Effect of ginseng saponins on the survival of cerebral cortex neurons in cell cultures

The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and saponins isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer on the survival of chick and rat embryonic cerebral cortex neurons were examined. Ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1) exerted a survival-promoting effect on both chick and rat cerebral cortex neurons in cell cultures. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) also had an effect in the rat and displayed some influence in the chick. NGF alone exerted no effect on both neurons, although it did potentiate the GRb1 effect on chick embryonic cerebral cortex neurons, but did not alter the GRb1 effect on rat embryonic cerebral cortex neurons. NGF did not alter the survival-promoting effect of GRg1 on either chick or rat embryonic cerebral cortex neurons. The other saponins alone or with NGF exerted no effect on the survival of cerebral cortex neurons in either the chick or rat.     

Micelle-enhanced dissociation of a Ru cation /DNA complex

Anionic surfactant monomers have a large catalytic effect on the dissociation rate constant of a Ru2(4+)-DNA complex, an effect further enhanced upon exceeding the critical micelle concentration. Electrostatic estimates are made of this effect, the effect of salt and temperature on the binding constant, and of the binding constant itself. The effects are compared with the experiment, and the calculated salt effect on the binding constant is compared with condensation theory. The results indicate that the catalytic effect is primarily nonelectrostatic (hydrophobic) in nature.     

Gating of single molecule transistors: combining field-effect and chemical control

Previously we have demonstrated that several structural features are crucial for the functionality of molecular field-effect transistors. The effect of additional structural aspects of molecular wires is explored. These include the type of, the thiol binding location on, and the chemical substitutions of a conjugated system. Pentacene, porphyrin, and the Tour-Reed devices are utilized as model systems. The thiol binding location is shown to have a varied effect on the transmission of a system depending on the molecular orbitals involved. Substitution by electron withdrawing and donating groups is illustrated to have a substantial effect on the transmission of single molecule devices. The substitution effect is either a simple energy shifting effect or a more complicated resonance effect, and can be used to effectively tune the electronic behavior of a single molecule field effect transistor.     

A TWOFOLD ACTION OF PHYTOCHROME IN CONTROLLING CHLOROPHYLL a ACCUMULATION

Abstract— A pretreatment with light prior to continuous illumination with high intensity white light eliminates the lag phase in chlorophyll a accumulation and increases the steady-state rate of chlorophyll a accumulation. In mustard seedlings ( Sinapis alba L.) the effect of a pretreatment can be fully attributed to phytochrome. The effect of phytochrome on chlorophyll a accumulation is twofold. It is possible to separate the effect on the lag phase from the effect on the steady-state rate of accumulation. While the effect on the lag phase is a relatively fast process (occurring within less than 3 h) the effect on the rate requires a considerable period of time (at least 12 h) to become manifest.     

不同材料滤嘴对卷烟主流烟气中挥发性羰基化合物截滤性能的研究

吸烟是引起肺癌及相关疾病的主要原因[1]。挥发性羰基化合物(如甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、丙酮、丙烯醛、巴豆醛、丁酮和丁醛)是卷烟主流烟气中含量较高的一类有害成分,含量从几十到几百微克不等[2-3]。这些挥发性羰基化合物特别是甲醛、丙烯醛及巴豆醛具有纤毛毒性,与氰化氢和氨一起,     

生物质灰添加对无烟煤煤焦气化特性的影响

以遵义无烟煤煤焦为气化原料,以稻草灰和棉秆灰为生物质灰添加剂,基于热重分析仪开展焦样-CO_2等温气化实验,以探究生物质灰添加对煤焦气化反应特性的影响,并基于气化过程焦样固体结构演变对其进行关联解释。研究表明,稻草灰和棉杆灰的添加有利于提高煤焦气化反应活性,这主要归因于生物质灰添加有利于气化过程煤焦活性矿物质含量增加和碳结构有序度降低。且稻草灰和棉秆灰的添加对焦样气化反应活性的增加幅度随气化温度升高而减小,这可解释为生物质灰添加对气化过程煤焦活性矿物质含量增加和碳结构有序度降低的幅度随气化温度升高而减小。此外,棉秆灰对煤焦气化反应活性的促进作用较稻草灰更为显著,这主要由于棉杆灰的添加对气化半焦中活性AAEM含量的增加作用以及碳结构石墨化进程的抑制作用更加明显。     

Phase separation of polymer blends in thin films

Films of polystyrene-poly(vinylmethyl ether) blends of various compositions are formed by a dip-coating procedure, the thickness of the film being controlled by the concentration of the solution. The substrates used are glass and gold. The phase separation process is followed by a laser light scattering experiment in which the total forward scattering intensity is monitored as a function of temperature. Morphological examination shows that phase separation occurs by a spinodal decomposition mechanism. A thickness effect on the phase separation temperature is noticeable when film thickness is smaller than 1 μm. This effect is substrate dependent. In all films formed on gold the spinodal temperature increases as film thickness decreases. Films formed on glass exhibit a destabilizing effect on decreasing film thickness. This effect is slight in films of composition poorer in polystyrene than the critical composition, and is enhanced in films richer in polystyrene. The stabilizing effect of decreasing the thickness of films formed on the gold substrate is considered to reflect mainly a purely geometrical effect. The decreasing dimensionality is shown by simple theoretical considerations to increase the phase-separation temperature. However, the phase separation behavior of thin films on glass appears to be the result of two kinds of substrate-polymer interactions in addition to the geometrical effect: (a) electrostatic interaction of the charged glass surface (a destabilizing effect at all film compositions) and (b) selective adsorption of polystyrene on glass.     

Kinetics of the seeded semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate

The effect of a chain‐transfer agent (CTA) on the kinetics and molecular weight distribution of the methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate semicontinuous emulsion polymerization was investigated. The dodecanethiol had a slight effect on the reaction rate but significantly affected the secondary nucleation. The effect of the CTA concentration on the gel formation and the effect of the reaction conditions on the mass‐transfer limitations of the CTA are discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 367–375, 2000     

1－芘甲基十二烷基醚的簇集行为研究及其在簇集体结构－极性关系中的应用

基于芘的荧光发射单体峰的相对强度对环境极性的敏感这一性质，设计并合成了芘标记的长链荧光探针。采用稳态荧光发射光谱和激发光谱以及紫外吸收光谱研究了该探针的簇集行为。发现其极性在临界簇集浓度附近发生突变，可以用来表征簇集。随后用它作为极性探针，研究了三个长链烷烃，三个胆固醇酯和三个含支甲基的化合物的结构与它们形成的簇集体的极性的关系,并用链长效应和支甲基效应对这些关系做了讨论。根据这些结果对簇集体的结构性质做了推测。     

表面活性剂对Me-5-Br-DEPAP及Me-5-Cl-PADAB显色反应作用的研究

我们曾研究了离子型-非离子型混合表面活性剂对Ag²⁺-5-Cl-PADAB和Cu²⁺-5-Cl-PADAB等显色反应的作用。本文研究了阴离子、阳离子、非离子及阴-非混合表面活性剂对一系列Me-5-Br-DEPAP及Me-5-Cl-PADAB显色反应的作用,试图寻求表面活性剂对显色体系增敏作用及协同增敏作用的原因,并对其作用机理作一初步探讨。     

Cytotoxic and Proapoptotic Effects of Resveratrol in In Vitro Studies on Selected Types of Gastrointestinal Cancers

Cancer diseases are currently one of the greatest health challenges in clinical medicine worldwide. Classic methods of treatment often lead to numerous side effects, including the development of multidrug resistance. For this reason, increasing hope is being placed on compounds of natural origin, mainly due to their pleiotropic effect on different types of cells, protective effect on normal cells and toxic effect on cancerous ones. The most studied group are the polyphenolic compounds, which include resveratrol. The effectiveness of polyphenols in the treatment and prevention of many diseases, including cancer of various origins, has become the basis of many scientific studies. The anticancer effect of resveratrol has been demonstrated at all stages of the carcinogenesis process. Additionally, whether administered by itself or in combination with cytostatics, it may play a significant role in the process of reversing multidrug resistance. A review of the effects of resveratrol in in vitro conditions proves that it has a stronger or weaker antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect on the cells of certain neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite the differences in the effect of this compound on different types of cancer, a similar tendency can be observed especially regarding the correlation between the concentration of the compound and the incubation time on the one hand and the antitumour effect on the other hand. The information included in this review may prove helpful in planning in vivo and clinical studies in the future.     

DNA分子结构的多态性研究 (Ⅱ) 吖啶橙凝聚体变化诱导的质粒DNA大分子构象的研究

利用吸收光谱和荧光光谱方法,研究了吖啶橙（ＡＯ）与质粒ＤＮＡ水溶液、以及含胶束介质的吖啶橙与质粒ＤＮＡ溶液体系的相互结合作用及减色效应。结果表明：吖啶橙对质粒ＤＮＡ的吸收光谱有减色效应;含十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）的ＡＯ水溶液体系中,随着ＳＤＳ浓度的增加,其光谱结果表现为由凝聚态向单体的转化。而在含十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）的ＡＯ与质粒ＤＮＡ溶液体系中,吖啶橙凝聚态随ＳＤＳ浓度的增加,对ＡＯ与质粒ＤＮＡ相互结合产生协同的减色效应,使质粒ＤＮＡ空间结构发生缩拢。进一步采用电泳法研究了ＡＯ凝聚态可能对质粒ＤＮＡ构象的影响,结果表明：在ＡＯ与质粒ＤＮＡ溶液体系中,ＡＯ浓度的增加对质粒ＤＮＡ构象未产生影响;而在含有ＳＤＳ的ＡＯ与质粒ＤＮＡ的溶液体系中,由于ＳＤＳ对ＡＯ凝聚态的解聚作用,以及ＳＤＳ对质粒ＤＮＡ减色效应的协同作用,使得质粒ＤＮＡ的构象发生变化,诱导质粒ＤＮＡ形成超螺旋构象     

苯对Pt/Ga2O3/WO3/ZrO2 和Pd/Al2O3/ WO3/ZrO2催化剂上正己烷异构化反应的影响

研究了苯对Pt/Ga2O3/WO3/ZrO2 (PtGWZ)和Pd/Al2O3/ WO3/ZrO2(PdAWZ)催化剂上正己烷异构化反应的影响。结果表明,苯可影响PtGWZ和PdAWZ上正己烷异构化反应性能,苯含量越高影响越显著。与PdAWZ相比较,苯对PtGWZ上正己烷异构化反应的影响相对较小;苯对PtGWZ上正己烷异构化反应活性的影响是可逆的,撤除苯后PtGWZ对正己烷异构化的催化性能可完全恢复;苯对PtGWZ上正己烷异构化反应的稳定性没有影响。苯对PdAWZ上正己烷异构化反应活性的影响是不可逆的,PdAWZ用于含苯正己烷异构化反应催化剂会逐渐失活。热失重法积炭分析结果表明,相同条件下,含苯正己烷异构化反应后,PtGWZ上的积炭量较PdAWZ上的积炭量少。分析讨论了苯对PtGWZ和PdAWZ上正己烷异构化反应影响差异性的原因。     

Manifestation of a synergistic effect in technological heredity

The differential effect of technological heredity on the characteristics of adhesives and operating properties of adhesive joints has been considered on the basis of the main technological operations of the bonding process. Based on an expert assessment of the main characteristics of the adhesive material (with the exception of fracture shear stress and ultimate tensile strain), it has been found that technological operations of the bonding process have no effect on technological heredity. This conclusion is controversial; to take into account this effect, we suggest using the synergistic effect.     

Potential use of cyclodextrins in soil bioremediation

Bioavailability and toxic effect of contaminants are the main limitations during soil bioremediation. Cyclodextrins may influence bioavailability of the contaminants during biodegradation and also toxicity of the pollutant on soil microbes and plants since their ability to form inclusion complei with organic compounds. The effect of cyclodextrins on bioremediation and on toxic effect of hydrocarbons was investigated by testing the activity of hydrocarbon degrading microflora and of plant growth. The effect of cyclodextrins could be demonstrated in both cases: biodegradation of hydrocarbons could be enhanced and toxic effect of hydrocarbons on plants and soil microbes could be decreased by adding cyclodextrins.     

Hammett constants of the pyrroline-2, 5-dione ring

The electronic effect of the pyrroline-2,5-dione ring on the benzene ring in the case of N-aryl compounds is close to the effect exerted by halogens. The overall electron-acceptor effect depends markedly on the nature of the solvent. The electron-donor effect of conjugation is small.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 906–910, July, 1976.     

Effects of various salts on the determination of arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Direct determination in seawater

The effect of Na, Mg, Ca and Sr as their nitrate, chloride and sulfate salts and seasalt, with and without the use of palladium, on the determination of arsenic by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was investigated. In the absence of any stabilizing agent, arsenic was partially lost as molecular species at low temperatures. The effect of salts on the shape of the atomization signal, the integrated absorbance and the stabilizing effect were highly dependent both on their nature and mass. By trapping arsenic, oxide species resulting from the decomposition of nitrate salts induced a high stabilization effect depending on their vaporization temperatures: MgO approximately CaO>SrO>Na2O. The stabilization effect of chlorides occurred about 200 degrees C lower and depended on mass, volatility and hydrolytic properties: SrCl2>CaCl2>MgCl2 approximately NaCl. The effect of sulfates was mainly dependent on their decomposition/vaporization mechanisms, and in the presence of Na2SO4 or CaSO4 a strong chemical interference effect was observed. Palladium stabilized arsenic in the presence of nitrates, chlorides or even sulfates, leading to a similar delaying effect, signal shape and integrated absorbance. Seasalt induced also important modifications to the atomization signal of As. Moreover, an interference effect was observed, which could probably be attributed to the simultaneous vaporization of sulfate in seasalt. In seawater, Pd suppressed this interference effect and permitted to use a high pyrolysis temperature up to 1400 C to remove the major part of the seawater matrix before atomization. Under optimized conditions, the detection limit for As obtained in unmodified seawater in the presence of Pd was 0.34 microg L(-1) for a 10 microl sample.     

Effects of nitrate,fulvate, phosphate,phthalate, salicylate and catechol on the sorption of uranyl onto SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>: a comparative study

We have performed a large number of batch sorption experiments of uranyl onto SiO₂ and examined the effects of nitrate or ionic strength, phosphate, fulvic acid(FA), phthalic acid (PH), salicylic acid (SA), and catechol (CA) on the uranyl sorption onto SiO₂. Three sorption edges and three sorption isotherms at ionic strengths 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mol/L KNO₃ were used to investigate the effect of ionic strength or nitrate on the sorption and the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models are used to simulate the sorption isotherms, respectively. Five sorption edges in the presence of phosphate, FA, PH, SA, and CA were compared with that in the absence of complexing ligand. The results suggest that the effect of complexation of uranyl with nitrate on the uranyl sorption can be negligible and the sorption can be described Freundlich and D-R model very well. The positive effect of phosphate on the uranyl sorption was found, though the extent of effect was decreased with increasing pH. The positive effect and the negative effect of FA on the uranyl sorption were found at low pH and high pH ranges, respectively. The sorption edge of uranyl sorption remained unaffected in the presence of PH in the pH 2–10. In the presence of SA, the no effect and the negative effect on the uranyl sorption were, respectively, found at low pH and high pH ranges. The negative effect of CA on the uranyl sorption was found in the pH 2–10.     

高分子效应

用许多杰出的实例,从高分子骨架的机械支架作用、邻基效应、协同效应、模板聚合等诸方面探论了高分子效应。     

Effect of Stereoregular Polyelectrolyte on Protein Thermal Stability

Myoglobin was used as a model protein to study the effect of polyelectrolyte on protein thermal stability for solutions. Stereoregular polystyrene sulfonate was used to investigate the effect of chain properties on protein polyion binding affinity. Turbidity measurement indicate stronger binding to protein of atactic polystyrene sulfonate than isotactic polystyrene sulfonate, an effect that might be due to the higher chain flexibility of the atactic form. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small angle x-ray (SAXS) scattering indicate the presence of the polyelectrolyte has a destabilizing effect on the protein. The results showed that, although the presence of polyelectrolytes has no effect on myoglobin structure at room temperature at pH 7.4, myoglobin stability is reduced as the temperature is elevated. This effect is linked to the binding of the protein to the polylectrolyte. This binding is probably driven by a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, the latter of which are enhanced at higher temperatures.