基于蒙特卡罗方法的摩擦材料表面形貌分形插值模拟

通过对铜基复合材料表面形貌的分析和研究,利用分形统计方法,对表征微凸体的特征参数进行分布规律讨论,结合蒙特卡罗方法和分形理论建立了表征微凸体大小的特征参数的数学模型,讨论了分形插值理论中迭代函数系统(IFS)的构造,提出了易于计算机实现的摩擦材料表面形貌模拟算法.同时,对表征微凸体特征的模拟数据进行非参数假设检验,检验结果表明这种模拟摩擦材料表面形貌的方法是可行的.     

粉末注射成形坯孔隙度的分形模型

粉末注射成形坯是一种具有分形特性的典型的多孔介质,借助于多孔介质孔隙结构的分形理论,对粉末注射成形坯孔隙率的分形模型进行推导。首先分析了粉末注射成形坯孔隙结构的双重分形特性,介绍了粉末注射成形坯孔隙分布分形维数和孔隙迂曲分形维数,然后推导出粉末注射成形坯孔隙度的分形模型。     

求多重分形谱的滑动格子法在深浅地表元素分布中的应用研究

在多重分形理论和特征判定法的基础上,构造了求多重分形谱的滑动格子计算法,计算出了研究区域4种元素深、浅层的多重分形谱f(α)的图像.结果显示浅层元素的分布不具备多重分形特征;深层元素分布符合多重分形特征.就三种分形维数——格子维数、信息维数、关联维数对深层元素的分布做出了大小排序解释;后就多重分形谱f(α)的跨度、对称性和两端差值Δf做出了对应于深层元素分布概率分布集中差异、高低浓度分布差异、稳定性的解释.最后根据上述分析的结果指出应用求多重分形谱的滑动格子法研究深浅地层元素分布是一快速、实用、有效的方法,具有良好的应用前景.     

星积分形曲面及其维数

通过分形曲线定义了一类分形曲面(被称为星积分形曲面),讨论了这类分形曲面的分形维数,得出了分形曲线的维数与它们所构造出的分形曲面维数之间的关系。     

用STM研究金属间化合物脆断表面的纳米尺度特征与分形维数

用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)在纳米尺度研究了Ti₃Al,Ti-24Al-11Nb合金脆断表面特征,确定了STM在纳米尺度测量材料断裂表面分形维数的方法及原理,并用来测量了上面两种合金脆断表面的分形维数D_F。结果表明:在纳米尺度的断口特征与用SEM在微米尺度观察到的断口形貌非常相似,具有典型的解理脆断特征,观察到了纳米数量级解理台阶,断裂表面在纳米尺度上存在分形结构,但不同断裂方向的分形维数D_F不相同,Ti-24Al-11Nb合金的分形维数高于Ti₃Al合金的分形维数。研究表明使用STM并采用连续拓扑结构分形方法研究固体断裂中的原子过程以及用分形维数来描述材料的微观结构是很有可能的.     

岩石裂隙网络的分形特征

分形特征与分形维数广泛应用于岩石裂隙网络的量化,及与工程参数的关系模型建立.然而,严格的分形维数的极限定义形式难以直接应用,工程应用中多用近似分形维数值代替,近似的结果在建立量化关系模型时会产生蝴蝶效应,在量化及预测过程中产生巨大偏差.本文回顾了分形研究一系列的发展过程,并基于最新的分形定义提出了一种新的分形维数计算方法.通过对于十个岩石裂隙网络分形维数的计算,证明该方法能够准确有效的计算出图形的复杂度,避免了以往计算分形维数所产生的问题.     

基于分形维数的液体爆炸分散中界面破碎形态研究

通过对爆炸抛撒图象的处理,得到液体界面的曲线.采用盒维数的计算方式,计算界面曲线的分形维数.通过对各时刻液体界面分形维数的变化研究,分析爆炸抛撒近场阶段的变化过程,同时观察到蘑菇状尖顶的出现与破碎,以及空化区域的形成和消失现象。     

异位孔爆破破碎块度与设计孔的分形匹配研究

针对露天矿炮区工作面中穿爆作业不规律导致爆破效果不佳现象,通过在胜利露天矿进行爆破试验得到实测数据,利用分形理论中分维数与爆破破碎块度的关系,计算出异位孔连续装药结构岩石爆破破碎块度的分维区间,与其设计孔爆破破碎块度分维区间进行对比分析,对异位孔爆破破碎块度分维区间进行优化,利用工程实测方法与分形理论相结合找到最佳的爆破参数,以达到不规则作业面最佳爆破效果.     

量化分形图形的新指数——简便分形指数

分形的广泛存在性已被普遍接受,然而分形维数的现有定义计算得到的结果是:不同的分形维数定义得到不同的分形维数值,甚至会出现不同的变化趋势,且在应用时使用的最小二乘回归结果不稳定,导致数值应用也会受影响,出现这些现象主要归咎于现有分形维数定义的严格性、抽象性以及分形图形的码尺效应.为避免这些问题,本文结合分形图形的长尾分布特征及自相似性提出一个新的分形量化形式——简便分形指数,并阐述了该定义背后的分形原理及计算方法,简便分形指数越大,形状复杂程度越高.最后本文利用岩石裂隙图像说明简便分形指数对不同裂隙网络复杂性描述的准确性,验证其作为分形图形量化方法的合理性及便利性.     

一类随机Moran集的分形维数

本文研究了随机压缩向量满足一定条件下的随机Moran集的分形维数.利用计算上盒维数的上界和分形维数之间的性质,得到Moran集各种分形维数. 并在一般情形下,给出随机Moran集的上盒维数的上界.     

Estimation of fractal dimension and fractal curvatures from digital images

Most of the known methods for estimating the fractal dimension of fractal sets are based on the evaluation of a single geometric characteristic, e.g. the volume of its parallel sets. We propose a method involving the evaluation of several geometric characteristics, namely all the intrinsic volumes (i.e. volume, surface area, Euler characteristic, etc.) of the parallel sets of a fractal. Motivated by recent results on their limiting behavior, we use these functionals to estimate the fractal dimension of sets from digital images. Simultaneously, we also obtain estimates of the fractal curvatures of these sets, some fractal counterpart of intrinsic volumes, allowing a finer classification of fractal sets than by means of fractal dimension only. We show the consistency of our estimators and test them on some digital images of self-similar sets.     

General framework for testing Poisson‐Voronoi assumption for real microstructures

Modeling microstructures is an interesting problem not just in materials science, but also in mathematics and statistics. The most basic model for steel microstructure is the Poisson‐Voronoi diagram. It has mathematically attractive properties and it has been used in the approximation of single‐phase steel microstructures. The aim of this article is to develop methods that can be used to test whether a real steel microstructure can be approximated by such a model. Therefore, a general framework for testing the Poisson‐Voronoi assumption based on images of two‐dimension sections of real metals is set out. Following two different approaches, according to the use or not of periodic boundary conditions, three different model tests are proposed. The first two are based on the coefficient of variation and the cumulative distribution function of the cells area. The third exploits tools from to topological data analysis, such as persistence landscapes.     

Description of the Structure of the Polymer Matrix of Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites as a Thermal Cluster: the Critical Indices

The adequacy of the model of a thermal cluster for describing the structure of the polymer matrix of particulate-filled composites is shown. The equality of the critical indices _T = of thermal and percolation clusters is realized in the composites at a nonzero molecular mobility, which is characterized by the fractal dimension D of the chain fragment between entanglements. The variation interval of D for the polymer matrix of a composite is smaller than for the initial polymer because of the influence of the filler on its structure.     

Analytical and numerical solutions of a one-dimensional fractional-in-space diffusion equation in a composite medium

In this paper a one-dimensional space fractional diffusion equation in a composite medium consisting of two layers in contact is studied both analytically and numerically. Since domain decomposition is the only approach available to solve this problem, we at first investigate analytical and numerical strategies for a composite medium with the same fractal dimension in each layer to ascertain which domain decomposition approach is the most accurate and consistent with a global solution methodology, which is available in this case. We utilise a matrix representation of the fractional-in-space operator to generate a system of linear ODEs with the matrix raised to the same fractional exponent. We show that the global and domain decomposition numerical strategies for this problem produce simulation results that are in good agreement with their analytic counterparts and conclude that the domain decomposition that imposes the Neumann condition at the interface produces the most consistent results. Finally, we carry this finding to study the composite problem with different fractal dimensions, where we again favourably compare analytic and numerical solutions. The resulting method can be naturally extended to space fractional diffusion in a composite medium consisting of more than two layers.     

Fractal structure and fractal dimension determination at nanometer scale

Three-dimensional fractures of different fractal dimensions have been constructed with successive random addition algorithm, the applicability of various dimension determination methods at nanometer scale has been studied. As to the metallic fractures, owing to the limited number of slit islands in a slit plane or limited datum number at nanometer scale, it is difficult to use the area-perimeter method or power spectrum method to determine the fractal dimension. Simulation indicates that box-counting method can be used to determine the fractal dimension at nanometer scale. The dimensions of fractures of valve steel 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N have been determined with STM. Results confirmed that fractal dimension varies with direction at nanometer scale. Our study revealed that, as to theoretical profiles, the dependence of frsctal dimension with direction is simply owing to the limited data set number, i.e. the effect of boundaries. However, the dependence of fractal dimension with direction at nanometer scale in real metallic fractures is correlated to the intrinsic characteristics of the materials in addition to the effect of boundaries. The relationship of fractal dimensions with the mechanical properties of materials at macrometer scale also exists at nanometer scale. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 59771050 and 59872004) and the Foundation Fund of Ministry of Metallurgical Industry.     

A simple method for estimating the fractal dimension from digital images: The compression dimension

The fractal structure of real world objects is often analyzed using digital images. In this context, the compression fractal dimension is put forward. It provides a simple method for the direct estimation of the dimension of fractals stored as digital image files. The computational scheme can be implemented using readily available free software. Its simplicity also makes it very interesting for introductory elaborations of basic concepts of fractal geometry, complexity, and information theory. A test of the computational scheme using limited-quality images of well-defined fractal sets obtained from the Internet and free software has been performed. Also, a systematic evaluation of the proposed method using computer generated images of the Weierstrass cosine function shows an accuracy comparable to those of the methods most commonly used to estimate the dimension of fractal data sequences applied to the same test problem.     

Closed contour fractal dimension estimation by the Fourier transform

This work proposes a novel technique for the numerical calculus of the fractal dimension of fractal objects which can be represented as a closed contour. The proposed method maps the fractal contour onto a complex signal and calculates its fractal dimension using the Fourier transform. The Fourier power spectrum is obtained and an exponential relation is verified between the power and the frequency. From the parameter (exponent) of the relation, is obtained the fractal dimension. The method is compared to other classical fractal dimension estimation methods in the literature, e.g., Bouligand–Minkowski, box-counting and classical Fourier. The comparison is achieved by the calculus of the fractal dimension of fractal contours whose dimensions are well-known analytically. The results showed the high precision and robustness of the proposed technique.     

Sphericity Test for High Dimensional Data Based on Random Matrix Theory

In this article we study test of sphericity for high-dimensional covariance matrix in the general population based on random matrix theory. When the sample size is less than data dimension, the classical likelihood ratio test has poor performance for test of sphericity. Thus, we propose a new statistic for test of sphericity by using the higher moments of spectral distribution of the sample covariance matrix, and derive the asymptotic distribution of the statistic under the null hypothesis. Simulation results show that the proposed statistics can effectively improve the power of the test of sphericity for high dimensional data, and have especially significant effects for Spiked model, on the basis of controlling the type-one error probability.     

Global Optimization: Fractal Approach and Non-redundant Parallelism

More and more optimization problems arising in practice can not be solved by traditional optimization techniques making strong suppositions about the problem (differentiability, convexity, etc.). This happens because very often in real-life problems both the objective function and constraints can be multiextremal, non-differentiable, partially defined, and hard to be evaluated. In this paper, a modern approach for solving such problems (called global optimization problems) is described. This approach combines the following innovative and powerful tools: fractal approach for reduction of the problem dimension, index scheme for treating constraints, non-redundant parallel computations for accelerating the search. Through the paper, rigorous theoretical results are illustrated by figures and numerical examples.