饲料中粗脂肪和粗纤维含量的近红外光谱快速分析

采用近红外光谱(NIRS)结合偏最小二乘(PLS)方法,实现对饲料中粗脂肪和粗纤维的快速定量分析。采用Norris-Williams平滑求导(NW)和多元散射校正(MSC)方法对光谱进行预处理;蒙特卡罗无信息变量消除法(MCUVE)、变量组合集群分析法(VCPA)和区间变量迭代空间收缩法(iVISSA)用于光谱变量选择和优化; PLS用于光谱校正模型的建立,采用校正集相关系数(R_c)、交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)、预测集相关系数(R_p)和预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)评价模型。光谱预处理中经MSC处理后的光谱模型优于其他预处理方法,其RMSECV和RMSEP值都减小,R_c和R_p值都增大。脂肪定量分析中,原始光谱模型的RMSECV和R_c为0.21和0.87, RMSEP和R_p为0.20和0.88,变量数(V_n)为1 501;经MCUVE方法选择变量后建立的定量模型,其RMSECV和R_c为0.17和0.92, RMSEP和R_p为0.19和0.89,V_n为400个;经VCPA选择变量建立PLS定量模型,其RMSECV和R_c为0.21和0.87, RMSEP和R_p为0.25和0.81,V_n为12;经iVISSA选择变量后的模型,其RMSECV和R_c为0.21和0.86, RMSEP和R_p为0.20和0.87,V_n为20。粗纤维定量分析中,原始模型的RMSECV和R_c为0.28和0.91, RMSEP和R_p为0.25和0.95,V_n为1 501;经MCUVE选择后的模型,其RMSECV和R_c为0.23和0.95, RMSEP和R_p为0.23和0.94,V_n为740;经VCPA选择变量后的模型,其RMSECV和R_c为0.27和0.91, RMSEP和R_p为0.30和0.91,V_n为11;经iVISSA选择后变量的模型,其RMSECV和R_c为0.29和0.90, RMSEP和R_p为0.27和0.93,V_n为20。结果表明, MSC方法可以有效提高光谱质量,消除光谱平移误差; MCUVE变量选择方法可以简化模型提高模型精度和稳定性,建立最优模型。在粗脂肪的定量分析模型中, MSC处理后的光谱经过MCUVE选择后剩余400个变量,R_c和R_p相较于全谱模型提高了0.05和0.01, RMSECV和RMSEP分别降低到了0.17和0.19;经VCPA和iVISSA选择变量的模型其结果与全谱模型相似,但其变量分别只有12和20个。在粗纤维模型中,经MCUVE选择后740个变量用于建立PLS模型,其R_c和R_p为0.95和0.94, RMSECV和RMSEP分别为0.23和0.23; VCPA和iVISSA分别运用11和12个变量建立回归模型,但结果都比MCUVE模型差。利用饲料近红外光谱建立MSC-MCUVE-PLS模型可以有效对饲料粗脂肪和粗纤维进行定量分析。     

电子间的吸引与排斥

 吸引和排斥作为特定的哲学范畴,专指无机界事物相互作用中两种相反因素的对立统一关系,是对接近和分离、收缩和膨胀、化合和化分、吸收和发射、引力和斥力、聚合和裂变等特殊矛盾运动所作的科学概括。显然吸引和排斥不是单一的、不变的;它是作为无机界的基本矛盾来把握的。     

微光夜视技术的进展与展望

微光夜视技术作为主要为夜战服务的军用光电子高新技术，其在现代高新技术局部战争和夜战中的作用和地位变得更加突出和重要。随着微光夜视技术的快速发展和器件、系统性能水平的不断提高，微光夜视技术在未来高新技术战争和信息化战争中将具有巨大的发展潜力和广阔的应用前景。在对国外超二代、三代和四代微光像增强器技术发展思路、管型特点和关键技术进行深入分析的基础上，介绍了国内外微光夜视技术的发展现状和最新进展。结合我国目前的设备条件、元器件性能和技术水平的现状，对我国微光夜视技术的发展方向和重要的关键技术进行了阐述，提出了自己的一些建议和展望。     

光磁共振实验中扫场的作用和影响

讨论了方波和三角波扫场对光抽运信号和磁共振信号的作用和影响,阐明了应如何选择方波和三角波扫场信号的大小和方向,才能得到理想的光抽运信号和磁共振信号的方法．     

GaN基半导体新热点:从半导体照明到功率电子器件

Ⅲ族氮化物(又称GaN基)宽禁带半导体属于新兴的第三代半导体体系,在短波长光电子器件和功率电子器件领域具有重大应用价值。过去10多年,以蓝光和白光LED为核心的半导体照明技术和产业飞速发展,形成了对国家经济和人民生活产生显著影响的高技术产业。近年来GaN基功率电子器件受到了学术界和产业界的高度重视,形成了新的研发和产业化热点。首先介绍了半导体照明技术和产业的发展历程和现状,分析了当前GaN基LED芯片技术面临的关键科学和技术问题;然后重点介绍了GaN基微波功率器件和电力电子器件的发展历程和动态,包括微波功率器件已经取得的突破性进展和产业化现状,电力电子器件相对Si和SiC同类器件的优势和劣势,并对GaN基功率电子器件当前面临的关键科学和技术挑战进行了较详细的分析。     

电场对非对称量子点中强耦合极化子基态和第一激发态的影响

采用Pekar类型变分方法研究非对称量子点中强耦合极化子基态和激发态,得出极化子的基态和激发态能量随电场和横向和纵向有效受限长度的变化关系.结果发现基态和激发态能量是电场的减函数,基态和激发态能量随横向和纵向有效受限长度的增加而减少     

现代物理学及其应用

 现代科学技术是生产力的一个重要因素,而现代物理学则是现代科学技术的基础.19世纪中期电磁感应现象的发现和电磁理论的发展,为电能的开发应用和电气化奠定了基础;19世纪末电磁波和电子的发现和研究,开创了无线电电子学的新时代;20世纪初期量子论、相对论量子力学和原子核物理的创立和发展,不但引起了物理学自身的革命,开始了微观、高速和高能领域的研究,而且也为半导体、激光和原子核能等新技术的开发应用提供了启迪的根据和明确的途径.物理学为什么具有这样的作用呢?物理学的现状和未来又是怎样和将会怎样发展呢?     

杉木综纤维素和木质素的近红外光谱法测定

用近红外光谱法对杉木中综纤维素和木质素含量进行了快速测定。用常规湿化学方法测定了48个杉木木材样品的综纤维素和木质素,用近红外光谱仪采集相应的光谱,进行二阶微分处理和平滑预处理后,用偏最小二乘法和完全交互验证方式建立相应预测模型。综纤维素校正模型和预测模型的相关系数分别为0.96和0.93;预测标准误差分别为0.39和0.50;木质素校正模型和预测模型的相关系数分别为0.99和0.90;预测标准误差分别为0.10和0.28。结果表明,近红外光谱法可以快速分析木材中综纤维素和木质素含量。     

p,在北京谱仪(Ⅱ)中的行为研究

从MonteCalor模拟和北京谱仪 (BESⅡ )所取的实验数据入手 ,分析了p和 p产生次级带电径迹和中性径迹的几率以及好径迹选择条件对这些次级径迹的去除情况、p在探测器中的能量损失和 p的湮没、p和 p在桶部簇射计数器中沉积能量的分布以及 3种不同的粒子鉴别方法的优劣 .给出了BES目前可以正确重建出的p和 p的动量的最小值和利用TOF和dE dx的联合信息鉴别p和 p的优越性 .     

平面波与线性粘弹海底的反射和折射

采用基于广义标准线性体Boltzmann叠加原理的固体流变模型来描述粘弹性海底底质结构,分析了沉积层和基岩的纵、横波速度频散和衰减的特点,计算了海水沉积层界面和沉积层基岩界面位移势反射和折射系数和能量反射和折射系数。结果表明,采取本模型的粘弹性海底的速度频散、衰减和已有文献的实验数据符合较好,能准确的描述海底底质的主要性质,反射和折射系数和声波的频率有关。      

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.