Analysis of the effect of various physical and technical factors on the efficiency of adaptive algorithms of processing of hydroacoustic signals

This paper presents results on evaluating the impact of a set of physical and technical factors on the effectiveness of classical and projection fast adaptive algorithms. The factors include the conditions of signal propagation, including multipath; the noise-signal situation; signal fluctuations due to scattering in the medium; the parameters of the receiving antenna, including the amplitude-phase value of element dispersion; and the parameters of the spectral signal analysis at the output of the antenna elements.     

Adaptive processing of signals in antenna arrays using the maximum likelihood method

Using the maximum likelihood method, we derive and analyze the procedures of adaptive processing of signals in antenna arrays when the noise covariance matrix is unknown for case A where the time dependence of a useful signal is known with an accuracy of up to several numerical parameters and case B of completely unknown time dependence of a useful signal. For case A, the problem is shown to have a unique solution which is somewhat different from the standard procedure of processing of signals in adaptive antenna arrays. In case B, the solution is not unique. Additional conditions for choosing the unique solution are formulated. A comparison with the classical method of adaptive processing of signals in antenna arrays is proposed. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 343–354, April 2009.     

Methods for determination of weight vector of adaptive arrays with short samples

Methods are proposed for determination of the weight vector in adaptive antenna arrays (AA) in the case of a short input-process sample, when the number of sampled vectors is smaller than the number of AA elements and an inverted correlation matrix of the interference in the AA receiving channels does not exist.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 493–509, April, 1994.     

Analysis of interference cancellation techniques in OFDMA systems employing adaptive antenna arrays

We analyze the problem of interference cancellation in OFDMA cellular communication systems employing adaptive antenna arrays at the receiver and operating in the channels with frequency-selective fading and interference from the neighboring base stations. This problem is very important for modern broadband cellular systems operating with a low coefficient of multiple use of frequencies. Under such conditions of the network deployment, the system efficiency is restricted by the level of intrachannel interference from the neighboring base stations transmitting in the same frequency channel. In this work, we analyze different methods for measuring the interference characteristics and using them for spatial processing of received signals. Five different methods for signal processing in an adaptive antenna array of the receiver are discussed. Each approach (reception method) has its own interference immunity and complexity degree. Comparative analysis of the interference immunity of the considered receivers has been performed for different frequency-channel loads and different numbers of interfering stations. Recommendations for using the considered receivers are given.     

Waveguide invariant focusing for broadband beamforming in an oceanic waveguide

The performance of broadband sonar array processing can degrade significantly in shallow-water environments when interference becomes angularly spread due to multipath propagation. Particularly for towed line arrays near endfire, elevation angle spreading of multipath interference often results in masking of weaker sources of interest. While adaptive beamforming in a series of narrow frequency bands can suppress coherent multipath interference, this approach requires long observation times to estimate the required narrowband covariance matrices. To form wideband covariance matrices which can be estimated with less observation time, plane-wave focusing methods have been used to avoid interference covariance matrix rank inflation. This paper extends wideband focusing to the case of coherent multipath interference. The approach presented here, called waveguide invariant focusing (WIF), exploits a robust relationship for the frequency dependence of horizontal wave number differences. Unlike matched-field methods, WIF does not model multipath wave fronts but rather makes the interference appear to occupy the same rank-one subspace across frequency. This permits formation of wideband covariance matrices without interference rank inflation. Simulation experiments in a realistic ocean environment indicate that adaptive beamforming using WIF covariance matrices can provide a significant array gain improvement over conventional adaptive methods with limited observation time.     

Effectiveness of Space-Division Multiple-Access in MIMO Communication Systems with Parallel Data Transmission

We consider multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) cellular communication systems with antenna arrays at both link ends and data transmission via parallel eigenchannels matched with a random spatial channel. We analyze the effectiveness of the space-division multiple-access (SDMA) method, which does not require estimation of signal-arrival directions and is based on orthogonalization of the parallel channels of all users. We obtained approximate analytical expressions for the mean ratio of the signal power to the noise power and the MIMO system capacity, which are derived for the case of Rayleigh fading of signals. Although the obtained formulas are much simpler than the exact ones, they ensure high accuracy for an arbitrary number of transmitting and receiving antennas and an arbitrary power of transmitter. Our results demonstrate the high effectiveness of the proposed SDMA method.     

Comparative Analysis of Different Statistics for Detecting Spatial Signals in the Case of Short Samples

In this paper, we perform comparative analysis of several algorithms for signal processing in an antenna array used for determining multidimensional Gaussian complex signals with an a priori unknown spatial covariance matrix against the background of Gaussian noise. All the studied decision statistics are obtained on the basis of generalized likelihood ratio for arbitrary-size samples. Depending on the available a priori information on the received signal and noise, we consider three cases of noise background, namely, nonuniform noise over the antenna elements with unknown power, uniform noise with unknown power, and uniform noise with known (unit) power. To determine the threshold values of the decision statistics, their probability densities are expanded in a series in terms of orthogonal Jacobi polynomials. Detection curves are constructed for all considered cases on the basis of obtained thresholds. The obtained results are valid for short samples whose size is comparable with the number of elements in the receiving antenna.     

Estimation of parameters of signals received by an antenna array

We propose a method for estimating signal parameters and the weight vector in adaptive antenna arrays (AA) based on estimation of the parameters of a minimum polynomial of a sample correlation matrix (CM) of the input process. Being highly efficient, this method allows us to estimate signal parameters with accuracies that are close to the Cramer-Rao limits.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 1144–1160, September, 1996.     

Method for efficient representation of the information on the weighting coefficients of a transmitting beamformer in wireless digital communication systems with multielement adaptive antennas

We consider the problem of transmission of channel state information for a transmitting beamformer in digital communication systems with adaptive transmitting and receiving antennas. It is shown that using the unitary property of the weighting matrices of the transmitting beamformer, we can significantly reduce the amount of transmitted information with the help of the well-known Givens decomposition. We propose a method for determining the optimal bit allocation for quantization of the complex weighting coefficients of the transmitting beamformer. Results of mathematical simulation of a wireless digital communication system with multielement adaptive antenna arrays are shown for a multipath Rayleigh channel. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 51, No. 9, pp. 814–823, September 2008.     

Space Division Multiple Access in MIMO Systems with Parallel Data Transmission

We study multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) cellular communication systems with antenna arrays at both link ends and parallel channels for data transmission. These channels (the so-called eigenchannels) are formed with the help of adaptive transmitting and receiving beamformer processors matched with a random fading environment. To increase the capacity of MIMO systems, we propose a space-division multiple-access (SDMA) method, which does not require estimation of signal-arrival directions and is based on orthogonalization of the parallel channels of all users. We find the signal-to-noise ratios at the eigenchannel outputs and the total capacity of a MIMO system in the case of simultaneous servicing of an arbitrary number of users. We present numerical results for the case of Rayleigh fading of signals, which confirm the high effectiveness of the proposed SDMA method.     

Array Acoustic Signal Processing in Shallow-Water Channels under Conditions of a Priori Uncertainty: Estimates of the Efficiency Loss

The objective of this study is a comparative analysis of the efficiency of the matched-field and optimal spatial signal processing methods in a shallow-water sound channel under conditions of inaccurate knowledge of its parameters. It is assumed that a signal of a remote localized source is received by a vertical antenna array against the background of an intense interference, which is also created by a localized source, while the vertical profile of the sound velocity, the channel depth, the sound velocity in underlying bottom, and its density are known with arbitrary deviations from actual values within specified intervals. The processing efficiency is characterized by the array gain in terms of the signal/(noise + interference) ratio normalized to the number of the array elements. The stochastic modeling technique is used to show that with an increase in the a priori uncertainty in the estimation of these parameters, the efficiency losses for these two processing methods not only have significantly different values, but can reveal the nonmonotonic character. The permissible error levels in the estimation of the channel parameters are determined, at which the gain loss does not exceed the specified level (3 dB) for each of the methods. The results are important to specify the requirements for facilities of operational oceanography that provide the effective operation of receiving antenna systems in real shallow-water conditions.

     

Spatial diversity and combination technology using amplitude and phase weighting method for phase-coherent underwater acoustic communications

The UWA channel is characterized as a time-dispersive rapidly fading channel,which in addition exhibits Doppler instabilities and limited bandwidth. To eliminate intersymbol interference caused by multipath propagation, spatial diversity equalization is the main technical means. The paper combines the passive phase conjugation and spatial processing to maximize the output array gain. It uses signal-to-noise-plus-interference to evaluate the quality of signals received at different channels. The amplitude of signal is weighted using Sigmoid function. Second order PLL can trace the phase variation caused by channel, so the signal can be accumulated in the same phase. The signals received at different channels need to be normalized. It adopts fractional-decision feedback diversity equalizer(FDFDE) and achieves diversity equalization by using different channel weighted coefficients. The simulation and lake trial data processing results show that, the optimized diversity receiving equalization algorithm can improve communication system's ability in tracking the change of underwater acoustic channel,offset the impact of multipath and noise and improve the performance of communication system.The performance of the communication receiving system is better than that of the equal gain combination. At the same time, the bit error rate(BER) reduces 1.8%.     

MASS-RAB: Robust adaptive beamforming for general-rank signal models via matched spatial spectrum processing

The wavefront of acoustic signal suffers from fast fluctuation after a long distance propagation in a random and inhomogeneous ocean channel, which makes the rank of the covariance matrix for the desired signal (signal of interest) remarkably higher than one. Consequently, the assumption of rank-one point signal model for existing adaptive beamforming algorithms is no longer suitable. In this paper, a matched spatial spectrum processing based robust adaptive beamforming (MASS-RAB) algorithm is presented for general-rank signal models. First, the interference-plus-noise covariance matrix and the desired signal covariance matrix are reconstructed using the matched spatial spectrum processing method. Second, the weight vector is directly calculated using these reconstructed covariance matrices for the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) algorithm, which is developed for the general-rank signal models. Due to covariance matrix reconstruction, the MASS-RAB algorithm is more robust than those methods relying on the sample covariance matrix. The cases of the rank-one point signal model and the full-rank non-point signal model are considered by several numerical examples. Experimental results have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed MASS-RAB method.     

交叉验证多路径匹配追踪水声矢量阵稀疏方位估计

水下运动目标的高分辨DOA估计和目标的左右舷分辨问题一直是水声阵列信号处理中的一个核心问题。矢量阵相比于声压阵具有天然的左右舷分辨能力和更高的处理增益,近年来得到了广泛关注。Capon等一些传统高分辨处理方法存在不能解相干源、需要多快拍处理以及对阵列流行误差敏感等多种问题。针对水声阵列信号处理领域面临的以上问题,利用声呐工作场景中空间目标的稀疏性,本文提出了一种基于交叉验证技术的多路径匹配追踪（Multiplepath Matching Pursuit with Cross Validation,CV-MMP）声矢量阵稀疏DOA估计算法。该算法采用交叉验证技术可以在未知场景中目标个数的条件下实现稀疏DOA的估计,相比于常规的声矢量阵Capon算法而言,可以在小快拍数甚至单快拍数条件下实现多目标的稀疏DOA估计以及高分辨能力。仿真和海试试验数据处理验证了提出的算法的有效性。      

Interference immunity of extended adaptive arrays under the action of spatially incoherent interference

The interference immunity of adaptive antenna arrays is usually analyzed in the case of known and nondistorted wavefronts of received signals. At the same time, in some applications such as sonars and underwater communication systems, the propagation medium is nonisotropic and random. Then the signal wavefronts can be distorted randomly. In this paper, we analyze the potential interference immunity of the optimal/adaptive algorithms for spatial processing in the case of incomplete spatial coherence of signals. Analytical expressions for the output signal-to-noise ratio are obtained for both the case of useful signal with reduced spatial coherence and the case of interference. Theoretical results are compared with numerical results. Torino Polytechnical Institute, Torino, Italy; Research Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Nizhny Novgorod University, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 775–791, June, 1998.     

结合主动时间反转算法的短基线定位研究

短基线声学定位技术是水下运动目标定位的重要研究内容。为了解决定位系统工作于浅水或近岸时多途扩展严重造成的时延估计误差和系统工作不稳定的问题,本文提出一种结合时间反转算法的短基线宽带应答定位技术,该方法利用短基线阵元发射宽带信号,通过应答器接收该信号时间反转处理后再返回给短基线阵元位置,实现信道多途的自适应聚焦,进而提高时延估计精度及信号检测的鲁棒性。仿真研究和湖上试验表明,该方法能够充分利用信道多途信息实现聚焦,减少信道多途对定位信号时延估计的影响,具有较强的抗噪声和多途干扰的能力。相对传统定位方法,该方法可以抑制短基线定位过程中误差及野点的产生,改善了物体定位导航的精度。      

Reduction of Bit Error Probability during Parallel Transmission of Information in a MIMO System

We consider cellular communication systems with antenna arrays at both link ends, in which the data transmission is performed via parallel eigenchannels under conditions of a scattering medium. To reduce the bit error probability, we propose a method of information transmission based on the use of only part of the eigenchannels with maximum signal-to-noise ratios and ensuring a tradeoff of the data-transmission rate against the bit-error probability. Eigenchannels are separated into energy-strong and energy-weak channels with the help of the threshold technique. Two possible versions of using the proposed method under conditions of a random multipath spatial channel are studied. The results of numerical simulation in the case of Rayleigh fading of signals confirm the high efficiency of the proposed method of information transmission.     

相干水声通信幅相加权空间分集均衡算法

水声信道的典型特点为多普勒频移严重、可利用带宽窄以及强多径干扰。空间分集均衡技术是相干水声通信中克服信道多径干扰,消除码间干扰的一种有效手段。为了极大化地输出阵增益,结合无源相位共轭方法和多通道均衡算法,本文设计了组合信噪干比的全新信道评价方法。利用改进的Sigmoid函数对各通道接收信号的幅度进行加权处理;采用二阶锁相环跟踪各通道信号的相位变化,实现各通道信号同相累加。将各通道低通滤波后的信号能量归一化,采用了分数阶-判决反馈分集均衡器,加入各通道权重系数实现了水声通信系统的分集均衡接收。仿真结果和湖试数据处理结果均表明,优化的幅相加权分集均衡接收算法能抵消多径和噪声的干扰,性能优于等增益合并接收算法。湖试数据处理结果误码率降低了1.8%。      

Examination of time-reversal acoustics in shallow water and applications to noncoherent underwater communications

The shallow water acoustic communication channel is characterized by strong signal degradation caused by multipath propagation and high spatial and temporal variability of the channel conditions. At the receiver, multipath propagation causes intersymbol interference and is considered the most important of the channel distortions. This paper examines the application of time-reversal acoustic (TRA) arrays, i.e., phase-conjugated arrays (PCAs), that generate a spatio-temporal focus of acoustic energy at the receiver location, eliminating distortions introduced by channel propagation. This technique is self-adaptive and automatically compensates for environmental effects and array imperfections without the need to explicitly characterize the environment. An attempt is made to characterize the influences of a PCA design on its focusing properties with particular attention given to applications in noncoherent underwater acoustic communication systems. Due to the PCA spatial diversity focusing properties, PC arrays may have an important role in an acoustic local area network. Each array is able to simultaneously transmit different messages that will focus only at the destination receiver node.