Addendum to: Fabrication and characterization of graphene derived from SiC

<正>Addendum to:Science China:Physics,MechanicsAstronomy,2013,56(12):2386–2394doi:10.1007/s11433-013-5348-2The legends of the following Figures should be as follows:Figure 3 AFM morphologies and Raman spectra of a EG on a 2 inch SiC(0001)measured at five representative regions.(a)AFM Morphology reproduced from ref.[14]with permission from Science China Press and Springer publishing,(b)Raman spectra.Figure 6 SEM images of the VAGS.(a)Cross-section image of the VAGS;(b)and(c)are the top view images of the as-grown VAGS and the VAGS after top graphene layer removed reproduced from ref.[16]with permission from Wiley-VCH publishing.     

Effective control of antibiotic resistance using a sonication-based combinational treatment and its application to fresh food

Antibiotics have been widely used to treat several infectious diseases. However, the overuse of antibiotics has promoted the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in various fields, including the food industry. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacies of two conventional sterilization methods, mild heat, and sonication, were evaluated and optimized to develop a new strategy against ARB. Simultaneous mild heat and sonication (HS) treatment led to a significant reduction in viable cell counts, achieving a 5.58-log reduction in 4 min. However, no remarkable decrease in viable cell counts was observed in individually treated groups. Interestingly, the release of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) increased in a time-dependent manner in the heat-treated and HS-treated groups. The inactivation levels of ARGs increased as the HS treatment time increased from 2 to 8 min, and most ARGs were degraded after 8 min. In contrast, no significant inactivation of ARGs was observed in the heat-treated and sonication-treated groups after 8 min. These results reveal the synergistic effect of the combination treatment in controlling not only ARB but also ARGs. Finally, on applying this newly developed combination treatment to fresh food (cherry tomato and carrot juice), 3.97- and 4.28-log microbial inactivation was achieved, respectively. In addition, combination treatment did not affect food quality during storage for 5 days. Moreover, HS treatment effectively inactivated ARGs in fresh food systems.     

An efficient method using ultrasound to accelerate aging in crabapple (Malus asiatica) vinegar produced from fresh fruit and its influencing mechanism investigation

In this study, a kind of crabapple vinegar was developed by the method of mixed bacteria fermentation. It showed that the total acids and total esters in the vinegar increased by 30.51% and 22.67%, respectively. Simultaneously, ultrasound was used to treat the vinegar to shorten the time of aging. In addition, the HS-SPME-GC-MS results show that some volatile components had increased significantly, such as total esters, aldehydes and heterocycles. Combining OAV with radar chart of aroma active ingredients, the order of contribution to the characteristic aroma of crabapple vinegar was esters > alcohols > others > acids. Finally, ultrasonic cavitation and hydroxyl radicals were measured to further prove it could accelerate chemical reaction of crabapple vinegar. The results of FTIR showed that the hydrogen-bonded molecules had increased, while free molecules with irritating taste (such as ethanol and acetic acid) had decreased, which made the taste of crabapple vinegar softer. Results have showed that ultrasound is a promising technique for shortening aging time and it also provides the possibility to improve the taste of fruit vinegar.     

Structure of mammalian spermatozoa in respect to viability, fertility and cryopreservation

Morphological assessment of spermatozoa has a long history and it is generally accepted that specific morphologic structural deviations correlate with male sub- and infertility. Although many different and also new methods are used in semen analysis, light microscopy is still used for routine morphological evaluation. This paper gives an overview about the detailed structure of physiological mammalian spermatozoa as well as the most common morphological deviations in correlation to fertility. This should be the basis for explanation of problems resulting from semen cryopreservation. General aspects of semen cryopreservation should be regarded before to facilitate the understanding of methods and mechanisms.     

A method to distinguish between chemical shift and susceptibility effects in NMR microscopy and its application to insect larvae

We propose a simple method of distinguishing Zeeman broadening arising from susceptibility inhomogeneity and chemical shift variation, applicable to NMR microscopy. The method is based on the use of a specially built probehead in which orthogonal sample alignment is possible using the same radiofrequency (RF) coil. This allows the investigation of alignment effects in image distortion and relies on the fact that the isotropic chemical shift is invariant under reorientation, whereas the susceptibility-related local field will depend strongly on relative orientation of bounding surfaces with the external polarizing field. We apply this approach to the study of a simple phantom, and an insect larva (Spodoptera litura Fabricius), demonstrating in the latter case that susceptibility variations are sufficiently small to allow chemical shift imaging on a scale greater than 1 ppm.     

The ground state mass of147Gd from single-neutron-transfer reactions and its impact on derived mass values

Using a¹⁴⁸Gd radioactive target and the (p,d), (d,t), and (³He,α) single neutron pick-up reactions we have measured the¹⁴⁷Gd mass excess as — 75,366(4) keV, which differs by 139(24) keV from the adopted value of the 1983 mass table. From this result, and from recently reported first transfer-reaction mass determinations for¹⁴⁵Eu and¹⁴⁶Eu, we have recalculated the masses of nuclei above¹⁴⁶Gd from a previous shell model analysis of high-spin states.     

Diamagnetic susceptibility obtained from the six-vertex model and its implications for the high-temperature diamagnetic state of cuprate superconductors

We study the diamagnetism of the six-vertex model with the arrows as directed bond currents. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the diamagnetism of this model. A special version of this model, called the F model, describes the thermal disordering transition of an orbital antiferromagnet, known as d-density wave, a proposed state for the pseudogap phase of the high-T(c) cuprates. We find that the F model is strongly diamagnetic and the susceptibility may diverge in the high-temperature critical phase with power-law arrow correlations. These results may explain the surprising recent observation of a diverging low-field diamagnetic susceptibility seen in some optimally doped cuprates within the d-density wave model of the pseudogap phase.     

Nonlinear susceptibility x;(3) in a direct gap semiconductor derived from coupled inter-and intraband equations of motion

A set of generalized Maxwell Bloch Equations describing a two band semiconductor as a system of interacting two level atoms is used to calculate the nonlinear dielectric susceptibility x;⁽³⁾ (ω, ? ω, ω). For near resonance conditions (ω ≈ ω_g) we find a simplified expression for χ⁽³⁾ that is compared with other theories. A fit using parameters relevant for InSb leads to good agreement with experimental results.     

The transition from spark to arc discharge and its implications with respect to nanoparticle production

Indium (III) phthalocyanine (InPc) was encapsulated into nanoparticles of PEGylated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG) to improve the photobiological activity of the photosensitizer. The efficacy of nanoparticles loaded with InPc and their cellular uptake was investigated with MCF-7 breast tumor cells, and compared with the free InPc. The influence of photosensitizer (PS) concentration (1.8–7.5 μmol/L), incubation time (1–2 h), and laser power (10–100 mW) were studied on the photodynamic effect caused by the encapsulated and the free InPc. Nanoparticles with a size distribution ranging from 61 to 243 nm and with InPc entrapment efficiency of 72 ± 6 % were used in the experiments. Only the photodynamic effect of encapsulated InPc was dependent on PS concentration and laser power. The InPc-loaded nanoparticles were more efficient in reducing MCF-7 cell viability than the free PS. For a light dose of 7.5 J/cm² and laser power of 100 mW, the effectiveness of encapsulated InPc to reduce the viability was 34 ± 3 % while for free InPc was 60 ± 7 %. Confocal microscopy showed that InPc-loaded nanoparticles, as well as free InPc, were found throughout the cytosol. However, the nanoparticle aggregates and the aggregates of free PS were found in the cell periphery and outside of the cell. The nanoparticles aggregates were generated due to the particles concentration used in the experiment because of the small loading of the InPc while the low solubility of InPc caused the formation of aggregates of free PS in the culture medium. The participation of singlet oxygen in the photocytotoxic effect of InPc-loaded nanoparticles was corroborated by electron paramagnetic resonance experiments, and the encapsulation of photosensitizers reduced the photobleaching of InPc.     

On the parameter space derived from the joint probability density functions and the property of its scalar curvature

Extended parameter spaces were introduced by Kawaguchi et al. (1992) to define the geometrical distance between two probability distributions having different function forms. A statistical interpretation of the extended parameter spaces was introduced. In this paper, the property of the scalar curvature of extended parameter spaces is given.     

Evolution of spin susceptibility from the Pauli to Curie-Weiss type in strongly correlated Fermi systems

The magnetic properties of strongly correlated Fermi systems are studied within the framework of the fermioncondensation model—phase transition associated with the rearrangement of the Landau quasiparticle distribution, resulting in the appearance of a plateau at T=0 exactly in the Fermi surface of the single-particle excitation spectrum. It is shown that the Curie-Weiss term ～T^?1 appears in the expression for the spin susceptibility χ_ac(T) of the system after the transition point at finite temperatures. The behavior of χ_ac(T, H) as a function of temperature and static magnetic field H in the region where the critical fermion-condensation temperature T _f is close to zero is discussed. The results are compared with the available experimental data.     

Dye-sensitized solar cells concocted with dyes extracted from fresh and dried leaves of Henna using different solvents

Optical and Quantum Electronics - Nowadays, world is moving from conventional energy sources to non-conventional energy sources like solar energy, wind power, hydropower and those energy sources...     

Electrodeposition from ZnO nano-rods to nano-sheets with only zinc nitrate electrolyte and its photoluminescence

This very paper focuses on the synthesis of ZnO nano-structures by means of electro-chemical-deposition process. The crystalline structure and morphologies of the prepared ZnO were characterized with X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy, respectively. It is found that in case of low Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O electrolyte concentration the fast growth mode in the c-axis direction leaded to the formation of 1D nanostructure of ZnO. On the other hand, at high concentration, this fast growth mode was restricted because the absorbed NO₃⁻ on (0 0 0 1) plane would bond with Zn²⁺ ions, which, therefore, resulted in the formation of 2D nanostructure of ZnO. Room temperature photoluminescence performances of different ZnO structures were also investigated. A blue shift of 15 nm for ZnO nano-sheets has been found as the shapes of ZnO evolved from nano-rods to nano-sheets.     

双折射双频激光器输出光偏振特性的实验研究

报道了双折射双频激光器输出光偏振特性的实验研究，实验发现双折射双频激光器两端输出的线偏振光的偏振方向并不一致，而相互有一定的旋转角度，实验也再次证明了激光器输出的是正交线偏振光，而不是晶体本征模的椭圆化了的偏振光。     

同时辐射六种可见波长的CW-氦氖激光器的稳频及其输出的650nmCW氦氖受激Raman辐射

在中国计量科学研究院研制的612激光管上,利用反射率为99.95%宽带激光反射镜,得到同时辐射六种波长的连续振荡,其波长为:611.8,629.8,632.8,635.1,640.1和650um,测量了它们的物理参数,验证了650nm为氦氖Raman激光.对六种波长在简易装置上进行了稳频,各条激光谱线的频率稳定性优于10~(-10),利用锁模技术,各条激光谱线的频率稳定性可达10~(-12).     

Magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity of electrotransport purified scandium single crystals from ≈ 1 to 300 k

The magnetic susceptibility of electrotransport purified Sc single crystals was measured from 0.7 to 295 K. Both the easy (χ_a) and hard (χ_c) directions were measured using a microcomputer controlled Faraday apparatus. Above 50 K the present results agree with earlier work on a less pure sample, but below 50 K the present results are lower by as much as 4%. In addition the maximum at ≈ 30 K and the minimum at ≈ 6 K are much more pronounced in the purer material, and the susceptibility increases rapidly as the temperature approaches 0 K. Electrical resistivity measurements were made on the same single crystals from 1.6 to 300 K. The resistance ratios were 365 for the a-axis crystal and 274 for the c-axis crystal. At 300 K, ρ_a ≈ 2.5 ρ_c.