Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen von Nichtgleichgewichtseffekten an stationären Heliumplasmen unter Normaldruck

Measurements and calculations of temperature, densities and field-strength-current-characteristics of cascaded arcs (0.15 and 0.3 cm radius) burning in Helium under normal pressure are reported. It is shown that the evaluation of measured arc data assuming Saha equilibrium is not in agreement with the detailed solution of the balance equations. The temperature of electrons and heavy particles as well as the density of electrons and neutrals must be determined as independent variables from the rate equation for ground state neutrals, from the equation of state, and from the energy balance of the electron gas and of the total plasma. The latter equation can be replaced by relations between measured intensities and the state variables. The deviations from Saha equilibrium are mainly caused by diffusion of neutral particles into the arc core and of charged particles into the opposite direction. The theoretical results derived from the balance equations are compared with spectroscopic line intensity and line width measurements. The agreement is good even if the equilibrium conditions are strongly violated.     

Current Chopping Introduced by Arc Collapse

The intensive cooling by a moving gas can cause violent elongations and curls of the circuit breaker arc, especially when small currents are interrupted. During the elongation the arc voltage increases rapidly. This introduces a breakdown across a smaller distance by short circuiting a part of the arc. Such a breakdown is called here arc colapse. The abrupt decrease in resistance and arc voltage may give rise to an oscillating discharge of the circuit breaker parallel capacitance into the arc path. This oscillation can force the main current to zero and thus cause current chopping. In this paper this kind of current chopping is studied and compared with chopping by instability oscillation. It is theoretically explained why these independent origins for chopping produce the same chopping levels.     

基于STM32的故障电弧检测装置设计

检测负载电流信号特征是判断低压配电线路中是否发生电弧故障的有效方法之一。依据国家标准GB/T 31143-2014《电弧故障保护电器(AFDD)的一般要求》,搭建模拟串联故障电弧实验平台,研究故障电弧发生时电流波形的特征,并采用db4小波函数作为小波基函数,对降噪后的电流波形进行小波分解重构,提取小波高频分量,计算小波高频分量的周期方差值,将周期方差值作为主要特征值来进行电弧故障检测;为了在硬件上验证该检测算法的可行性和有效性,将电弧故障检测算法移植到STM32平台,设计了基于STM32的故障电弧检测装置,该装置可以实现电流信号采集、数据处理和串联电弧故障检测识别功能。在以阻性负载、LED灯、吸尘器和微波炉为屏蔽负载的实验结果表明,该装置能够检测出串联电弧故障,且可靠性高,不会在没有产生故障电弧的情况下产生误判。     

Electric power switches

A review is given of the physics and engineering behavior of arcs in vacuum and axial gas blast under the conditions found in high-voltage circuit breakers. The topics included are: the zero energy switch; current limiting switches; arc control; the gas-blast circuit breakers; the low-current gas-blast arc; arcing with ablation; interruption dynamics; arc modeling; vacuum as a switching element; the vacuum arc; the constricted arc; and the properties of SF₆     

The Analysis and Calculation on ECRH Anode Circuit on the HL-2A Tokamak

In the last year, ECRH system has been built in the HL-2A and the testing of gyrotron is also finished. In the project testing, one of the problems is current-peak occurring in the anode circuit of gyrotron. The current-peak is much larger than that of the value set in protection circuit. The frequent current-peak frequently occurring in the rising of anode-voltage often caused the protection circuit to mistaken trigger. The mistaken triggering often halted the normal gyrotron-testing. A set of equations of anode circuit are derived for analysis the phenomena of the current-peak. The calculation based on the deduced formula shows that value of the current-peak strongly depends on the inductance L, capacitance C and the ramp-time of anode voltage in the anode circuit. The conductance L and capacitance C are the characteristic inductance and capacitance of the cable that is used for anode HV power supply. The numerical calculation is exactly consistent with waveform of the current peak recorded by oscillograph, that means the derived formula are correct. In order to decrease the value of the current-peak, we should decrease capacitance C, and increase inductance L and ramp-time of anode voltage.     

Dynamics modelling of beams with shunted piezoelectric elements

General modelling of a resonant shunting damper has been made from piezoelectric sensor/actuator equations. It is found that an additional damping, which is augmented to a system, is generated by the shunt damping effect. The transfer function of the tuned electrical absorber is derived for both series and parallel shunt circuit. The governing equations and associated boundary conditions are derived using Hamilton's principle. The shunt voltage equation is also derived from the charge generated in PZT due to beam vibration. The frequency response function of the obtained mathematical model is compared with that of the tuned electrical absorber and experimental work. The vibration amplitude is reduced about 15 dB at targeted second mode frequency.     

双钨极耦合电弧数值模拟

基于流体力学方程组和麦克斯韦方程组, 在合理的边界条件下, 建立了双钨极耦合电弧三维准静态数学模型. 通过对方程组的迭代求解, 获得了不同钨极间距和电弧长度下耦合电弧的温度场、流场、电弧压力和电流密度分布等重要结果, 与已有的实验研究符合良好. 模拟结果表明: 与相同条件下的钨极惰性气体保护焊电弧相比, 双钨极耦合电弧的最高温度和最大等离子流速较低, 阳极表面电弧压力和电流密度峰值明显减小; 钨极间距和弧长对耦合电弧的温度场、流场、电流密度和电弧压力等都具有显著的影响, 且耦合电弧阳极的电弧压力和电流密度分布不能用高斯近似进行描述. 关键词： 耦合电弧 三维模型 数值模拟     

Vortex Flows Induced by Electric Arc

In this paper a mathematical model of the stationary electric arc is made on the basis of solution of radiation gas dynamics two-dimensional equations. Numerical analysis of electric arc with small length, depending on current force, distance between electrodes, electrode behaviour and geometry, type and expenditure amount of plasma forming gas, is carried out. It is shown that under some definite conditions electric arc induces toroidal gas vortexes playing an important part in the process of heat and mass transfer in electric arc plasma.     

Effect of resistance feedback on spin torque-induced switching of nanomagnets

In large magnetoresistance devices spin torque-induced changes in resistance can produce GHz current and voltage oscillations which can affect magnetization reversal. In addition, capacitive shunting in large resistance devices can further reduce the current, adversely affecting spin torque switching. Here, we simultaneously solve the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation with spin torque and the transmission line telegrapher's equations to study the effects of resistance feedback and capacitance on magnetization reversal of both spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions. While for spin valves parallel (P) to anti-parallel (AP) switching is adversely affected by the resistance feedback due to saturation of the spin torque, in low resistance magnetic tunnel junctions P-AP switching is enhanced. We study the effect of resistance feedback on the switching time of magnetic tunnel junctions, and show that magnetization switching is only affected by capacitive shunting in the pF range.     

Viscoelastic micropolar continuum and viscoelastic waves

Generalized Kelvin model is applied to isotropic viscoelastic micropolar continuum. Constitutive equations in integral and differential form, generalized Lamé equations, and wave equations for displacement and microrotation are derived for this model. For damped viscoelastic waves, which are realized in the continuum under examination, the wave vectors and vectors of decay are explicitly given as functions of elastic moduli, viscosity coefficients, angular frequency, density, and microinertia coefficient. Analogous relations are derived for further eleven simpler mass models. Results are compared for three models in current use. For two of them (classical elastic and micropolar elastic medium) are the derived results in agreement with the ones usually used, for the third model (viscoelastic continuum) are the usual formulas a limiting case of the relations derived in this paper.     

Resonance conditions of acceleration of clusters of plasma between parallel conductors

Data for the maximum attainable velocity of a cluster were found from magnetohydrodynamic equations and from relations for the electric circuit of conductors and sources for the acceleration of clusters of plasma between parallel conductors with an external magnetic field. These equations give the relationship between the parameters of the external circuit, the mass of the accelerated cluster and the magnetic induction of the external magnetic field, and simultaneously the length of the conductors which is necessary for attaining maximum velocity. The conditions obtained were called resonance conditions.     

超导限流器限流性能的检测

在电网中加入超导限流器是限制电网短路电流的一种新技术。超导限流器的形式很多,不同工作原理的限流器其限漉特性也会有所差异,因此准确测量超导限流器的限流性能对研制超导限流器具有十分重要的意义。文中根据超导限流器的主要性能参数,设计了一套限流性能检测实验装置,该系统设计为三相380V/500A,可以模拟任意一相对地短路故障,能够检测出限流器正常阻抗、故障阻抗、响应时间和恢复时间等限流特性参数。     

Similarity Relations for the Electric Arc in Forced Axial Flow

The conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy in differential form, Ohm's law, and the experimentally determined dependence of the interruption capability of the arc on current shape are employed to obtain similarity relations for high pressure electric arcs in forced axial flow around current zero. The similarity relations are then applied to assess the validity of laminar and turbulent flow models for the arc by comparing model predictions with experiment. It is found that the laminar flow model quite often predicts arc behavior contrary to experiment, while the turbulent flow model predictions are much more consistent with experiment. Moreover, the similarity relations should also be useful in exploring arc behavior under circumstances not discussed in this work.     

LCR分流电路下压电声子晶体智能材料的带隙

将带有LCR分流电路的压电陶瓷片对贴在铝和环氧树脂组成的声子晶体结构中.使智能材料的机械振动与压电陶瓷的压电效应耦合起来,推导出机械振动在压电陶瓷片上的等效附加应力;使LCR分流电路中的电磁振荡效应和声子晶体的能带特性有机结合,计算了在分流电路作用下智能材料扭转和弯曲振动的带隙特性,研究了电阻、电感、电容元件的改变对压电声子晶体智能材料带隙的影响.研究结果表明:在合理尺寸下,随着分流电路中电阻值的增大,带隙的频率范围变宽,但衰减幅值有所降低;电感和电容值的增大都可以使带隙向低频移动,带隙的衰减幅值随着电感值的增大而升高,但随着电容值的增大而降低.从而给压电声子晶体智能材料减震降噪的控制提供了一种新思路.     

Vacuum interrupter model based on breaking tests

In this paper, a model will be presented of a HOLEC-made commercially available vacuum interrupter. This model can he used to determine the breaking capacity under various current switching conditions. It will be shown how the model is derived from switching tests in a synthetic test circuit. The measured data consist mainly of short circuit currents, arc voltages, TRV's, and arcing times from which other important information like, e.g., the critical arc energy and the amount of transferred electric charge can be determined. The calculated results obtained by the theoretical model and the measured data will be shown in various graphs. Furthermore, derating curves of this type of vacuum interrupter and a comparison between different types of electrode configurations will be presented     

Der wendelnde Wasserstoffbogen

A hydrogen arc with a fixed lower and a movable upper end abruptly changes from its straight static form into a rotating conical helix when a critical current is exceeded. The chances of its winding becoming left or right-hand are equal if the earth magnetic field is compensated. A helix with a left winding, however, is always turning clockwise, a helix with a right winding counter-clockwise if looking axially in the direction of the expanding helical arc. The frequency of the rotation depends only on the current strength and is explained by the balance of the driving Lorentz forces due to the intrinsic magnetic field of the entire electrical circuit on one hand and the friction of the moving arc with its environment on the other. A corresponding model theory applied to measurements on a wall-stabilized H₂-Arc with 10–15 A in a quartz tube of 10 mm radius yields a reasonable arc diameter of 2.23 mm. The observed independence of the rotation frequency on the length of the arc can be derived from the balance equations as well. By superimposing an external axial magnetic field to the rotating arc its rotation frequency and simultaneously its expansion increase if the external field is parallel to the intrinsic one and viceversa. The experimental results are in full agreement with calculations based upon the model including the effect of the external field as an additional independent variable.     

Pressure Transients in a Model Gas-Blast Circuit Breaker Operating at Extra High Current Levels

Test results for model circuit breakers operating at high current levels and with large diameter nozzles show evidence of pronounced pressure transients although the circuit breaker nozzle is not severely blocked. The magnitude and duration of these transients are sufficient to affect the arc properties and hence influence arc control during the peak current phase and to influence arc extinction at current zero. However, despite their inherent importance there exists only limited information concerning such pressure variations. The purpose of this contribution is to identify the nature and sources of the transients, to establish typical thresholds for the onset of the transients, and to determine the influence of different operating conditions upon the transients. Measurements of pressure and thermal mantle variations are used in conjunction with an electrical analog model of the aerodynamic test facility to show that the pressure transients arise not only from arc generated flow impedance effects but also aerodynamic resonances. The resonant pressure transients are shown to be pronounced during the high current phase even below the thermal blocking threshold. Above the threshold, excitation of negative increment resonance following current peak produces depressed pressures during the current-zero period which may lead to a deterioration in circuit breaker performance. Higher frequency resonances also occur and become more pronounced with electrode wear. Activation of such resonances is symptomatic of axisymmetric arc instabilities which also may cause a deterioration in performance.     

磁屏蔽感应型超导故障限流器的仿真研究

介绍了磁屏蔽感应型超导故障限流器 (SCFCL)的结构 ,分析了它的工作原理 ,并对一样机进行了仿真实验 ,获得了与该样机的实验近乎一致的结果。并通过仿真 ,研究了相关参数对限流效果的影响 ,从而为设计该 SCFCL提供了新的方法。     

Off-mass-shell dynamics in flat spacetime

In the covariant Hamiltonian mechanics with action-at-a-distance, we compare the proper time and dynamical time representations of the coordinate space world line using the differential geometry of nongeodesic curves in 3+1 Minkowski spacetime. The covariant generalization of the Serret-Frenet equations for the point particle with interaction are derived using the arc length representation. A set of invariant point particle kinematical properties are derived which are equivalent to the solutions of the equations of motion in coordinate space and which are functions of either the proper time or the dynamical time. Expressions for the quantities are given for the example of the covariant harmonic oscillator and comments are offered regarding the measurability of the dynamical time.     

磁场中电弧等离子体柱的螺旋不稳定性

讨论了具有抛物互形电流分布的电弧等离子体柱在磁场中的不稳定性问题，从磁流体力学方程组出发，推导出电弧柱扰动满足的方程与边界条件，求得了这些方程的解析解，进而导出了在趋中心电流分布情形下电弧运动所满足的微分方程，由此给出了稳定性判据。将所得结果与均匀电流分布情形做了比较，稳定区域增宽，与实验结果相符。