2,6-Diketopiperazines from amino acids, from solution-phase to solid-phase organic synthesis

A method to prepare 1,3-disubstituted 2,6-diketopiperazines (2,6-DKP) as useful heterocyclic library scaffolds in the search of new leads for drug discovery is described. The method can be used in solution-phase and solid-phase conditions. In the key step of the synthesis, the imido portion of the new molecule is formed in solution through intramolecular cyclization, under basic conditions, of a secondary amide nitrogen on a benzyl ester. A Wang resin carboxylic ester is used as the acylating agent under solid-phase conditions, allowing the cyclization to take place with simultaneous cleavage of the product from the resin ("cyclocleavage"). The synthetic method worked well with several couples of amino acids, independently from their configuration, and was used for the parallel synthesis of a series of fully characterized compounds. The use of iterative conditions in the solid phase (repeated addition of fresh solvent and potassium carbonate to the resin after filtering out the product-containing solution) allowed us to keep diastereoisomer content below the detection limit by HPLC and (1)H NMR (200 MHz).     

Highly efficient enantioselective synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazine derivatives via microwave irradiation

Abstract

Chiral 2,5-diketopiperazine (2,5-DKP) derivatives have a broad range of biological activities in the medicinal field. The synthetic protocols of 1,3-disubstituted 2,5-DKPs via base-catalyzed cyclization of chloroacetamide have been reported. However, there are several drawbacks, such as an overly long reaction time, low to moderate yield, and racemization of the products. The sequence modified herein of 1,3-disubstituted 2,5-DKPs involves microwave-assisted cyclization. It increases yields and reduces reaction time. Furthermore, employing N-PMB protection prevents racemization, which frequently occurs in the base-catalyzed cyclization reaction. Consequently, the rapid synthetic method of enantiomerically pure 1,3-disubstituted 2,5-DKPs via microwave reaction was established successfully.     

Molecular diversity via amino acid derived alpha-amino nitriles: synthesis of spirocyclic 2,6-dioxopiperazine derivatives

[reaction: see text] Chiral spirocyclic 2,6-dioxopiperazines were synthesized from amino acid derived alpha-quaternary alpha-amino nitriles via H(2)SO(4)-promoted cyano hydration, followed by base-mediated cyclization and N-alkylation. This methodology, requiring the previous preparation of the amino nitrile by a modified Strecker reaction, was applied to Phe, Trp, Pro, Asp, Glu, and Ser derivatives. In the case of the Trp-derived amino nitrile the major product of the treatment with H(2)SO(4) was not the expected carboxamide, but a new tetracyclic indoline derivative containing the novel heterocyclic system hexahydropyrrolo[1',2',3':1,9a,9]imidazo[1,2-a]indole, as a result of a domino tautomerization. The treatment of this indoline derivative with refluxing 1 N HCl led to a Trp-derived 2,6-dioxopiperazine. The 2,6-dioxopiperazine ring opened under the reaction conditions of methyl ester saponification, giving N-(carboxyalkyl)amino acid derivatives. Therefore, the synthesis of 2,6-dioxopiperazines containing free carboxylic acids from the respective methyl esters required transesterification to benzyl esters, followed by hydrogenolysis.     

Tautomerism and Stereodynamics of Indophenols,Amidines, Their Derivatives,and Analogs: XIII. Intramolecular Cyclization of 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4- (o-alkoxyphenylimino)-2,5-cyclohexadienones as a Method of Synthesis of Spiro Benzoxazines

A new method was developed for synthesizing benzoxazine derivatives by O-alkylation of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(o-hydroxyphenylimino)-2,5-cyclohexadienones with allyl or benzyl halides and subsequent thermal heterocyclization of allyl or benzyl ethers thus formed. The cyclization of ethers derived from 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(o-hydroxyphenylimino)-2,5-cyclohexadienones and phenacyl bromides or diethyl bromomalonate is so fast that these compounds cannot be isolated.     

Synthetic scope, computational chemistry and mechanism of a base induced 5-endo cyclization of benzyl alkynyl sulfides

We present an experimental and computational study of the reaction of aryl substituted benzyl 1-alkynyl sulfides with potassium alkoxide in acetonitrile, which produces 2-aryl 2,3-dihydrothiophenes in poor to good yields. The cyclization is most efficient with electron withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring. Evidence indicates there is rapid exchange of protons and tautomerism of the alkynyl unit prior to cyclization. Theoretical calculations were also conducted to help rationalize the base induced 5-endo cyclization of benzyl 1-propynyl sulfide (1a). The potential energy surface was calculated for the formation of 2,3-dihydrothiophene in a reaction of benzyl 1-propynyl sulfide (1a) with potassium methoxide. Geometries were optimized with CAM-B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) in acetonitrile with the CPCM solvent model. It is significant that the benzyl propa-1,2-dien-1-yl sulfane (6) possessed a lower benzylic proton affinity than the benzyl prop-2-yn-1-yl sulfane (8) thus favoring the base induced reaction of the former. From benzyl(propa-1,2-dien-1-yl sulfane (6), 2,3-dihydrothiophene can be formed via a conjugate base that undergoes 5-endo-trig cyclization followed by a protonation step.     

Total Synthesis of (±)-Celaphanol A

Celaphanol A was a diterpene isolated from the stems of Celastrus stephanotifolius1, which have been the subject of continued and growing interest, due to the range of biological activities shown by many members of this family2. Some have been used in traditional medicine3 or as a stimulant4 from ancient times. In order to further study the relationship between the structure and biological activity of the diterpene compound and as an extension of diterpenoid synthesis in our laboratory5, 6, …     

Enantioselective Formation of 2‐Azetidinones by Ring‐Assisted Cyclization of Interlocked N‐(α‐Methyl)benzyl Fumaramides

The synthesis of optically active interlocked and non‐interlocked 2‐azetidinones by intramolecular cyclization of N‐(α‐methyl)benzyl fumaramide [2]rotaxanes is described. Two different strategies of asymmetric induction were tested in which the chiral group was located either proximal or distal to the reacting center of the thread. During these experiments, an interesting equilibration process inside the macrocyclic void occurred, thus leading to the cyclization through the (α‐methyl)benzyl carbon atom and giving rise to β‐lactams, with a quaternary carbon atom, in an enantio‐ and diastereocontrolled manner. This cyclization also proceeds in kinetically stable chiral pseudo[2]rotaxanes, thus allowing further dethreading to provide enantioenriched 3,4‐disubstituted trans‐2‐azetidinones. The stereochemical outcomes of the cyclizations inside and outside the macrocycle demonstrated noticeable differences.     

Synthesis of the macrolactone core of (+)-neopeltolide by transannular cyclization

The synthesis of the macrolactone core of (+)-neopeltolide has been achieved. The key synthetic strategy involves the highly diastereoselective synthesis of the 2,6-cis-disubstituted tetrahydropyran ring by a transannular cyclization of δ-hydroxy alkene using mercuric trifluoroacetate. Two of the six stereocenters C-5 and C-11 were realized from L-malic acid, while the remaining stereocenters C-3 (Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation), C-7 (transannular cyclization), C-9 (regioselective epoxide opening) and C-13 (chelation controlled reduction) were derived by asymmetric synthesis. The macrolactone ring was synthesized by macrocyclization using a RCM protocol.     

Efficient Synthesis of a New Family of 2,6-Disulfanyl-9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes

The efficient synthesis of a new family of 2,6-disulfanyl-9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes in high yields has been developed based on 9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dithiolate anion generated from bis-isothiouronium salt of 2,6-dibromo-9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane. The derivatives of 2,6-disulfanyl-9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane containing alkyl, allyl and benzyl moieties have been prepared in 90–99% yields by nucleophilic substitution of 9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dithiolate anion with alkyl, allyl and benzyl halides. The reaction of nucleophilic addition of 9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dithiolate anion to alkyl propiolates afforded 2,6-di(vinylsulfanyl)-9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. The conditions for regio- and stereoselective addition of 9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dithiolate anion to a triple bond of alkyl propiolates have been found. To date, not a single representative of 2,6-disulfanyl-9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes has been described in the literature.     

Total synthesis of (+)-yatakemycin

A convergent total synthesis of (+)-yatakemycin was accomplished in a 20-step sequence in an overall yield of 13%. The synthesis features the regioselective ring opening of (S)-epichlorohydrin with 2,6-dibromophenyllithium species, the mild copper-mediated aryl amination utilizing the combination of CuI and CsOAc, and the efficient deprotection of benzyl groups of aryl benzyl ether with BCl3 in the presence of pentamethylbenzene.     

Synthesis of 1,1-dimethylcarba-2-penem derivatives via a Dieckmann-type cyclization

The synthesis of 1,1-dimethylcarba-2-penem derivatives via a Dieckmann-type cyclization and the use of a new method for removing the benzyl protecting group are reported.     

水相中可见光下苯甲醇氧化合成喹唑啉酮衍生物的研究

通过在水相中可见光下2-氨基苯甲酰胺与苄醇氧化制备喹唑啉酮的环化反应,应用廉价易得、操作简单的单质碘作为光催化剂,在室温下反应获得较好收率的产物.目标产物的最高产率可达92%,为喹唑啉酮类化合物的合成提供了一种绿色经济的方法.运用此策略合成的N-(2-氟-5-甲基苯基)-6-(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)蝶啶-4-胺对肿瘤细胞具有明显的抑制活性.     

Synthesis of 6-bromo-2-arylindoles using 2-iodobenzoic acid as precursor

The synthesis of 6-bromo-2-arylindoles starting from readily available 2-iodobenzoic acid is presented. Regioselective bromination of the latter was followed by Curtius rearrangement and trapping of the isocyanate with benzyl alcohol led to the benzyl carbamate of 2-iodo-5-bromoaniline. Chemoselective Sonogashira coupling of this compound with arylacetylenes followed by TBAF induced 5-endo-dig cyclization gave the desired bromo indoles. The method allows selective introduction of a bromine atom at the indole C-6 position.     

Synthesis and reactivity of cyanomethyl 2‐amino‐4‐methylthiazolyl ketone. A facile synthesis of novel pyrazolo[5,1‐c]1,2,4‐triazine, 1,2,4‐triazolo[5,1‐c]1,2,4‐triazine, 1,2,4‐triazino[4,3‐a]benzimidazole,pyridazine‐6‐imine and 6‐oxopyridazinone derivatives

The novel and versatile cyanomethyl 2‐amino‐4‐methylthiazolyl ketone (5) was prepared by treatment of bromomethyl 2‐amino‐4‐methyl thiazolyl ketone (4) with potassium cyanide. Reaction of 5 with heterocyclic diazonium salts 6a,b and 10 afforded the corresponding hydrazones 7a,b and 11, respectively. Refluxing of the hydrazones in pyridine afforded the corresponding pyrazolo[5,1‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazine, 1,2,4‐triazolo[5,1‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazine, and 1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]benzimidazole derivatives 8a,b and 12, respectively, via intramolecular cyclization. Compound 5 coupled also with benzenediazonium chloride to afford the corresponding hydrazone 14, which is an excellent precursor for the synthesis of pyridazine‐6‐imine 17a and pyridazinone 17b. The pyridazine derivatives 17a,b were also prepared by an independent route, that is, the condensation with malononitriles and coupling with benzenediazonium chloride, followed by intramolecular cyclization. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 10: 385–390, 1999     

Efficient synthesis of 2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroindoles based on the synthesis and reactions of (2,4-dioxocyclohex-1-yl)acetic acid derivatives

Acetal-protected (2,4-dioxocyclohex-1-yl)acetic acid derivatives were prepared by the allylation of dilithiated 1,3-cyclohexane-1,3-diones, by the protection of the carbonyl groups and by the oxidation of the alkene. The products were then transformed, by amide formation and subsequent cyclization, into 2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroindoles, which represent important intermediates for the synthesis of various alkaloids.     

Diastereo‐Divergent Synthesis of Saturated Azaheterocycles Enabled by tBuOK‐Mediated Hydroamination of Alkenyl Hydrazones

Diastereo‐divergent synthesis of saturated azaheterocycles has been achieved by tBuOK‐mediated hydroamination of alkenyl hydrazones. DFT calculations suggested that the cation–π interactions between a potassium cation and aryl substituents on hydrazones give rise to 2,5‐cis selectivity in pyrrolidines, which were synthesized by the reaction of γ,δ‐unsaturated N‐benzyl hydrazones. By contrast, 2,5‐trans selectivity was observed when an isopropyl group was used as the substituent on hydrazones. An unusual 2,6‐trans selectivity in piperidine formation was also realized using the present strategy.     

Synthesis of Naphthyridines

A new method for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-4-(1H)-ones, which consists in cyclization of 4-(β-carboxyethylamino)quinoline-3-carboxylic acids by heating them in acetic anhydride in the presence of potassium acetate, is proposed.     

Electrochemically Induced Synthesis of Imidazoles from Vinyl Azides and Benzyl Amines

An electrochemically induced synthesis of imidazoles from vinyl azides and benzyl amines was developed. A wide range of imidazoles were obtained, with yields of 30 to 64%. The discovered transformation is a multistep process whose main steps include the generation of electrophilic iodine species, 2H-azirine formation from the vinyl azide, followed by its reactions with benzyl amine and with imine generated from benzyl amine. The cyclization and aromatization of the obtained intermediate lead to the target imidazole. The synthesis proceeds under constant current conditions in an undivided cell. Despite possible cathodic reduction of various unsaturated intermediates with C=N bonds, the efficient electrochemically induced synthesis of imidazoles was carried out.     

Efficient synthesis of (S)-4-phthalimido-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-(2,6-dichlorobenzyloxy)- 3-oxo-2H-2-benzazepin-2-acetic acid (PHt-Hba(2,6-Cl2-Bn)-Gly-OH)

4-Amino-2-benzazepin-3-ones have proven very useful for studying the biologically active conformations of peptides. The synthesis of Pht-Aba-Xaa-OH by reaction of the corresponding 1,3-oxazolidin-5-one with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) has been reported in the literature. However, when this procedure was applied to the preparation of Pht-Hba(Bn)-Gly-OH 8, many byproducts were formed and the yield of the desired aminobenzazepinones 7 and 8 was very low. We report in this paper an efficient methodology for the synthesis of Pht-Hba(2,6-Cl2-Bn)-Gly-OH 17 starting from the commercially available tyrosine. In our procedure, the dipeptide Pht-Tyr(2,6-Cl2-Bn)-Gly-OH 15 is converted to the 1,3-oxazolidin-5-one 16 which then undergoes Friedel-Crafts cyclization in the presence of tin tetrachloride to afford the desired 4-phthalimido-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-(2,6-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-be nzazepin-3-one 17 in excellent yield.     

Investigation for the cyclization efficiency of linear tetrapeptides: Synthesis of tentoxin B and dihydrotentoxin

Investigation of the cyclization efficiency of N-methyl linear tetrapeptides using a molecular modeling study and chemical synthesis is described. The linear peptide with two N-methyl groups, MeAla-Leu-MePhe-Gly, forms γ-turn like conformation with the amine at N-terminus and the carbonyl at C-terminus in closer proximity to give the desired cyclic tetrapeptide, dihydrotentoxin. In addition, synthesis of tentoxin B by the combination of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclization in solution phase has been reported. An unusual amino acid, an L-N-methyl-β-hydroxyphenylalanine derivative, which was assembled on solid support, was prepared from ethyl cinnamate. Cyclic tetrapeptide formation and cleavage of benzyl ether were optimized with DIPCI/HOBt/DIPEA and Et₃SiH/Pd(OH)₂, respectively.