compared with porphyrin monomers owing to much enhanced pi-electron delocalization throughout the porphyrin dimer ring.     

Direct observation of mixed-valence and radical cation dimer states of tetrathiafulvalene in solution at room temperature: association and dissociation of molecular clip dimers under oxidative control

We have observed the mixed-valence and radical cation dimer states of a glycoluril-based molecular clip with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) sidewalls at low concentration (1 mM) at room temperature. This molecular clip has four consecutive anodic steps in its cyclic voltammogram, which suggests a sequential oxidation of these TTF sidewalls to generate species existing in several distinct charge states: neutral monomers, mixed-valence dimers, radical cation dimers, and fully oxidized tetracationic monomers. The observation of characteristic NIR spectroscopic absorption bands at approximately 1650 and 830 nm in spectroelectrochemistry experiments supports the presence of intermediary mixed-valence and radical cation dimers, respectively, during the oxidation process. The stacking of four TTF radical cations in the dimer led to the appearance of a charge-transfer band at approximately 946 nm. Nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to verify the tricationic state and confirm the existence of other different charged dimers during the oxidation of the molecular clip.     

Residual Dipolar-Coupling-Based Conformational Comparison of Noncovalent Ubiquitin Homodimer with Covalently Linked Diubiquitin

Although the conformation of the polymer chain of Ubiquitin (Ub) mainly depends on the type of isopeptide linkage connecting two Ub molecules, the non-covalent (noncovalent) interaction between two Ub molecules within the chain could also tune their conformational preference. Here, we studied the conformation of noncovalently formed Ub dimers in solution using residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). Comparing the RDC derived alignment tensor of the noncovalently formed dimer with the two most abundant (K11 and K48) covalent linked Ub dimers revealed that the conformation of K11 linked and noncovalent Ub dimers were similar. Between the various NMR and crystal structures of K11 linked Ub dimers, RDC tensor analysis showed that the structure of K11 linked dimer crystalized at neutral pH is similar to noncovalent dimer. Analogous to the experimental study, the comparison of predicted order matrix of various covalent Ub dimers with that of the experimentally determined order matrix of noncovalent Ub dimer also suggests that the conformation of K11 linked dimers crystalized at neutral pH is similar to the noncovalent dimer.     

FLAVIN-SENSITIZED PHOTOCHEMICALLY INDUCED DYNAMIC NUCLEAR POLARIZATION DETECTION OF PYRIMIDINE DIMER RADICALS

A photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) study of carboxymethyllumiflavin-sensitized splitting of pyrimidine dimers has been carried out. In aqueous solution at high pH, an emission signal (delta 3.9 ppm) was observed from the dimer C(6)- and C(6')-protons of an N(1), N(1')-trimethylene-bridged thymine dimer (1). The dimer photo-CIDNP signal was seen only above pD 11.6 and was most intense at pD 12.9. Also observed were weak enhanced absorption signals from the product of splitting, trimethylenebis(thymine) (delta 1.7 and 7.2 ppm). In contrast, cis, syn-thymine dimer (3) gave no photo-CIDNP signals from the dimer. An enhanced absorption at 1.8 ppm, however, due to the product of splitting (thymine) was observed. It was found that dimer 1 and, to a lesser extent, dimer 3 quenched flavin fluorescence. An N(3),N(3')-dimethylated derivative of 1, however, failed to quench flavin fluorescence. Comparison of the pD profile of the dimer photo-CIDNP signal to the pKa values for thymidine dimer suggested that principally the dideprotonated dimer undergoes electron abstraction by the excited flavin.     

PHOTO-CIDNP DETECTION OF PYRIMIDINE DIMER RADICAL CATIONS IN ANTHRAQUINONESULFONATE- SENSITIZED SPLITTING

Anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) photosensitizes pyrimidine dimer splitting. Electron abstraction from the dimer is thought to induce dimer splitting, but direct evidence for the existence and intermediacy of dimer radical cations has been lacking. By employing photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization, we have found emission signals in the NMR spectra of dimers upon photolysis of dimers in the presence of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate. The two dimers employed were cis, syn-thymine dimer in which the N(1)-positions were linked by a three-carbon bridge and the N(3), N(3')-dimethyl derivative of that compound. The anthraquinone-2-sulfonate sensitized photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization spectrum of the methylated derivative exhibited an emission signal from the dimer-C(6) hydrogens. This result implied the existence of a dimer radical cation (mD+.) formed by electron abstraction by excited anthraquinone-2-sulfonate and nuclear spin sorting within a solvent caged radical ion pair [mD+. AQS-.]. Product pyrimidine photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization signals were also seen [enhanced absorption by C(6)-hydrogens and emission by C(5)-methyl groups]. Nuclear spin polarization in the product resulted from spin sorting in one or more of its precursors, including mD+. The results support the conclusion that dimer radical cations not only exist but are intermediates in the photosensitized splitting of pyrimidine dimers by anthraquinonesulfonate.     

Ab initio calculations of structures and interaction energies of toluene dimers including CCSD(T) level electron correlation correction

The intermolecular interaction energy of the toluene dimer has been calculated with the ARS-F model (a model chemistry for the evaluation of intermolecular interaction energy between ARomatic Systems using Feller's method), which was formerly called as the AIMI model III. The CCSD(T) (coupled cluster calculations with single and double substitutions with noniterative triple excitations) interaction energy at the basis set limit has been estimated from the second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation interaction energy at the basis set limit obtained by Feller's method and the CCSD(T) correction term obtained using a medium-size basis set. The cross (C(2)) dimer has the largest (most negative) interaction energy (-4.08 kcal/mol). The antiparallel (C(2h)) and parallel (C(S)) dimers (-3.77 and -3.41 kcal/mol, respectively) are slightly less stable. The dispersion interaction is found to be the major source of attraction in the toluene dimer. The dispersion interaction mainly determines the relative stability of the stacked three dimers. The electrostatic interaction of the stacked three dimers is repulsive. Although the T-shaped and slipped-parallel benzene dimers are nearly isoenergetic, the stacked toluene dimers are substantially more stable than the T-shaped toluene dimer (-2.62 kcal/mol). The large dispersion interaction in the stacked toluene dimers is the cause of their enhanced stability.     

Excitonic interactions in covalently-linked porphyrin dimers

We have studied the absorption spectra, emission spectra, and fluorescence excitation polarization spectra of a series of free base and diprotonated etioporphyrin-I dimers covalently linked through (CH₂)_n bridges, n = 0–8. The absorption spectra of the n = 0 and n = 1 dimer show red shifts, which are largest (≈15 mm) for the Soret band of the n = 0 dimer. The Soret bands of the diprotonated dimers n = 0–3 show splitting (≈500–1000 cm^?1) which can be interpreted by an exciton model assuming a reasonable geometry. The fluorescence spectra and quantum yields are similar to that of the monomer, except for the same red shift seen in absorption; however, the n = 0 diprotonated dimer shows an anomalo vibronic structure. The fluorescence excitation polarization spectra for the n = 0 and the n = 1 dimers differ substantially from the monomer; dimers n ? 3 have fluorescence excitation polarization spectra that suggest that some of the excitation stays localized in one moiety while the r hops to the dimer partner.     

苯环上取代基的性质对双卟啉分子内能量转移的影响

金属卟啉在光合作用中起重要作用,合成其聚合物并作为光合作用模拟体系研究其能量转移和电子转移过程,已成为化学领域的重要研究课题之一.用于光合作用活性中心模拟体的金属卟啉聚合物种类很多,本文参考Little方法合成2种未见报道的苯环上分别带推电子和拉电子取代基和以柔韧碳氢链相连的中位双卟啉p-ZnTPP/p-H_2TMPP和p-ZnTPP/p-H_2TCPP(图1),探索了取     

Tuning the optoelectronic properties of vinylene linked perylenediimide dimer by ring annulation at the inside or outside bay positions for fullerene-free organic solar cells

Among various perylenediimide(PDI)-based small molecular non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs), PDI dimer can effectively avoid the excessive aggregation of single PDI and improve the photovoltaic performance.However, the twist of perylene core in PDI dimer will destroy the effective conjugation. Thus, ring annulation of PDI dimer is a feasible method to balance the film quality and electron transport, but the systematic study has attracted few attentions. Herein, we choose a simple vinylene linked PDI dimer,V-PDI_2, and then conduct further studies on the structure-property-performance relationship of four kinds of derived fused-PDI dimers, namely V-TDI_2, V-FDI_2, V-PDIS_2 and V-PDISe2 respectively. The former two are incorporated thianaphthene and benzofuran at the inside bay positions, and the latter two are fused thiophene and selenophene at the outside bay positions, respectively. Theoretical calculations reveal the inside-and outside-fused structures largely affect the skeleton configuration, the former two tend to be planar structure and the latter two maintain the distorted backbone. The photovoltaic characterizations show that the inside-fused PDI dimers offer high open circuit voltage(V_(OC)), while the outside-fused PDI dimers afford large short-circuit current density(J_(SC)). This variation tendency results from the reasonably tunable energy levels, light absorption, molecular crystallinity and film morphology. As a result,PBDB-T:V-PDISe2 device exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 6.51%, and PBDB-T:VFDI_2 device realizes the highest V_(OC) of 1.00 V. This contribution indicates that annulation of PDI dimers in outside or inside bay regions is a feasible method to modulate the properties of PDI-based non-fullerene acceptors.     

Engineering reverse saturable absorbers for desired wavelengths

A variety of applications exist for reverse saturable absorbers (RSAs) in laser science (RSAs are substances whose excited-state absorption cross section is larger than their ground-state absorption cross section at a given wavelength and possess a number of other properties). We propose an approach to designing RSAs at a desired wavelength by construction of dimers of dye molecules which absorb near the wavelength of interest. The dimer ground-state absorption is to a state in which the excitation is spread over both monomeric units and the excited-state absorption commences from this state to the doubly excited electronic state in which both monomeric units are excited.     

PHOTOPHYSICS AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PHOTOREACTIVATION

Abstract— Photoreactivating enzyme (PRE) monomerizes cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers formed in DNA by UV light ( Λ < 300 nm). The enzyme requires near UV and visible wavelengths (300 < Λ < 600 nm) for activity. Possible mechanisms of action of the PRE are suggested by non-enzymatic processes in which pyrimidine dimers are monomerized by UV and visible light. Two such non-enzymatic processes are (a) photolysis of dimers resulting from direct absorption of UV, and (b) sensitized monomerization involving charge transfer complexes. Several lines of evidence suggest that the mechanism of action of the PRE more closely resembles (b) than (a). Recent experiments on the PRE from E. coli reveal the presence of new long wavelength absorption which may indicate the presence of a ground state complex. The known ability of PRE to monomerize dimers of thymine, cytosine and uracil suggests that the carbonyl groups at 2 position of the pyrimidine ring may be important in the interaction between enzyme and dimer.     

Fused Corrole Dimers Interconvert between Nonaromatic and Aromatic States through Two‐Electron Redox Reactions

A singly linked corrole dimer was synthesized by condensation of a dipyrromethane‐1‐carbinol with 1,1,2,2‐tetrapyrroethane. Oxidation of the dimer gave doubly linked corrole dimers 9 and 10 as the first examples of fused corrole dimers involving a meso–meso linkage. Dimers 9 and 10 exhibit characteristic ¹H NMR spectra, absorption spectra, excited‐state dynamics, and two‐photon absorption (TPA) values, which indicate the nonaromatic nature of 9 and the aromatic nature of 10 . Interestingly, 9 is fairly stable despite its unusual 2H‐corrole structure, which has been ascribed to the presence of two direct connections between the individual corrole units.     

Bis(phenylthienyl)ethene-tethered beta-cyclodextrin dimers as photoswitchable hosts

Two beta-cyclodextrin dimers tethered by photoswitchable bis(phenylthienyl)ethene moieties were synthesized as potentially tunable receptor molecules. The cyclodextrin cavities of these dimers were linked via their secondary sides, with the photochromic bis(phenylthienyl)ethene unit either directly connected to the secondary rim (7) or via propyl spacers (10). By irradiation with light the dimers were reversibly switched between a relatively flexible (open) form and a rigid (closed) form. The photostationary states for both dimers consisted of 92% of the open and 8% of the closed form, enabling the nearly complete conversion between the two forms. The binding properties of the open and closed forms of dimers 7 and 10 were assessed by complexation studies with meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TSPP) using isothermal titration calorimetry. For the rigidly tethered dimer 7, a factor 8 difference in binding affinity between the open and closed form of the dimer was found. This difference in binding affinity reflects the difference in enthalpy of binding for the two dimers, indicating that the beta-cyclodextrin cavities of the closed dimer 7b are spaced too far apart from each other by the rigid closed bis(phenylthienyl)ethene tether to cooperatively bind TSPP. The difference in binding affinity was sufficient to enable the phototriggered release of TSPP from dimer. The thermodynamic parameters obtained for dimer 10 suggested that the closed tether substantially contributes to the binding of TSPP. The open and closed form of dimer 10 bound TSPP with similar association constants, although the enthalpy of binding for the complexation of TSPP by the closed form of dimer 10 was more favorable than that found for the open form of the dimer.     

The vibrational spectrum of NF3 and the manifestation of resonant dipole-dipole interaction in NF3 solutions in liquid argon

Vibrational spectra of trifluoramine, NF3, dissolved in liquid Ar were studied at 90 K in the concentration range between 2 x 10(-5) and 0.1 mole fraction, using Fourier transform spectroscopy. The concentration dependence of the band shapes in the region of the combination transitions nu1+nu3, nu2+nu3, and 2nu3 involving the strong nu3 mode was studied and the absorption associated with NF3 dimers was isolated. This absorption is compared with spectra of NF3 dimers calculated on the basis of resonant dipole-dipole interaction between two doubly degenerate oscillators. Spectra of pure liquid NF3 were recorded for comparison. Using the nu1+nu3 absorption band of the NF3 dimer the distance R between two NF3 molecules was determined to be R=4.5(1) A in solution in liquid Ar. This distance is compared with the separation between two NF3 molecules in liquid NF3 and with the value calculated from the pair distribution function obtained from Monte Carlo simulations.     

Plasmon hybridization in nanoshell dimers

We extend the plasmon hybridization method to investigate the plasmon modes of metallic nanoshell dimers. The formalism is also generalized to include the effects of dielectric backgrounds. It is shown that the presence of dielectrics shifts the plasmon resonances of the individual nanoparticles to lower energies and screens their interaction in the dimer configuration. The net result is a redshift of dimer energies compared to the system without dielectrics and a weaker dependence of the dimer plasmon energies on dimer separation. We calculate the plasmon energies and optical absorption of nanoshell dimers as a function of dimer separation. The results are in excellent agreement with the results of finite difference time domain simulations.     

Binding Energies of Proton-Bound Dimers of Imidazole and n-Acetylalanine Methyl Ester Obtained by Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation

The dissociation kinetics of protonated n-acetyl-L-alanine methyl ester dimer (AcAlaME(d)), imidazole dimer, and their cross dimer were measured using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD). Master equation modeling of these data was used to extract threshold dissociation energies (E(o)) for the dimers. Values of 1.18 +/- 0.06, 1.11 +/- 0.04, and 1.12 +/- 0.08 eV were obtained for AcAlaME(d), imidazole dimer, and the cross dimer, respectively. Assuming that the reverse activation barrier for dissociation of the ion-molecule complex is negligible, the value of E(o) can be compared to the dissociation enthalpy (DeltaH(d) degrees ) from HPMS data. The E(o) values obtained for the imidazole dimer and the cross dimer are in agreement with HPMS values; the value for AcAlaME(d) is somewhat lower. Radiative rate constants used in the master equation modeling were determined using transition dipole moments calculated at the semiempirical (AM1) level for all dimers and compared to ab initio (RHF/3-21G*) calculations where possible. To reproduce the experimentally measured dissociation rates using master equation modeling, it was necessary to multiply semiempirical transition dipole moments by a factor between 2 and 3. Values for transition dipole moments from the ab initio calculations could be used for two of the dimers but appear to be too low for AcAlaME(d). These results demonstrate that BIRD, in combination with master equation modeling, can be used to determine threshold dissociation energies for intermediate size ions that are in neither the truncated Boltzmann nor the rapid energy exchange limit.     

C50富勒烯及其二聚物C100、C101的光学性质

运用B3LYP方法在6-31G*基组水平上对C50富勒烯以及它的两个不同二聚物C100、C101的几何构型进行了全优化. 在优化所得构型的基础上, 采用TDB3LYP方法在3-21G*基组水平上对其激发态性质、电子吸收光谱进行了研究, 根据计算得到的态态间跃迁偶极矩和跃迁能等数据, 结合使用态求和公式进一步计算得到了它们不同光学过程中的三阶非线性极化率. 结果表明, 当C50富勒烯二聚以后, 其电子吸收光谱的最大波长吸收峰发生了明显的红移, 三阶非线性极化率有了较大的提高. 其中, [5,5]-[5,5]哑铃型二聚物C101有着比[2+2]闭环型二聚物C100更大的三阶非线性极化率.     

Magnitude and orientation dependence of intermolecular interaction of perfluoropropane dimer studied by high-level ab initio calculations: comparison with propane dimer

Intermolecular interaction energies of 12 orientations of C(3)F(8) dimers were calculated with electron correlation correction by the second-order M?ller-Plesset perturbation method. The antiparallel C(2h) dimer has the largest interaction energy (-1.45 kcal/mol). Electron correlation correction increases the attraction considerably. Electrostatic energy is not large. Dispersion is mainly responsible for the attraction. Orientation dependence of the interaction energy of the C(3)F(8) dimer is substantially smaller than that of the C(3)H(8) dimer. The calculated interaction energy of the C(3)F(8) dimer at the potential minimum is 78% of that of the C(3)H(8) dimer (-1.85 kcal/mol), whereas the interaction energies of the CF(4) and C(2)F(6) dimers are larger than those of the CH(4) and C(2)H(6) dimers. The intermolecular separation in the C(3)F(8) dimer at the potential minimum is substantially larger than that in the C(3)H(8) dimer. The larger intermolecular separation due to the steric repulsion between fluorine atoms is the cause of the smaller interaction energy of the C(3)F(8) dimer at the potential minimum. The calculated intermolecular interaction energy potentials of the C(3)F(8) dimers using an all atom model OPLS-AA (OPLS all atom model) force field and a united atom model force field were compared with the ab initio calculations. Although the two force fields well reproduces the experimental vapor and liquid properties of perfluoroalkenes, the comparison shows that the united atom model underestimates the potential depth and orientation dependence of the interaction energy. The potentials obtained by the OPLS-AA force field are close to those obtained by the ab initio calculations.     

Fluorescent Short-Stranded Helical Foldamers Based on L-shaped Dibenzopyrrolo[1,2-a][1,8]naphthyridine

Helical structures were constructed by using π-spacer-bridged dimers of dibenzopyrrolo[1,2-a][1,8]naphthyridine, which has a highly fluorescent L-shaped π-extended skeleton. Three dimers with biphenylene (dimer 1 ), phenanthrene (dimer 2 ), and m-phenylene (dimer 3 ) spacers, as well as a fixed-helical dimer 4 where two quinolone rings were covalently cross-linked, were designed and prepared. ¹H NMR and ROESY spectra revealed that dimers 1 and 2 adopted helical forms in solution, whereas dimer 3 did not. The helical conformation of 1 was strengthened by addition of either polar or nonpolar solvents to the chloroform solution, which suggested that π–π stacking was the main contributor to the stabilization of the helical structure. All of the dimers, including fixed-helical dimer 4 , emitted fluorescence with high quantum yields (ϕ=0.79–0.86).