Raman spectroscopic study of the selenite mineral: ahlfeldite,NiSeO3·2H2O

Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the selenite mineral ahlfeldite. A comparison is made with the Raman spectra of chalcomenite, cobaltomenite and clinochalcomenite. Selenite minerals are characterised by the position of the symmetric stretching mode which is observed at higher wavenumbers than the anti‐symmetric stretching mode. The selenite ion has C_3v symmetry and four modes, 2A₁ and 2E. These modes are observed at 813, 472 cm⁻¹ (A₁) and 685, 710, 727 and 367 and 396 cm⁻¹ (E). Bands assigned to the water stretching vibrations are observed for ahlfeldite at 3385 cm⁻¹, for chalcomenite at 2953, 3184 and 3506 cm⁻¹ and for clinochalcomenite at 2909, 3193 and 3507 cm⁻¹. A comparison of the Raman spectra of chalcomenite, clinochalcomenite and cobaltomenite is made. The position of these bands enabled hydrogen bond distances in the selenite structure to be estimated. Hydrogen bond distances for ahlfeldite, chalcomenite and clinochalcomenite were determined to be similar. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman spectroscopic study of the selenite minerals—chalcomenite CuSeO3·2H2O,clinochalcomenite and cobaltomenite

Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the dimorphous selenite minerals chalcomenite, cobaltomenite and clinochalcomenite. Selenite minerals are characterised by the position of the symmetric stretching mode that is observed at higher wavenumbers than the anti‐symmetric stretching mode. The selenite ion has C_3v symmetry and four modes, 2A₁ and 2E. These modes are observed at 813, 472 cm⁻¹ (A₁) and 685, 710, 727 and 367 and 396 cm⁻¹ (E). Bands assigned to the water stretching vibrations are observed for chalcomenite at 2953, 3184 and 3506 cm⁻¹ and for clinochalcomenite at 2909, 3193 and 3507 cm⁻¹. A comparison of the Raman spectra of chalcomenite, clinochalcomenite and cobaltomenite is made. The position of these bands enabled hydrogen bond distances in the selenite structure to be estimated. Hydrogen bond distances for chalcomenite and clinochalmenite were determined to be similar. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman spectroscopic study of the selenite mineral mandarinoite Fe2Se3O9·6H2O

Selenites and tellurites may be subdivided according to formula and structure. There are five groups, based upon the formulae (a) A(XO₃), (b) A(XO₃·) xH₂O, (c) A₂(XO₃)₃·xH₂O, (d) A₂(X₂O₅) and (e) A(X₃O₈). Of the selenites, molybdomenite is an example of type (a); chalcomenite, clinochalcomenite, cobaltomenite and ahlfeldite are minerals of type (b); mandarinoite Fe₂Se₃O₉·6H₂O is an example of type (c). Raman spectroscopy has been used to characterise the mineral mandarinoite. The intense, sharp band at 814 cm⁻¹ is assigned to the symmetric stretching (Se₃O₉)⁶⁻ units. Three Raman bands observed at 695, 723 and 744 cm⁻¹ are attributed to the ν₃ (Se₃O₉)⁶⁻ anti‐symmetric stretching modes. Raman bands at 355, 398 and 474 cm⁻¹ are assigned to the ν₄ and ν₂ bending modes. Raman bands are observed at 2796, 2926, 3046, 3189 and 3507 cm⁻¹ and are assigned to OH stretching vibrations. The observation of multiple OH stretching vibrations suggests the non‐equivalence of water in the mandarinoite structure. The use of the Libowitzky empirical function provides hydrogen bond distances of 2.633(9) Å (2926 cm⁻¹), 2.660(0) Å (3046 cm⁻¹), 2.700(0) Å (3189 cm⁻¹) and 2.905(3) Å (3507 cm⁻¹). The sharp, intense band at 3507 cm⁻¹ may be due to hydroxyl units. It is probable that some of the selenite units have been replaced by hydroxyl units. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

稀土氟碳酸盐矿物的光致发光谱和吸收谱研究

测定并讨论了产自四川冕宁矿区的氟碳铈矿和产自内蒙白云鄂博稀土矿区的黄河矿、氟碳钙铈矿、氟碳铈钡矿的光致发光谱。结果表明,稀土氟碳酸盐矿物在488.0nm和514.5nm激光激发下的光致发光中心是Nd3+,发光谱中的所有谱带均出自Nd3+的辐射跃迁。在488.0nm激光激发下,稀土氟碳酸盐矿物在495nm到733nm谱区的发光谱带强而尖锐,但在514.5nm激光激发下,这个谱区的谱带明显变弱或消失,转而出现783nm到907nm谱区的强发光谱带。可见光吸收谱表明稀土氟碳酸盐矿物对可见光的吸收也与矿物中的Nd3+有关。     

易解石族矿物的Raman光谱和光致发光谱研究

测定并讨论了中国白云鄂博矿区变生及退火晶态易解石族矿物Ｒａｍａｎ光谱和光致发光谱,与退火晶质矿物相比,变生态易解石的Ｒａｍａｎ光谱和光致发光谱的强度降低,谱线宽化弥散,说明在变生过程中,矿物的结构发生畸变,元素分布趋于无序。分析表明,易解石族矿物在５１４．５ｎｍ激光激发下的所有光致发光谱峰均出自Ｎｄ＾３＋的辐射跃迁。     

197AU,57Fe and121Sb Mössbauer study of gold minerals and ores

A survey of the¹⁹⁷Au Mössbauer spectra of naturally occurring gold species is given. Gold minerals have been studied as natural specimens or as synthetic analogues. Gold impurities have been identified in pyrites and arsenopyrites. An example of the use of¹²¹Sb, and⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy in characterizing gold-bearing ore minerals is given.     

Achieving structured colour in inorganic systems: Learning from the natural world

Structural colour is observed in a number of naturally occurring minerals such as labradorite, bornite, hematite and ammolite, in addition to the well-known example of opal, the semi-precious gemstone. The origin of the structural colour is examined for these inorganic systems using electron microscopy to obtain structural information on the nanoscale. The structural colour that is observed in natural inorganic systems can be mimicked in synthetic inorganic systems, as exemplified by the synthetic opals reported herein. These systems exhibit stop bands, i.e. wavelength regions in which visible light cannot propagate, which show a shift in their wavelength location when the angle of the incident light is varied. When light-emitting phosphors and dyes are incorporated into the opal structures, their emission spectra are modified when the stop bands of the opals overlap the emission bands of the light-emitting materials.     

Structure comparison of Orpiment and Realgar by Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize and differentiate the two minerals, Orpiment and Realgar, and the bands related to the mineral structure. The Raman spectra of these two minerals are divided into three sections: (a) 100–250?cm^?1 region attributed to the sulfur–arsenic–sulfur bending vibrational modes; (b) 250–450?cm^?1 region due to the arsenic–sulfur stretching vibration; and (c) 450–850?cm^?1 region assigned to overtone and combination bands. A total of 14 Raman bands for the spectrum in the 1600–100?cm^?1 region were observed. The significant differences between the minerals Orpiment and Realgar are observed by Raman spectroscopy. Realgar shows the typical bands observed at 340, 268, 228, and 218?cm^?1, and the special bands at 379, 289, 200, 176, and 102?cm^?1 for Orpiment are observed. The additional bands in 850–450?cm^?1 region are only observed for the mineral Orpiment, which may be attributed to overtone and combination bands in the Raman spectrum. The variation in band positions is dependent upon the structural symmetry, arsenic–sulfur bond distances, and angles. Moreover, another cause for the difference is the effect of the intermolecular forces and to the strong coupling between close lying external and internal modes. The difference of these two minerals structure induce tremendous diversity on Raman spectra, so Raman spectroscopy offers the information on the molecular structure of the minerals Orpiment and Realgar.     

Raman spectroscopy of selected borate minerals of the pinakiolité group

The Raman spectra of a series of related minerals of the pinakiolité group have been collected and the spectra related to the mineral structure. These minerals are based upon an isolated BO₃³⁻ ion. The site symmetry is reduced from D_3h to C₁. Intense Raman bands are observed for the minerals takeuchiité, pinakiolité, fredrikssonité and azoproité at 1084, 1086, 1086 and 1086 cm⁻¹. These bands are assigned to the ν₁ BO₃³⁻ symmetric stretching mode. Low‐intensity Raman bands are observed for the minerals at 1345, 1748; 1435, 1748; 1435, 1750; and 1436, 1749 cm⁻¹, respectively. One probable assignment is to ν₃ BO₃³⁻ antisymmetric stretching mode. Intense Raman bands of the studied minerals at 712 cm⁻¹ are attributed to the ν₂ out‐of‐plane bending mode. Importantly, through the comparison of the Raman spectra, the molecular structure of borate minerals with ill‐defined structures can be obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman and mid‐IR spectroscopic study of the magnesium carbonate minerals—brugnatellite and coalingite

Two hydrated hydroxy magnesium carbonate minerals brugnatellite and coalingite with a hydrotalcite‐like structure were studied by Raman spectroscopy. Intense bands are observed at 1094 cm⁻¹ for brugnatellite and at 1093 cm⁻¹ for coalingite attributed to the CO₃²⁻ν₁ symmetric stretching mode. Additional low intensity bands are observed at 1064 cm⁻¹. The existence of two symmetric stretching modes is accounted for in terms of different anion structural arrangements. Very low intensity bands at 1377 and 1451 cm⁻¹ are observed for brugnatellite, and the Raman spectrum of coalingite displays two bands at 1420 and 1465 cm⁻¹ attributed to the (CO₃)²⁻ν₃ antisymmetric stretching modes. Very low intensity bands at 792 cm⁻¹ for brugnatellite and 797 cm⁻¹ for coalingite are assigned to the CO₃²⁻ out‐of‐plane bend (ν₂). X‐ray diffraction studies by other researchers have shown that these minerals are disordered. This is reflected in the difficulty of obtaining Raman spectra of reasonable quality and explains why the Raman spectra of these minerals have not been previously or sufficiently described. A comparison is made with the Raman spectra of other hydrated magnesium carbonate minerals. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comprehensive spectroscopic study of synthetic Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+ and Al3+ copiapite by Raman,XRD, LIBS,MIR and vis–NIR

The identification of iron sulfates on Mars by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter emphasized the importance of studying iron sulfates in laboratory simulation experiments. The copiapite group of minerals was suggested as one of the potential iron sulfates occurring on the surface and subsurface on Mars, so it is meaningful to study their spectroscopic features, especially the spectral changes caused by cation substitutions. Four copiapite samples with cation substitutions (Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺) were synthesized in our laboratory. Their identities were confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Spectroscopic characterizations by Raman, mid‐IR, vis‐NIR and laser‐induced‐breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) were conducted on those synthetic copiapite samples, as these technologies are being (and will be) used in current (and future) missions to Mars. We have found a systematic ν₁peak shift in the Raman spectra of the copiapite samples with cation substitutions, a consistent atomic ratio detection by LIBS, a set of systematic XRD line shifts representing structural change caused by the cation substitutions and a weakening of selection rules in mid‐IR spectra caused by the low site symmetry of (SO₄)²⁻ in the copiapite structures. The near‐infrared (NIR) spectra of the trivalent copiapite species show two strong diagnostic water features near 1.4 and 1.9 µm, with two additional bands near 2.0 µm. In the vis‐NIR spectra, the position of an electronic band shifts from 0.85 µm for ferricopiapite to 0.866 µm for copiapite, and this shift suggests the appearance of a Fe²⁺ electronic transition band near 0.9 µm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广东省石英质“台山玉”矿物谱学及其标型特征研究

石英质玉分布广泛,在我国十几个省区均有产出,是国内市场上重要的特色玉石品种,其使用历史悠久,是岭南先秦时期重要的玉石材料。石英质玉石的产地区分具有重要的宝石学和考古学意义。然而,由于石英质玉产地众多,外观、成分特征相似,尚缺乏有效的产地判别方法,其产地来源标型特征的研究仍然非常薄弱。"台山玉"是产于广东台山的一种石英质玉石,因其颜色质感酷似田黄而日益受到重视。该研究在常规的宝石学测试基础上,采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、显微激光拉曼光谱(Raman)等分析方法,对6件具有代表性不同类型的台山玉的谱学特征及矿物组成进行了测试分析。实验结果显示,台山玉主要矿物为石英,次要矿物为地开石或高岭石;地开石、高岭石在台山玉中以其中一种为主,二者不共存;利用XRD-Rietveld法定量计算出台山玉中石英含量低于85 Wt%,高岭石族矿物含量介于17 Wt%~36 Wt%。台山玉的拉曼光谱缺失斜硅石的502 cm^-1特征峰,暗示了台山玉的主要矿物石英与玉髓、玛瑙类低温石英相比具有较高的结晶度;台山玉可分为地开石石英岩玉和高岭石石英岩玉两种类型,其中地开石型石英质台山玉红外光谱羟基振动区出现3 622, 3 653和3 703 cm^-1三个谱带,而拉曼光谱相应地出现3 622, 3 644和3 706 cm^-1三个谱带,二者均有谱带分裂明显,峰强向高频方向递减的特点,台山玉多为此类型;高岭石型台山玉红外光谱羟基振动区出现3 620, 3 652, 3 670和3 695 cm^-1四个谱带,而拉曼光谱出现3 620, 3 651, 3 670和3 687 cm^-1四个谱带,其中3 670 cm^-1带强度很弱,不易识别,该类型台山玉比例相对较少。台山玉中高有序度地开石、高岭石的出现指示其原岩中富Al质矿物经历了中温酸性热液交代蚀变作用,成矿条件与黄龙玉、金丝玉、霍山玉等石英岩玉存在差异。可以确定,地开石、高岭石是台山玉区别于其他产地石英岩玉的标型矿物。结果为台山玉的产地鉴定提供了科学依据,并为国内石英质玉的源区鉴定和古代石英质玉器的产地溯源提供了重要的参考。     

The improvement of cross-calibration of IIM data and band selection for FeO inversion

Chang’E-1 (CE-1) Interference Imaging Spectrometer (IIM) dataset suffers from the weak response in the near infrared (NIR) bands, which are the important wavelength for retrieving the minerals and elements of the Moon. In this paper, the cross-calibration was implemented to the IIM hyperspectral data for improving the weak response in NIR bands. The results show that the cross-calibrated IIM spectra were consistent to the Earth-based telescopic spectra, which suggests that the cross-calibration yields acceptable results. For further validating the influence of the cross-calibration on the FeO inversion and searching the optimal bands to retrieve lunar FeO contents, four band selection schemes were designed to retrieve FeO using the original and cross-calibrated IIM spectra. By comparing the distribution patterns and histograms of the IIM derived FeO contents with the Clementine derived FeO, the IIM 891 nm band after cross-calibration showed a higher accuracy in the FeO inversion, hence most useful for lunar FeO inversion.     

稀土氟碳酸盐矿物的振动光谱研究

利用红外光谱、拉曼光谱和X射线能谱研究了四川冕宁氟碳铈矿和内蒙白云鄂博稀土矿区的黄河矿、氟碳钙铈矿、氟碳铈钡矿的谱学特征。结果表明,振动光谱是表征稀土氟碳酸盐矿物结构和组分特征的有效手段。CO32-离子的ν3红外谱带或ν1拉曼谱带的频率位置、谱带分裂状况和谱峰数目取决于矿物分子中的CO32-离子数目。而CO32-离子的ν2红外谱带或ν4红外和拉曼谱带的特征可区分稀土氟碳酸盐矿物、钡稀土氟碳酸盐矿物和钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物。发现氟碳酸盐矿物中混有少量的重晶石。     

生物成因文石的FTIR光谱特征

对13种文石质软体动物贝壳的内外壳层进行了较系统的FTIR光谱测量,并重点对文石的ν₁,ν₂及ν₄3个内振动模式的频率与贝壳壳层位置的关系进行了分析。结果表明,文石的ν₁,ν₄带在所有的样品中未存在频率位移现象,且与合成文石的相关谱带的频率一致,但ν₂带频率与贝壳壳层的位置有密切关系。在同一生物种类贝壳中,所有样品内壳层文石的ν₂带频率均大于外壳层。随贝壳种类的不同,内外壳层ν₂带频率位移的范围为0.5～4.5 cm-1。关于文石质贝壳内外壳层红外光谱中ν₂带存在频率位移的现象是首次报道。     

Raman spectroscopic study of the uranyl oxyhydroxide hydrates: becquerelite,billietite, curite,schoepite and vandendriesscheite

Raman and infrared spectra of five uranyl oxyhydroxide hydrates, becquerelite, billietite, curite, schoepite and vandendriesscheite, are reported. The observed bands are attributed to the (UO₂)²⁺ stretching and bending vibrations, U OH bending vibrations and H₂O and (OH)⁻ stretching, bending and libration modes. The U O bond lengths in uranyls and the O H···O bond lengths are calculated from the wavenumbers assigned to the stretching vibrations. They are close to the values inferred and/or predicted from the X‐ray single‐crystal structure. The complex hydrogen‐bonding network arrangement was proved in the structures of all the minerals studied. This hydrogen bonding contributes to the stability of these uranyl minerals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Studies on the origin of the 3400 cm region infrared bands of synthetic and natural α-quartz

Boron was incorporated into synthetic quartz thereby producing, by perturbing an OH vibration, an i.r. band at 3594 cm^?1 whose absorption coefficient varies with boron content. The present study was not able to confirm the correlations of i.r. bands with alkali ions as reported by others. Ions such as Al³⁺, Y³⁺, Yi⁴⁺ and Be²⁺ produced no new, sharp absorption bands in the i.r. spectra. The conclusion was reached that the impurity perturbation of the OH vibration was strongly influenced by the impurity site and that probably the tunnel sites were more important than interstitial or lattice sites. Mass spectrometric analyses of sixteen crystals are reported. I.R. spectra of natural quartz, non-doped synthetic quartz and boron-doped synthetic quartz are presented.     

Raman and infrared study of phyllosilicates containing heavy metals (Sb,Bi): bismutoferrite and chapmanite

The kaolinite‐like phyllosilicate minerals bismutoferrite BiFe³⁺₂Si₂O₈(OH) and chapmanite SbFe³⁺₂Si₂O₈(OH) have been studied by Raman spectroscopy and complemented with infrared spectra. Tentatively interpreted spectra were related to their molecular structure. The antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the Si O Si bridges, δ SiOSi and δ OSiO bending vibrations, ν (Si O_terminal)⁻ stretching vibrations, ν OH stretching vibrations of hydroxyl ions, and δ OH bending vibrations were attributed to the observed bands. Infrared bands in the range 3289–3470 cm⁻¹ and Raman bands in the range 1590–1667 cm⁻¹ were assigned to adsorbed water. O H···O hydrogen‐bond lengths were calculated from the Raman and infrared spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and Raman spectroscopic characterisation of the oxalate mineral wheatleyite Na2Cu2+(C2O4)2·2H2O

The mineral wheatleyite has been synthesised and characterised by Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy. Two Raman bands at 1434 and 1470 cm⁻¹ are assigned to the ν_{(C O)} stretching mode and implies two independent oxalate anions. Two intense Raman bands observed at 904 and 860 cm⁻¹ are assigned to the ν(C C) stretching mode and support the concept of two non‐equivalent oxalate units in the wheatleyite structure. Two strong bands observed at 565 and 585 cm⁻¹ are assigned to the symmetric CCO in plane bending modes. The Raman band at 387 cm⁻¹ is attributed to the CuO stretching vibration and the bands at 127 and 173 cm⁻¹ to OCuO bending vibrations. A comparison is made with Raman spectra of selected natural oxalate bearing minerals. Oxalates are markers or indicators of environmental events. Oxalates are readily determined by Raman spectroscopy. Thus, deterioration of works of art, biogeochemical cycles, plant metal complexation, the presence of pigments and minerals formed in caves can be analysed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparative X-ray absorption near-edge structure study of bornite,Cu5FeS4, and chalcopyrite,CuFeS2

High resolution Fe L-, Cu L-, S L-edge and O K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of synthetic bornite and the samples oxidized in air and leached in a ferric chloride solution have been recorded and compared with the spectra of chalcopyrite. The pre-edge shoulder in the Cu L-edge spectrum of bornite and the strong leading peak in the spectrum of chalcopyrite were attributed to the electron transitions to the minor density of unoccupied Cu 3d states, and the post-edge features were related to the states of s- and p-type. The Fe L-edge XANES showed the presence of predominant Fe²⁺ for chalcopyrite, and some quantity of Fe²⁺ for bornite cannot be excluded despite XPS and Mössbauer spectroscopy had previously detected only Cu⁺ and Fe³⁺ species in both minerals. The Cu L- and S L-edge spectra of bornite considerably modify and become similar to those of chalcopyrite after the oxidative leaching that produces the heavily metal-depleted surface layers, and the Fe L-edge XANES shows only a slightly increased contribution of Fe²⁺. The multiparticle configurations involving Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ or holes at S atoms may play a role in the L-spectra.