乙醛二聚体内蓝移型氢键的理论研究

利用理论方法研究了乙醛二聚体内的氢键. 在MP2/6-31＋G(d), B3LYP/6-31＋G(d), B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(d,p)和B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(3df,2p)水平上, 利用常规方法和均衡校正方法对3种稳定的乙醛二聚体进行了几何优化和振动频率计算. 计算结果表明: 在二聚体A和C中乙醛中C—H键强烈收缩, 存在显著的C—H…O蓝移型氢键. 自然键轨道(NBO)分析表明, 电子供体轨道和电子受体轨道之间相互作用的稳定化能、分子内电子密度重排、轨道再杂化和结构重组是决定氢键红移和蓝移的主要因素. 其中, 轨道间稳定化能属于键伸长效应, 分子内电子密度重排、轨道再杂化和电子受体内部结构重组属于键收缩效应. 在二聚体A和C中, 由于键收缩效应处于优势地位导致C—H…O蓝移氢键存在.     

精确计算化学键解离能的ONIOM-G3B3方法及其在抗氧化剂研究中的应用

通过对179个有机化合物C—H, N—H, O—H键离解能的理论计算, 系统评估了高精度组合从头算方法(ONIOM-G3B3)和密度泛函理论方法(B3LYP)在预测键离解能上的可靠性. 研究发现ONIOM-G3B3方法可以准确预测各类有机化合物的键解离能, 精度达到5.9 kJ/mol. 运用ONIOM-G3B3方法成功预测了两类重要的天然抗氧化剂维生素E族和茶多酚族的键解离能, 并进一步讨论了抗氧化活性、自由基清除机理及其构效关系.     

精确计算化学键解离能的ONIOM-G3B3方法及其在抗氧化剂研究中的应用

通过对179个有机化合物C—H,N—H,O—H键离解能的理论计算,系统评估了高精度组合从头算方法(ONIOM-G3B3)和密度泛函理论方法(B3LYP)在预测键离解能上的可靠性.研究发现ONIOM-G3B3方法可以准确预测各类有机化合物的键解离能,精度达到5.9 kJ/mol.运用ONIOM-G3B3方法成功预测了两类重要的天然抗氧化剂维生素E族和茶多酚族的键解离能,并进一步讨论了抗氧化活性、自由基清除机理及其构效关系.     

卤素氮氧化物的结构和光谱性质的理论研究

通过DFT/B3LYP计算,优化了卤素氮氧化物XNO_2及其异构体XONO（X = F,Cl ,Br,I）的平衡几何构型,预测了异构体的相对稳定性及其相互转化的活化能垒 。在B3LYP和QCISD（T）计算水平上,确定了X-NO_2键的解离能。应用与时间有关 的密度泛函理论（TD-B3LYP）计算了XNO_2低激发态的跃迁能,并讨论了这些激发 态与卤素氮氧化物光诱导解离过程的关联。     

离子速度成像方法研究碘代正戊烷的紫外光解动力学

利用离子速度成像方法对n-C5H11I分子在266和277 nm下的光解动力学进行了研究. 实验分析了I*(5p 2P1/2)和I(5p 2P3/2)的离子影像, 得到其相应速度、角度分布和相对量子产率, 并根据相对量子产率和角度分布计算了不同解离通道的比例. 实验发现n-C5H11I的3Q0和1Q1态之间存在较强的耦合效应, 并且随着波长的减小, 这种非绝热耦合作用有递增的趋势. 由离子影像(I*和I)的角度分布结果发现, 在同一解离激光波长下I*的各向异性参数β值比I的β值小, 其中I*主要由3Q0直接解离产生, 而I绝大多数是由分子先跃迁到3Q0再经过3Q0→1Q1的非绝热耦合产生.     

C2F5I分子C-I键解离的自旋-轨道从头算研究

采用考虑相对论效应的6-311G**全电子基组与多参考微扰理论, 计算了该分子的包含自旋-轨道耦合效应的垂直激发能和基态、激发态C—I键解离势能曲线. 理论计算发现, 势能曲线33A'与11A', 21A'出现交叉, 交叉区域在C—I键长为0.241 nm附近; 基态11A'到激发态33A'(3Q0)的垂直激发能为4.658 eV, 与实验值4.662 eV非常吻合. 讨论了C2F5I分子作为碘激光介质的可行性.     

CH_2=CClF→(hv) ·CH=CClF+H光解反应的理论研究

采用UHF,CIS和CASSCF方法,在aug-cc-pvdz基组水平上对CH2=CClF?h?v→?CH=CClF+H的光解反应通道及其后续反应作了研究.计算表明:分子吸收一个光子后,在第一电子激发态(S1)经过一个过渡态解离与Cl原子同侧的C—H键,这与用CIS方法计算垂直激发得到的π→σ*C-H跃迁及其对Frank-Condon点的计算中分子的单占轨道和键电荷密度变化所预测的结果是一致的.光解产物?CH=CClF(基态)还可再发生反应,经过渡态解离C—Cl键或是C—F键.     

H2CO与双卤分子间卤键的电子密度分析

运用B3LYP和MP2方法在6-311++G(d,p)基组水平上, 对H2CO-XY(XY=F2、Cl2、Br2、ClF、BrF、BrCl)卤键体系进行构型全优化, 得到了O…X—Y型卤键复合物. 结果表明, MP2/6-311++G(d,p)计算结果与实验值较吻合. 并在MP2水平下计算了分子间的相互作用能, 用完全均衡校正CP(counterpoise procedure)方法对基函数重叠误差(BSSE)进行了校正. 利用电子密度拓扑分析方法对卤键复合物的电子密度拓扑性质进行了分析研究.     

C2F51分子C—I键解离的自旋-轨道从头算研究

采用考虑相对论效应的6—311G^＊＊全电子基组与多参考微扰理论,计算了该分子的包含自旋-轨道耦合效应的垂直激发能和基态、激发态C—I键解离势能曲线．理论计算发现,势能曲线3^3A＂与1^1A＂,2^1A＇出现交叉,交叉区域在C—I键长为0．241nm附近;基态1^A＇到激发态3^3A＂（^3Q0）的垂直激发能为4．658eV,与实验值4．662eV非常吻合．讨论了C2F5I分子作为碘激光介质的可行性．     

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸代谢中的水解反应机理

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)是应用广泛的农用除草剂和植物生长素,在它的代谢过程中,涉及多种化学反应. 本文采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法, 分别研究了它在代谢过程中的三条水解反应途径的机理. 研究结果表明: (I) 2,4-D水解反应有两种模式, C(1)―O键解离的氢转移和C―Cl键解离的氯被取代. (Ⅱ) C―Cl键的解离能垒明显低于C(1)―O键的解离能垒, 即水解速率较快, 反应动力学占优势. 在三条反应途径中, 途径(2)和(3)优先水解C―Cl键, 再水解C(1)―O键. 由于受反应速率的影响, 不同中间体在降解过程中的浓度有明显区别.(III) 对于水解反应,采用导体极化连续模型(CPCM)考虑溶剂化效应,可更合理地阐述水解反应机理.     

Photodissociation reaction of 1,2-diiodoethane in solution: a theoretical and X-ray diffraction study

Various molecular species are known to form during the photoreaction of C2H4I2 in the gas phase and in solution. We have studied all species involved in this reaction by ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations: Geometries, energies, and vibrational frequencies of C2H4I2, bridged C2H4I*, anti C2H4I*, C4H4, I2, I3-, and the isomer C2H4I-I were calculated. The absorption peaks and oscillator strengths of selected species along the potential energy surface (PES) were calculated using time-dependent DFT and were compared with available experimental results. The calculated PES satisfactorily describes the observed reactions of the photoexcited C2H4I2 molecule. In the gas phase, there is only one reaction pathway: the first C-I bond ruptures followed by a secondary C-I breakage in the haloethyl radical C2H4I*. In solution, by contrast, another reaction channel, which is energetically more favored over the secondary dissociation, is switched on due to a solvation effect: the bridged C2H4I* can bind to the free iodine atom to form a C2H4I-I isomer without any energy barrier. The isomer can then break into C2H4 and I2. The rotational barriers in the gas phase and in solution were also calculated and compared. To provide experimental data on the structure of C2H4I2 in solution, the ground state structure of C2H4I2 in methanol was determined from static X-ray diffraction data using 88 keV (lambda = 0.14 A) X-rays. The structural parameters are compared with those from the theoretical results.     

利用密度泛函理论研究α-联噻吩体系H(C_4H_2S)_nH的结构和电子光谱

应用密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/6-31G(d)和CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上优化了α-联噻吩体系H(C4H2S)n H(n=2¹3)的基态几何构型;与此同时,利用TD-B3LYP方法计算了H(C4H2S)n H的吸收光谱,得到了其垂直激发能和体系大小n的解析表达式;并采用TD-CAM-B3LYP方法研究了其发射光谱.研究表明,H(C4H2S)n H的基态结构呈现三种构型:螺旋上升型、环型和稍有弯曲的带状结构;其中前两种构型是顺式结构,最后一种构型是反式结构;环型结构具有C2对称性,其他两种结构具有C1对称性.此外,其吸收光谱和发射光谱计算值与实验值吻合.     

The molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 1-amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenylpyrimidin-2(1H) by Hartree-Fock and density functional methods

The molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 1-amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenylpyrimidin-2(1H) (C(17)H(13)N(3)O(2)) have been investigated by Hartree-Fock and density functional method using standard B3LYP with 6-31G(d) basis set. The calculated results of the geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by using HF and DFT (B3LYP) are in very good agreement with the experimental values. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of 1-amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenylpyrimidin-2(1H) (C(17)H(13)N(3)O(2)) and calculated results by density functional B3LYP and Hartree-Fock methods indicate that B3LYP is superior to the scaled Hartree-Fock approach for molecular vibrational problems.     

Electronic spectroscopy of an isolated halocarbocation: the iodomethyl cation CH2I+ and its deuterated isotopomers

Building upon our recent observation of the gas-phase electronic spectrum of the iodomethyl cation (CH2I+), we report an extensive study of the electronic spectroscopy of CH2I+ and its deuterated isotopomers CHDI+ and CD2I+ using a combination of fluorescence excitation and single vibronic level (SVL) emission spectroscopies. The spectra were measured in the gas phase under jet-cooled conditions using a pulsed discharge source. Fluorescence excitation spectra reveal a dominant progression in nu3 (C-I stretch), the frequency of which is markedly smaller in the upper state. Rotational analysis shows that, while the A constant is similar in the two states, the excited state has significantly smaller B and C constants. These results indicate a lengthening of the C-I bond upon electronic excitation, consistent with calculations which show that this transition is analogous to the well-known pi-pi* transition in the isoelectronic substituted formaldehydes. SVL emission spectra show progressions involving four of the six vibrational modes; only the C-H(D) stretching modes remain unobserved. The vibrational parameters determined from a Dunham expansion fit of the ground state vibrational term energies are in excellent agreement with the predictions of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A normal-mode analysis was completed to derive a harmonic force field for the ground state, where resonance delocalization of the positive charge leads to partial double bond character, H2C+-I <--> H2C=I+, giving rise to a C-I stretching frequency significantly larger than that of the iodomethyl radical.     

Structural and conformational properties and intramolecular hydrogen bonding of (methylenecyclopropyl)methanol, as studied by microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations

The microwave spectra of (methylenecyclopropyl)methanol (H(2)C=C(3)H(3)CH(2)OH) and one deuterated species (H(2)C=C(3)H(3)CH(2)OD) have been investigated in the 20-80 GHz spectral range. Accurate spectral measurements have been performed in the 40-80 GHz spectral interval. The spectra of two rotameric forms, denoted conformer I and conformer IX, have been assigned. Both these rotamers are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed between the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group and the pseudo-pi electrons on the outside of the cyclopropyl ring, the so-called "banana bonds". The carbon-carbon bond lengths in the ring are rather different. The bonds adjacent to the methylene group (H(2)C=) are approximately 7 pm shorter that the carbon-carbon bond opposite to this group. It is found from relative intensity measurements of microwave transitions that conformer IX, in which the hydrogen bond is formed with the banana bonds of the long carbon-carbon bond, is 0.4(3) kJ/mol more stable than conformer I, where the hydrogen bond is formed with the pseudo-pi electrons belonging to the shortest carbon-carbon bond of the ring. The microwave study has been augmented by quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/6-311++G, G3 and B3LYP/6-311++G levels of theory.     

Spectral analysis of acetylcholine halides by density functional theory calculations

The optimized molecular structures, vibrational frequencies and ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shifts of acetylcholine halides (F, Cl, and Br) have been investigated using density functional theory (B3LYP) method with 6-311G(d) basis set. The comparison of their experimental and calculated IR, R and NMR spectra of the compounds has indicated that the spectra of three optimized minimum energy conformers can simultaneously exist in one experimental spectrum. Thus, it was concluded that the compounds simultaneously exist in three conformations in the ground state. The calculated optimized geometric parameters (bond lengths and bond angles), vibrational frequencies and NMR chemical shifts for the minimum energy conformers were seen to be in a good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. All the assignments of the theoretical frequencies were performed by potential energy distributions using VEDA 4 program.     

Computational study of the thermochemistry of organophosphorus(III) compounds

The enthalpies of formation of organophosphorus(III) compounds have been calculated at the G3X, G3X(MP2), and B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) levels of theory using the atomization energy procedure and the method of isodesmic reactions. The Delta f H298 degree values for 50 relatively large molecules with up to 10 non-hydrogen atoms, such as P(CH3)3, P(C2H5)3, P(OCH3)3, n-C4H9OPCl2, [(CH3)2N]2PCl, (C2H5)2NPCl2, and [(CH3)2N]2PCN, have been calculated directly from the G3X atomization energies. A good agreement between the known experimental values and G3X results for 14 compounds provides support to our predictions for remaining species whose experimental enthalpies of formation are unknown or known with relatively large uncertainties. On the basis of our calculations and sometimes conflicting experimental data a set of internally consistent enthalpies of formation has been recommended for organophosphorus(III) compounds. Our computational results call into question the experimental enthalpies of formation of P(C2H5)3 and P(n-C4H9)3. From comparison with most reliable experimental data, the accuracy of the theoretical enthalpies of formation is estimated as ranging from 5 to 10 kJ/mol. The recommended Delta f H298 degree values were used to derive the group additivity values (GAVs) for 45 groups involving the phosphorus(III) atom. These GAVs significantly extend the applicability of Benson's group additivity method and may be used to estimate the enthalpies of formation of larger organophosphorus(III) compounds, where high level quantum chemical calculations are impracticable.     

Quantum-chemical studies of methyl and silyl torsional frequencies and the structures of disilylsulphide and trisilylphosphine

Torsional frequencies of methyl and silyl groups occurring in a range of molecules have been calculated by HF, B3LYP and MP2 methods using several basis sets. Linear correlations between calculated and observed values are derived and used to predict unobserved or dubious frequencies. The current experimental value for the E torsion in trimethylphosphine is questioned. The relative merits of the B3LYP and MP2 methods are explored. MP2 calculations can show wide variation with respect to basis set. In cases where two or more silyl groups are attached to a common atom, as in disilylsulphide (SiH3)2S, disilylmethane (SiH3)2CH2, trisilylmethane (SiH3)3CH and tetrasilylmethane (SiH3)4C, marked differences occur between B3LYP and MP2 estimates. These may be linked to concomitant differences in conformation or potential barrier restraining internal rotation. In disilylmethane the B3LYP results agree much better with experiment than those from the MP2 method. HF and B3LYP calculations for disilylsulphide and trisilylphosphine give normal C2v and C3v equilibrium structures, respectively, but in MP2 structures the silyl groups are twisted through 6-13 degrees yielding C2 and C3 configurations. It may be possible to distinguish between these structures through the observation of isolated SiH stretching frequencies in the spectra of fully deuterated materials. Dispersion forces could contribute to the twisting calculated by the MP2 method. Further studies of the microwave and vibrational spectra of disilylsulphide and trisilylphosphine isotopomers are needed.     

The molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 3-acetyl-4-[N-(2'-aminopyridinyl)-3-amino]-3-buten-2-one by Hartree-Fock and density functional theory calculations

The molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 3-acetyl-4-[N-(2'-aminopyridinyl)-3-amino]-3-buten-2-one (C(11)H(13)N(3)O(2)) in the ground state have been investigated by Hartree-Fock and density functional method (B3LYP and BLYP) with 6-31G(d) basis set. The optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by using HF and DFT show the best agreement with the experimental data. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of title compound and calculated results by HF and DFT methods indicate that B3LYP is superior to the scaled HF approach for molecular problems.     

Product branching ratios in photodissociation of phenyl radical: a theoretical ab initio/Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus study

Ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS//B3LYP/6-311G** calculations of the potential energy surface for possible dissociation channels of the phenyl radical are combined with microcanonical Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus calculations of reaction rate constants in order to predict statistical product branching ratios in photodissociation of c-C(6)H(5) at various wavelengths. The results indicate that at 248 nm the photodissociation process is dominated by the production of ortho-benzyne via direct elimination of a hydrogen atom from the phenyl radical. At 193 nm, the statistical branching ratios are computed to be 63.4%, 21.1%, and 14.4% for the o-C(6)H(4) + H, l-C(6)H(4) ((Z)-hexa-3-ene-1,5-diyne) + H, and n-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) products, respectively, in a contradiction with recent experimental measurements, which showed C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) as the major product. Although two lower energy pathways to the i-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) products are identified, they appeared to be kinetically unfavorable and the computed statistical branching ratio of i-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) does not exceed 1%. To explain the disagreement with experiment, we optimized conical intersections between the ground and the first excited electronic states of C(6)H(5) and, based on their structures and energies, suggested the following photodissociation mechanism at 193 nm: c-C(6)H(5) 1 → absorption of a photon → electronically excited 1 → internal conversion to the lowest excited state → conversion to the ground electronic state via conical intersections at CI-2 or CI-3 → non-statistical decay of the vibrationally excited radical favoring the formation of the n-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) products. This scenario can be attained if the intramolecular vibrational redistribution in the CI-2 or CI-3 structures in the ground electronic state is slower than their dissociation to n-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) driven by the dynamical preference.