Interferometric investigation of the effects, on the refractive index of PVA, of doping with lead acetate and gamma irradiation

Non-localized interference fringes, resulting from illuminating a film of PVA with a laser point source, have been used for measuring the refractive index of such a film. The refractive index of pure polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film and five PVA films, doped with lead acetate of concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight, have been investigated before and after irradiation by doses of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 Mrad gamma rays. It is found that, before irradiation, the refractive index increases with increasing the concentration of doped lead acetate. After irradiation the refractive index increases with increasing the dose up to a certain limit then decreases again. This indicates that the radiation deformation of gamma radiation is a chain scission effect.     

Effect of polymer blend types and gamma radiation on the physico-chemical properties of polycarbonate

Samples from polycarbonate (PC) were classified into two main groups. The first group was blended with Abietic acid (Rosin) with different compositions, while the second group was blended with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer with almost the same composition. A comparative study of the effect of both Rosin and EVA concentration on the thermal stability of PC has been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that blending with Rosin causes the dominance of degradation. Samples from PC with 20% Rosin blend were irradiated with gamma at the dose of range 20–300?kGy. The resultant effect of gamma radiation on the structural properties of the 20% Rosin/ 80%PC blend has been investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR spectroscopy. The results indicate that degradation of the polymer blend dominates, thus increases the creation of hot free radicals that leads to the formation of color centers in PC. In addition, the transmission of the 20% Rosin/80%PC samples as well as color changes was studied. The color intensity ΔE was greatly increased with increasing the gamma dose up to 300?kGy, accompanied by a significant increase in the blue color component.     

The effect of infrared radiation on etching characteristics of CR-39 plastic track recorder

The effect of infrared radiation on the etching characteristics of CR-39 plastic track recorder has been studied. CR-39, which is commonly employed in cosmic rays studies is found to be affected by IR radiations. The changes in the bulk etch rate, in the track etch rate and in etching efficiency due to infrared radiation exposure of CR-39 are discussed on the basis of scission and cross linking during infrared exposure.     

Comparative analysis of influence of gamma radiation on programmable memory characteristics

The aim of this paper is to examine the reliability of erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) and electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) components subjected to the influence of gamma radiation. This problem is of considerable significance for both military industry and space technology. We present total dose results for the NM27C512 8F85 EPROM and M24128 – B W BN 5 T P EEPROM components. There is evidence that EPROM components radioactive reliability is better than that of EEPROM components. Furthermore, the changes EPROM's undergoes are reversible, so that after erasing process and reprogramming all EPROM components are fully functional. On the other hand, EEPROM's changes are irreversible and when subjected to the influence of gamma radiation, all EEPROM components become permanently nonfunctional. The obtained results are analyzed and explained via the interaction of gamma radiation with oxide layers.     

Impact of gamma radiation on the eruption rate of rat incisors

The present work aims to test the effect of gamma radiation on the rate of eruption of rat incisors. One hundred and five adult male albino rats were used and irradiated at different gamma doses. The effects of irradiation were investigated by numerical measurements of eruption rate, histological investigation using light microscope and spectral analysis using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). No detectable changes were observed in the groups with smaller radiation doses. There was a significant decrease in the eruption rate starting from the 4?Gy radiation dose. The observation of histological sections revealed disturbance in cellular elements responsible for eruption as well as periodontal disturbance in the samples irradiated with 4 and 6?Gy. FTIR Spectroscopy of control group and the group irradiated by 0.5?Gy showed similar absorption bands with minor differences. However, samples irradiated by 1?Gy showed significant changes in both molecular structure and conformation related to carbonates and hydroxyl groups. From the previous results, it could be concluded that gamma irradiation negatively affects the eruption rate of the rat incisors especially with higher doses.     

ESR Induced in CR-39 Plastic as a means of Gamma Ray Dosimetry

The gamma-induced ESR in CR-39 plastic has been studied and the possibility of using it as a gamma-ray dosimeter was investigated. The induced ESR was found to vary linearly with the dose up to 700 krad. The fading of the induced ESR signal at room temperature has been also investigated. The results suggest the possible use of CR-39 plastic for gamma dosimetry in the range 0 … 700 krad.

Es wurde die γ-induzierte ESR-Technik am CR-39 Plast untersucht und ihre Eignung als Gammastrahlen-Dosimeter geprüft. Die induzierte ESR variierte linear bis zu einer Dosis von 700 krad. Das Fading des induzierten ESR-Signals bei Zimmertemperatur wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daβ cine Verwendung des CR-39 Plast als Dosimeter für Gammastrahlen im Bereich von 0 … 700 krad möglich ist.     

Structural investigation of glasses with doped some transition metal oxides under the influence of gamma irradiation

The ultrasonic velocity of the alkali-borosilicate with different transition metal oxides (TMO) has been studied using the pulse echo technique. The elastic moduli such as elastic constant and bulk modulus have been obtained from the experimental data. Changes in the structure with different gamma irradiation doses have been investigated by using FTIR spectroscopy and ultrasonic studies. The results show that structural changes in the BO₃ to BO₄ due to TMO and irradiation are obtained.     

Color changes in CR-39 nuclear track detector by gamma and laser irradiation

A study of the effect of gamma and laser irradiation on the color changes of polyallyl diglycol (CR-39) solid-state nuclear track detector was performed. CR-39 detector samples were classified into two main groups. The first group was irradiated with gamma doses at levels between 20 and 300 kGy, whereas the second group was exposed to infrared laser radiation with energy fluences at levels between 0.71 and 8.53 J/cm². The transmission of these samples in the wavelength range 300–2500 nm, as well as any color changes, was studied. Using the transmission data, both the tristimulus and the coordinate values of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) LAB were calculated. Also, the color differences between the non-irradiated samples and those irradiated with different gamma or laser doses were calculated. The results indicate that the CR-39 detector acquires color changes under gamma or laser irradiation, but it has more response to color changes by gamma irradiation. In addition, structural property studies using infrared spectroscopy were performed. The results indicate that the irradiation of a CR-39 detector with gamma or laser radiations causes the cleavage of the carbonate linkage that can be attributed to the ?H abstraction from the backbone of the polymer, associated with the formation of CO₂ and ?OH with varying intensities.     

折射率调制脉冲射线探测技术原理验证

为验证折射率调制的脉冲射线束探测技术,建立了原理验证系统。该系统基于平行平板干涉原理,测量传感介质的折射率在射线激发下的瞬时变化。传感介质为GaAs,探针光为1310 nm单模激光,外界激发射线源平均能量为300 keV,脉宽为20 ns。使用带宽775 kHz的近红外InGaAs光电探测器,观测到了GaAs晶体在脉冲射线激发下的折射率变化。初步理论分析表明,射线脉冲在GaAs中产生的非平衡载流子浓度为1014 cm-3量级,折射率变化为10-6量级。折射率变化的实验结果与理论计算在量级上是符合的。实验结果表明,基于折射率调制的脉冲射线束探测技术基本可行,利用该系统可进一步发展高时间分辨的脉冲射线束探测技术。     

Photoluminescence of irradiation induced defects on CR-39

A gamma-irradiated poly allyl diglycol carbonate solid state nuclear track detector is studied by means of photoluminescence. The irradiation is done using a ⁶⁰Co cell with a dose rate of 7.5 kGy/h. Photoluminescent radiation is recorded with excitation radiation of wavelength 346 nm. A broad luminescent band shows a possible dosemetric property for γ-radiation in the dose range 0.1–8.0 MGy. High-dose irradiation by γ-rays introduces donor and acceptor levels in the forbidden energy gap. The broad band may be attributed to the number of overlapping emissions caused by transitions between these acceptor and donor levels.     

Laser radiation effects on optical absorptions and refractive index in a quantum dot

An investigation of the laser radiation effects of a hydrogenic impurity in a quantum dot has been performed by using the matrix diagonalization method. We find that the laser field amplitude has an important influence on the linear, third-order nonlinear, and total absorption coefficients as well as the refractive index changes.     

Use of CR-39 films for nuclear radiation shielding efficacy evaluation of lining materials for combat vehicles

All materials provide, to a lesser or greater extent, shielding against nuclear radiations. Armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) have steel as the structural material, which appears to be a reasonably good gamma and neutron shield material but a shield of pure iron would not be equally effective against whole range of neutron energies as it has a few resonances in electron volt range, and it reduces energy of fast neutrons to lower energy neutrons. These neutrons will be absorbed through radiative capture and emit gamma radiations. Thus it is essential that an effective shield should contain a large amount of moderating material, hydrogen being preferred with low atomic number materials (B, C, Li) and lead (Pb) to ensure that the neutrons do not diffuse at intermediate energies in the shield as well as gamma attenuation will also take place. In order to have a suitable shield material for armoured vehicles which serves as neutron and gamma radiation attenuator, polyethylene polymer with fillers lining materials are preferred. These materials were evaluated against gamma and fast neutrons using radioactive sources for suitability to fitment into combat vehicle as per the requirement of protection factor values. The detector for gamma radiation was used as Nal(Tl) while for neutron, CR-39 film was used.      

Effects of low-LET radiations on CR-39 track detector

The effects of Co-60 gamma-rays and about 25-MeV pulsed electrons have been investigated on CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. The bulk etch rate was measured as a function of the absorbed dose under three different irradiation conditions; gamma-ray exposure in air at the dose rate of 6 kGy/h, that in vacuum and electron shower in air at 126 kGy/h on average. It was found that the bulk etch rate (V) increased nearly exponentially with the dose (D); V=V₀exp(kD), and the characteristic parameter (k) was 35, 9 and 12 MGy⁻¹, respectively. It is considered that a lack of oxygen in damage formation processes could occur momentarily during a short electron pulse, just similarly to the vacuum effect of reduction in track etch rates in outgassed CR-39 plastic.     

GaN基多量子阱蓝光LED的γ辐照效应

本文用4×104Ci(1Ci=3.7×1010Bq)的60Co源(剂量率2×105rad(Si)/h)对GaN基InGaN/GaN多量子阱蓝光LED进行5种剂量的γ射线的辐照实验.通过辐照前后蓝光LED的波长、色纯度、最大半峰宽(FWHM)和电流-电压(I-V)、电流-光通量(I-F)等电光学特性分析,得到γ射线对GaN基LED器件的辐照效应.结果发现,辐照后LED器件的发光一致性和均匀性变差,在20mA工作电流下,最大剂量下器件发光强度衰减近90%,光通量衰减约40%,并得到器件的抗辐照能力的参数τ0Kγ为4.039×10-7rad.s-1,发现较低的正向偏压下(小于2.6V)器件的饱和电流随辐照总剂量增大而增大.     

“干涉逼近法”测量液体折射率

提出了一种高精度测量液体折射率的新方法一“干涉逼近法”.这种方法可以在测量过程中监视被测液体温度不均匀性给测量带来的误差.由于受温度测量的限制,其测量液体折射率的不确定度在1×10~(-6)到4×10~(-5)(2σ)之间,具体值取决于液体折射率的温度系数.     

A comparison of ionizing radiation damage in CMOS devices from 60Co gamma rays, electrons and protons

Radiation hardened CC4007RH and non-radiation hardened CC4011 devices were irradiated using 80Co gamma rays, 1 MeV electrons and 1--9 MeV protons to compare the ionizing radiation damage of the gamma rays with the charged particles. For all devices examined, with experimental uncertainty, the radiation induced threshold voltage shifts (△Vth) generated by 60Co gamma rays are equal to that of 1 MeV electron and 1-7 MeV proton radiation under 0 gate bias condition. Under 5 V gate bias condition, the distinction of threshold voltage shifts (△Vth) generated by 60Co gamma rays and 1 MeV electrons irradiation are not large, and the radiation damage for protons below 9 MeV is always less than that of 60Co gamma rays. The lower energy the proton has, the less serious the radiation damage becomes.     

Tuning the refractive index in 3D direct laser writing lithography: towards GRIN microoptics

We report a study of the determination of polymer cross‐linking, namely the degree of conversion and refractive index of the microstructures created by two‐photon polymerization (TPP). The influence of TPP processing parameters such as laser intensity and scanning velocity is investigated. The degree of conversion is analyzed via Raman microspectroscopy and the refractive index is measured with the interferometric technique employing a Michelson interferometer. Moreover, the relationship between these two properties is revealed and details are discussed. The largest refractive index change that we have obtained is of the order of 10⁻². Finally, we propose and demonstrate experimentally the realization of the gradient‐index (GRIN) structure, resulting from a laser‐induced local refractive index modification due to monomer cross‐linking, i.e. degree of conversion. This work implies that the TPP technique is a valuable tool for the fabrication of GRIN microoptics for (in)homogeneous molding of light flow at the micrometer scale.

     

Registration temperature effect on sensitivity of CR-39(DOP) and SR-90 polymer track detectors

The samples of CR-39(DOP) and SR-90 polymer track detectors have been exposed to -particles from ²⁴¹Am source in an exposure unit. The temperature of the detectors during irradiation has been varied from −30°C to 70°C. These exposed samples have been etched in 6.25 N NaOH solution at 60°C for various etching times. The variation of sensitivity of these detectors as a function of registration temperature has been studied. It has been observed that at the fixed registration temperature, the sensitivity of SR-90 is more than CR-39(DOP) polymer track detector. However, the enhancement in sensitivity with the decrease in registration temperature is more pronounced in case of CR-39(DOP) than SR-90.     

用干涉原理测定液体折射率的新方法

介绍了一种利用干涉原理测定液体折射率的新方法。其基本特点是不需要取样 ,直接无干扰地测定平行平板液池内介质的折射率 ,在适当控制实验条件的情况下 ,测量精度可以达到小数点后 5位。对如何简化计算并消除池壁参数的影响以提高测量精度等问题进行讨论 ,给出了分析结果。以水为检测对象 ,进行了实验验证     

A comparison of ionizing radiation damage in CMOS devices from ^60Co gamma rays,electrons and protons

Radiation hardened CC4007RH and non-radiation hardened CC4011 devices were irradiated using ^60Co gamma rays, 1 MeV electrons and 1-9 MeV protons to compare the ionizing radiation damage of the gamma rays with the charged particles. For all devices examined, with experimental uncertainty, the radiation induced threshold voltage shifts （△Vth） generated by ^60Co gamma rays are equal to that of 1 MeV electron and 1-7 MeV proton radiation under 0 gate bias condition. Under 5 V gate bias condition, the distinction of threshold voltage shifts （△Vth） generated by ^60Co gamma rays and 1 MeV electrons irradiation are not large, and the radiation damage for protons energy the proton has, the less serious below 9 MeV is always less than the radiation damage becomes. that of ^60Co gamma rays. The lower