Studies in werner clathrates. Part 2. Structures of bis (isothiocyanato) tetra (4-phenylpyridine) nickel (II)· 4-dimethylsulphoxide,bis (isothiocyanato) tetra (3-methylpyridine) nickel (II)· chloroform and bis (isothiocyanato) tetra (3,5-dimethylpyridine) nickel (II)

The structures of Ni(NCS)₂(4-PhPy)₄·4DMSO and Ni(NCS)₂(3-MePy)₄·CHCl₃ have been elucidated. Movement of guest molecules through channels in the host structure was simulated by potential energy calculations. Ni(NCS)₂(3,5-diMePy)₄ does not form inclusion compounds. An intra-molecular potential energy study shows that theortho-hydrogens on the 3,5-dimethylpyridine ligands control the conformation of the molecule. The same result is obtained with the 4-methylpyridine ligand, which suggests that the extent of rotation of substituted pyridines about the Ni–N bounds is not a factor governing clathrate formation. Supplementary Data relating to this article are deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No. SUP 82030 (43 pages).     

Structural Study of C-undecylcalix[4]resorcinarene Solvate with Dioxane

The crystal structure of the molecular complex of C-undecylcalix[4]resorcinarene with dioxane has been determined by X-ray analysis. The asymmetric unit contains one host and four guest molecules. The calix[4]resorcinarene moiety adopts a bowl conformation with C_4v symmetry. Four undecyl chains are axially oriented. Calix molecules are packed in a bowl-to-bowl fashion with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers. One of the hydrophilic dioxane molecules is located at the rim of the calix moiety and is hydrogen bonded to the other one. There is no interaction to attract, or direct the dioxane molecule into the interior of the cavity. There is an exo complex formed. The dioxane molecules – located in the hydrophobic part – are highly disordered.     

Calixarenes 11. Crystal and molecular structure ofp-tert-butylcalix[8]arene

Monoclinic prisms were obtained by slow evaporation of a pyridine solution ofp-tert-butylcalix[8]arene: space groupP2₁/c,a=20.312(3),b=23.020(2),c=20.006(6) ; =113.05(2)⁰;V=8707.6 ų;Z=4. Refinement led to anR value of 0.166 for 4231 reflections which, although high, is sufficient to establish the conformation of the molecule as a pleated loop in which the eight hydroxyl groups are arranged in a slightly undulating, almost planar, intramolecularly hydrogen bonded cyclic array. The possible inferences for the conformation ofp-tert-butylcalix[8]arene in solution are discussed. Supplementary Data relating to this article are deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No. SUP 82019.     

无溶剂法合成杯[4]芳烯星形化合物

以对苯二甲醛、乙酸酐为原料合成对苯二甲醛单缩醛, 接着与间苯二酚反应, 制备了含醛基杯[4]芳烯. 利用季戊四醇与含醛基杯[4]芳烯反应, 进而再与3-[4-(2,5-二氧杂环戊基)苯基]-9-[4-二(甲羰氧基)甲基苯基]-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺环[5.5]十一烷反应, 合成了杯[4]芳烯星形化合物, 收率为65.2%. 产品结构经 IR, ¹H NMR, MS 和元素分析进行了表征.     

Functional modification,self-assembly and application of calix[4]resorcinarenes

As a special subset of calix[4]arene, calix[4]resorcinarene is an excellent molecular platform which could be modified by introducing functional groups to multiple sites at the upper and lower rims. There are mainly three ways to build functionalized calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives: (1) modification on the C-2 sites of calix[4]resorcinarenes; (2) modification on the phenolic hydroxyl groups of calix[4]resorcinarenes; (3) modification on the bridging methylenes at lower rim of calix[4]resorcinarenes. Functionalized calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives play an important role in the development of self-assembly chemistry, among which hydrogen bonding and metal coordination are the two most common interactions to obtain multicomponent structures. Moreover, due to the excellent topological structures and various active substituents of functionalized calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives, their applications in various fields, such as nanoparticles, catalysts, fluorescent materials, and sensors, have been briefly presented in this paper.

     

A doubly deprotonated form of calix[6]arene: Crystal and molecular structure of (calix[6]arene-2H)2−·(HNEt 3 + )2

The doubly deprotonated form of calix[6]arene, with two protonated triethylamines as counter-ions, crystallizes in the monoclinic system: space groupP2₁/n,a=8.465(4),b=17.822(8),c=15.182(6) Å,=90.18(4)°,V=2291(2) ų,Z=2. Refinement led to a final conventionalR value of 0.063 for 1046 reflections. The macrocycle conformation is not apinched cone, usual for freeR-calix[6]arene, but a distorted 1,2,3-alternate cone, since the molecule lies on a symmetry center. Furthermore, one of the torsion angles defined by the methylene bridges is near to zero, which is unusual in calixarene structures. Supplementary Data relating to this article (atomic coordinates for hydrogen atoms, anisotropic displacement parameters for oxygen and nitrogen atoms, and observed and calculated structure factors) are deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No. SUP 82182 (7 pages).     

Crystal and moleclar structures of 5-allyl-25-methoxy-26,27,28-tribenzoylcalix[4]arene

The crystal and molecular structures of 5-allyl-25-methoxy-26,27,28-tribenzoylcalix[4]arene, an unsymmetrically substituted macrocycle, are reported. The space group is orthorhombic,P2₁2₁2₁, witha=13.4181(6),b=16.6652(10) andc=18.9936(14) Å andZ=4. Refinement by least-squares calculations converged with aR=0.060 for 4018 observed reflections. The molecule assumes a 1,3 alternate conformation with 2 benzoate rings and the disordered allyl side chain on one side and the third benzoate ring and the methoxy group on the opposite side of the mean plane of the methylene bridging groups. The four phenyl rings that comprise the macrocycle are approximately parallel in pairs; the members of a pair are 5.6 Å apart. The carbonyl oxygen atoms of the 3 benzoate groups are oriented away from the center of the cavity while the ester oxygen atoms and the methoxy oxygen atom are oriented toward the cavity center. Supplementary Data relating to this article are deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No. SUP 82033 (26 pages).     

Stereoselective Synthesis and Structure of New Types of Calix[4]resorcinarenes. Complexation of Tetrakis(O,O‐Phosphorus)Bridged‐Calix[4]resorcinarenes with Heavy Metal Atoms

The acid‐catalyzed (with HCl) condensation reactions of resorcinol ( 1 ) with 1‐naphthaldehyde ( 2 ) and isobutyraldehyde ( 3 ) furnished the tetrameric macrocyclic compounds 4 and 6 . Detailed NMR‐investigations of the acetylated tetrameric species 5 surprisingly support a structure not in agreement with the expected all‐cis conformation. The chair conformation (C_2h symmetry) of the acetylated derivative 5 was established through a crystal X‐ray diffraction study. The naphthyl substituents are arranged in trans position above and below the plane made up by the resorcinol units. The reaction of resorcinol 1 with isobutyraldehyde, in accord with expectation, led to the calix[4]resorcinaren ( 6 ). The ¹H NMR spectra of compound 6 and 7 appeared at room temperature as broad signals, indicating a conformation of C_2v symmetry. The reaction of the C‐methyl‐tetrakis‐P‐(chlorodioxaphosphocin)‐calix[4]resorcinarenes ( 8 ) and ( 10 ) with suitable N‐trimethylsilyl organic amines were conducted in tetrahydrofuran suspension, furnishing the P–N‐substituted calix[4]resorcinarenes ( 9 ) and ( 11 ). While in the complexation of C‐methyl‐tetrabromotetrakis‐P‐(dimethylaminodioxaphosphocin)‐calix[4]resorcinarene ( 13 ) with (tht)AuCl (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) the expected, neutral tetra‐substituted complex 15 was formed, the reaction of 13 with moist acetonitrile led to the anionic atomic framework 14 . X‐ray structure determinations of the complexes 14 and 15 show that both possess the cone conformation. In the gold complex 15 , the Au–Cl groups form a loose aggregate, with three Au…Cl contacts of 316–340 pm; one of the groups points towards the centre of the cone. The copper(I) complex 14 displays crystallographic mirror symmetry, with a central Cu₄Cl₅ unit involving tetrahedrally coordinated copper.     

Liquid extraction of La<Superscript>III</Superscript>, Gd<Superscript>III</Superscript>, and Yb<Superscript>III</Superscript> ions by phosphorylated calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives

New phosphorylated calix[4]resorcinarene and cavitands were synthesized. Their extraction ability toward La^III, Gd^III, and Yb^III ions was studied. The cavitands are more efficient extracting agents than octasubstituted calix[4]resorcinarenes. The nature of substituents at the nitrogen atom at the upper rim and hydrophobic substituents at the lower rim exerts a substantial effect on the solubility of the extracted complex in chloroform. Coordination of two lanthanide ions with an extragent molecule results in their efficient but non-selective extraction. The literature and our spectral (³¹P NMR) data suggested that the ligand in the extracted complex has most probably a “kite” conformation. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 303–308, February, 2007.     

Crystal Structures,Spectroscopic and Magnetic Behaviour of Dimeric Copper(II) 2‐Methylthionicotinate Adducts with Dimethylformamide and Dimethylsulfoxide

The structural, spectroscopic and magnetic properties of two dimeric complexes, [Cu₂(2‐MeSnic)₄(DMSO)₂] ( I ) and [Cu₂(2‐MeSnic)₄(DMF)₂] ( II ) (where 2‐MeSnic = 2‐methylthionicotinate, DMF = dimethylformamide and DMSO = dimethylsulfoxide), are reported. The characterization is based on elemental analysis, infrared, electronic and EPR spectra, and magnetic susceptibility measurements over a temperature range of 1.9 — 300 K. Both complexes adopt dimeric paddle‐wheel cage structures as revealed by X‐ray structure analysis. The dimeric molecule of I is centrosymmetric and centred at the inversion center of the space group P 2₁/c (Z = 2), while the structure of II contains a crystallographically independent molecule IIa , and a centrosymmetrical molecule IIb which is centred at the inversion centre of the space group P 2₁/n (Z = 6).     

N‐Alkyl Ammonium Resorcinarene Salts as High‐Affinity Tetravalent Chloride Receptors

N‐Alkyl ammonium resorcinarene salts (NARYs, Y=triflate, picrate, nitrate, trifluoroacetates and NARBr) as tetravalent receptors, are shown to have a strong affinity for chlorides. The high affinity for chlorides was confirmed from a multitude of exchange experiments in solution (NMR and UV/Vis), gas phase (mass spectrometry), and solid‐state (X‐ray crystallography). A new tetra‐iodide resorcinarene salt (NARI) was isolated and fully characterized from exchange experiments in the solid‐state. Competition experiments with a known monovalent bis‐urea receptor ( 5 ) with strong affinity for chloride, reveals these receptors to have a much higher affinity for the first two chlorides, a similar affinity as 5 for the third chloride, and lower affinity for the fourth chloride. The receptors affinity toward chloride follows the trend K₁?K₂?K₃≈ 5 >K₄, with K_a=5011 m ^?1 for 5 in 9:1 CDCl₃/[D₆]DMSO.     

Functionalization of the periphery of calix[4]resorcinarenes with P(III)-containing substituents via hydroxy,trimethylsiloxy, and ethoxy-tethered trimethylsiloxy intermediates

Unlike C-undecylcalix[4]resorcinarene, C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene 1 reacted with chlorodifluorophosphine in the absence of an auxiliary base to give the unstable octakis(difluorophosphite)-substituted derivative 2. The existence of two conformational isomers of 2 in solution was observed by ¹⁹F and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. Attempts to react the octakis(trimethylsilyl)calix[4]resorcinarene 3 and its tetrabromo derivative 4 with phosphorus trichloride and chlorodifluorophosphine were unsuccessful. The ethoxy-tethered C-methyl-octakis(trimeth-ylsilyl)calix[4]resorcinarene 5 was allowed to react with 2-chloro-1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triaza-2σ³λ³-phosphorin-4,6-dione and chlorodifluorophosphine. By substitution of all trimethylsilyl groups, the octakis(phosphorus(III))-substituted compounds 6 and 7 were formed. As for 2, dynamic behavior in solution was observed for 6 and 7, arising from the equilibrium between different conformational isomers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9:553–558, 1998     

Synthesis of a singly bridged resorcinarene-dimer by Mannich reaction with N,N′-diethylethylenediamine and formaldehyde: self-inclusion of bridging diazahexamethylene unit in methanol

Mannich reaction of resorcin[4]arene with N,N′-diethylethylenediamine and formaldehyde produced a singly bridged resorcinarene-dimer bearing sixteen hydroxyl groups at their peripheral positions, which exists in a closed capsular conformation including the diazahexamethylene bridge chain between the two resorcinarene units in CD₃OD.     

Hydrogen‐Bond and Metal–Ligand Coordination Bond Hybrid Supramolecular Capsules: Identification of Hemicapsular Intermediate and Dual Control of Guest Exchange Dynamics

Hybrid supramolecular capsules self‐assemble by simultaneously forming hydrogen and metal–ligand coordination bonds on mixing a C₂‐symmetrical cavitand (calix[4]resorcinarene‐based cavitands with ureide and terminal 4‐pyridyl units) with platinum or palladium complexes ([Pt(OTf)₂] or [Pd(OTf)₂] with chelating bisphosphines) in 1:1 ratio. Hemicapsular assemblies formed in the presence of excess amounts of cavitand relative to the platinum or palladium complexes are identified as intermediates in the above self‐assembly process by 2D‐NOESY spectroscopy. External‐anion‐assisted encapsulation of a neutral guest, 4,4′‐diiodobiphenyl, inside the hybrid supramolecular capsules accompanied conformational changes in the hydrogen‐bonding moieties. The in/out exchange ratio of the encapsulated guest depends on the bite angle of the bisphosphine ligand. Addition of DMSO accelerates guest exchange by weakening the hydrogen bonds in the encapsulation complex. Therefore, variations in the structure of the metal complex and amount of polar solvent exert dual control on the dynamics of the guest exchange.     

A hydrogen bond between a calixarene (as host and its guest: Crystal and molecular structure of thep-t-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene : Triethylamine (1 : 2) complex/clathrate

The structure of thep-t-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene triethylamine (1 : 2 complex has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystals are monoclinic, space groupCc,a = 22.821(3),b = 15.257(3),c = 16.365(2) Å, = 97.44(1)°,V = 5650(1) ų,Z = 4,D _calc = 1.03 g cm^–3. One triethylamine (Et₃N) molecule has one of its ethyl groups pointing inside the cavity of a calixarene molecule; its nitrogen atom is directed exo to this calixarene molecule and is involved in a hydrogen bond with one of the hydroxy groups of a neighbouring calixarene molecule. This scheme leads to columns of alternating host and guest molecules. The other Et₃N molecule is in the interhost space. This feature allows us to define the title compound as a complex/clathrate hybrid.Supplementary data relating to this article are deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No. SUP 82144 (8 pages).     

Synthesis,structure, and electrochemistry of mer[RuCl3(DMSO–S)(DMSO–O)(py)]

Reaction of mer-[RuCl₃(DMSO–S)₂(DMSO–O] (1) with pyridine (py) in dichloromethane yields mer-[RuCl₃(DMSO–S)(DMSO–O)(py)] (2). A single crystal suitable for X-ray diffraction was obtained by recrystalization with dichloromethane and diethyl ether. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed an unusual case in which two independent molecules (2a and 2b) are present in the asymmetric unit cell. Both molecules have distorted octahedral geometry in which DMSO is bound through oxygen and sulfur. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for 2a and 2b in gas phase to investigate bonding shown by the two DMSO ligands. Optimizations were done on both DMSO ligands bonded through S, both DMSO ligands bonded through O, one DMSO bonded through O, and the other through S but opposite to the actual molecule. The energy differences of the optimized structures were calculated.     

Crystal Structure of C-(n-propyl)calix[4]resorcinarene and its Complex with Caffeine

Abstract

The crystal structures of the all-cis epimer of C-(n-propyl)calix[4]resorcinarene (1) and its caffeine complex are reported. 1 · CH₃CN · H₂O (2) crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4, a = 14.3645(9), c = 9.3344(8) Å, V = 1926(2) ų. Refinement led to a final conventional R ₁ value of 0.047 for 3406 reflections and 236 parameters. The caffeine complex 1 · C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ · CH₃OH · H₂O (3) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, a = 11.2892(4), b = 13.0367(8), c = 16.9700(11) Å, α = 82.902(2), β = 79.713(3), γ = 88.053(2)°, V = 2438(2) ų. Refinement led to a final conventional R ₁ value of 0.067 for 6393 reflections and 641 parameters. The resorcinarene displays the usual bowl shape in both compounds. The caffeine molecule in 3 is hydrogen bonded to two resorcinarene and one water molecules and one of its methyl groups is included in the cavity of a third macrocycle, suggesting CH₃…π interactions. Extended hydrogen bonding patterns involving phenolic protons and solvent molecules are also present in both compounds.     

Sorafenib and its tosylate salt: a multikinase inhibitor for treating cancer

Sorafenib, a drug that targets malignant cancer cells and cuts off the blood supply feeding the tumour, has been crystallized as the free base, 4‐(4‐{3‐[4‐chloro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ureido}phenoxy)‐N‐methylpyridine‐2‐carboxamide, C₂₁H₁₆ClF₃N₄O₃, (I), and as a tosylate salt, 4‐(4‐{3‐[4‐chloro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ureido}phenoxy)‐2‐(N‐methylcarbamoyl)pyridinium 4‐methylbenzenesulfonate, C₂₁H₁₇ClF₃N₄O₃⁺·C₇H₇O₃S⁻, (II). In both structures, the sorafenib molecule is in an extended conformation. The pyridine‐2‐carboxamide group exhibits a syn conformation of the N atoms in (I), whereas an almost anti orientation is present in (II). In both crystal structures, the two terminal groups, viz. pyridine‐2‐carboxamide and the trifluorophenyl ring, are oriented differently to the conformations found in enzyme‐bound sorafenib. The sorafenib molecules in (I) are linked into zigzag chains by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, whereas in (II) the presence of the additional tosylate anion results in the formation of chains of fused hydrogen‐bonded rings. This study reveals the variations in the solid‐state conformation of the sorafenib molecule in different crystalline environments.     

Chiral discrimination of aliphatic amines and amino alcohols using NMR spectroscopy

Two methods are compared for analyzing the enantiomeric purity of aliphatic amines and amino alcohols using NMR spectroscopy. The first employs (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid as a chiral NMR solvating agent in methanol‐d₄. The second involves a derivatization scheme in which the amine is reacted with naphtho[2,3‐c]furan‐1,3‐dione to form the corresponding amide. The naphthyl amide is then mixed with a chiral calix[4]resorcinarene in deuterium oxide. The crown ether only produces sufficient enantiomeric discrimination to determine enantiomeric purity for three of the nine substrates studied. The system with the naphthyl amide and a calix[4]resorcinarene produces enantiomeric discrimination of sufficient magnitude to determine enantiomeric purity for all nine substrates. The H1 and H4 resonances of the naphthyl ring are especially suitable to monitor for enantiomeric discrimination. The order of the (R)‐ and (S)‐enantiomers of the H1 and H4 resonances exhibit specific trends for aliphatic amines and amino alcohols that correlate with the absolute configuration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polymorphic forms of lupane triterpenoid betulonic aldehyde (betulonal)

The lupane triterpenoid betulonic aldehyde [also known as betulonal; systematic name: lup‐20(29)‐en‐28‐al‐3‐one, C₃₀H₄₆O₂] is a product of betulin oxidation. Crystals were obtained from hexane [form (I)] and dimethyl sulfoxide [form (II)] solutions. Forms (I) and (II) are both orthorhombic. The molecular geometric parameters in the two forms are similar, but the structures are different with respect to the crystal packing. Polymorph (I) contains two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, while polymorph (II) contains only one molecule, which has a disordered aldehyde group [the disorder ratio is 0.769 (4):0.231 (4)]. In each molecule, the six‐membered rings have chair conformations, whereas the cyclopentane ring in each molecule adopts an envelope conformation. All the rings in the lupane nucleus are trans‐fused. The extended structures of both polymorphs are stabilized by weak intermolecular C—H...O and van der Waals interactions. Weak intramolecular C—H...O interactions are also observed.