结合模板匹配和梯度峰值的对角标志自动提取方法

为了提高视觉测量系统的自动化水平和测量精度,提出了一种结合模板匹配和梯度峰值的对角标志自动提取方法。使用旋转不变模板匹配方法得到原始图像与标准模板的相关系数矩阵,通过两次阈值筛选获取标志点候选位置。根据两条直线相交于标志中心处以及中心处灰度梯度存在多个峰值的特性,剔除非合作标志点,得到对角标志点初始坐标。通过生成对角标志理想相关模板,利用相关系数拟合极值法进行亚像素定位。实验结果表明,该方法可以正确提取复杂环境下对角标志或棋盘格图像中的角点,而且需要人工调节的参数少、稳健性强、定位精度高且通用性好,可应用于工程实践中环境光源变化较大的测量场合。     

基于边缘方向投影的棋盘格角点亚像素细化

随着视觉测量技术在工程中的推广,越来越多的视觉标定和测量需在车间现场由非专业人员执行,这会造成拍摄的棋盘格图像中包含较多的噪声。为了实现噪声下棋盘格角点稳健、精确的亚像素细化,提出一种基于边缘方向投影的棋盘格角点亚像素细化方法。首先基于非极大值抑制算法计算初始边缘方向,然后基于最小加权二乘拟合法细化边缘方向,最后基于边缘方向最大投影细化棋盘格角点的亚像素坐标。结果表明：在高质量的棋盘格图像中,所提方法的棋盘格边长测量偏差的最大值均小于0.021 mm,棋盘格边长测量偏差的均值均小于0.006 mm;在高斯噪声和角点污染的棋盘格图像中,所提方法的棋盘格边长测量偏差的最大值均小于0.05 mm,棋盘格边长测量偏差的均值均小于0.02 mm。     

基于改进Harris角点算法的摄像机标定技术研究

针对传统的Harris焦点提取算法对噪声敏感,执行效率低等不足,提出了一种改进的Harris焦点提取方法。以Harris焦点提取算法为基础,通过优化角点响应函数,消除系数 K,提高焦点提取算法的执行效率。采用改进的 Harris 算法对黑白棋盘表格进行内角点提取,利用张正友摄像机标定法计算USB摄像机的内外参数。实验结果证明了该方法可以有效的对黑白棋盘格内角点进行提取,准确高效,提高了摄像机的标定精度和准确性,是一种可行的摄像机标定方法。     

多几何约束下的鱼眼相机单像高精度标定

以待标定鱼眼相机近似垂直棋盘格获取的单张影像为对象,综合利用多种几何约束分阶段求解鱼眼相机参数初值并进行全局优化:利用鱼眼图像轮廓对称性计算得到准确的相机主点位置(u_0,v_0),并通过轮廓外接矩形扫描搜索巧妙回避了黑色背景下的轮廓点检测困难;精确拟合棋盘格两组互相垂直平行直线在鱼眼图像上投影椭圆,计算椭圆交点并将其反投影到单位球面获得平行直线灭点,根据灭点方向正交约束得到相机等效焦距初值(f_x,f_y)及旋转矩阵角度初值;利用径向对准约束及棋盘格角点信息先线性求解平移矢量(t_x,t_y)初值,进而建立一元二次方程求解平移矢量t_z初值,最后通过最小化棋盘格角点重投影误差对除主点外的全部相机参数进行全局优化,并利用优化参数对鱼眼图像实施立方盒展开纠正。对海康威视两种型号(视野范围不同)定焦鱼眼相机的标定及其影像纠正试验结果表明,本文方法重投影均方根误差(RMSE)小于1/3 pixel,标定参数对鱼眼图像不同区域的平面透视纠正效果总体上较稳健,中心区域纠正效果略优于边缘处,纠正影像上棋盘格角点直线拟合RMSE均小于0.7 pixel,效果明显优于网上标定工具箱结果,具有较好的应用价值。     

针对标定图像中Harris伪角点的自动修正算法

针对Harris算子在提取标定图像中的特征点时可能出现的伪角点,提出了一种新的自动修正算法.通过对伪角点邻域内图像进行X和Y两个方向上的一维亚像素扫描,然后用基于正交距离的直线或曲线拟合算法计算两条边缘线条,最后用两边缘线条的交点来估计正确角点位置.本文对机器视觉标定中的棋盘格图像进行大量实验,结果证明该方法具有较好的鲁棒性,达到了预期的两个目的:1)修正图像中的伪角点;2)得到高准确度的亚像素角点.     

针对标定图像中Harris伪角点的自动修正算法

针对Harris算子在提取标定图像中的特征点时可能出现的伪角点,提出了一种新的自动修正算法.通过对伪角点邻域内图像进行X和Y两个方向上的一维亚像素扫描,然后用基于正交距离的直线或曲线拟合算法计算两条边缘线条,最后用两边缘线条的交点来估计正确角点位置.本文对机器视觉标定中的棋盘格图像进行大量实验,结果证明该方法具有较好的鲁棒性,达到了预期的两个目的:1)修正图像中的伪角点;2)得到高准确度的亚像素角点.     

一种实用的X型靶标亚像素角点提取方法

为了提取亚像素角点和实现高精度的标定,提出了一种基于Harris算子和空间矩的亚像素角点提取方法。利用Harris算子,在优化后的范围内提取像素级角点;运用改进后的梯度模板提取像素级角点周围部分边界点,并利用空间矩的方法得到边界点的亚像素级坐标;将亚像素边界点进行直线拟合,并将交点的平均值作为该角点的亚像素坐标。实际测试证明:利用该方法提取到的角点精度可以达到0.1pixel,可满足实际的公差要求,为X型靶标的角点提取提供了一种新的思路,目前已经将该方法应用到了嵌入式机器视觉工业现场。     

大视场光电测量系统广角相机标定方法研究

在大视场光电测量系统中一般会采用广角镜头,这会导致获得的测量图像存在严重的畸变问题。为了对这一类大畸变相机进行精确标定,可以通过径向畸变除式模型以及角点亚像素坐标提取方法,首先求解出图像畸变中心坐标及畸变参数,然后利用二维平面棋盘格标志点与图像点的对应关系求解出单应性矩阵,再根据单应性矩阵进一步求解出相机内外参数。求解出相关参数后,对求解出的参数利用Levenberg-Marquardt法进行迭代优化,再在迭代优化的基础上根据3σ法则对重投影误差数据进行坏点剔除,然后对剔除坏点之后的坐标数据重新进行标定,直至所有数据都符合要求,最终可以实现大视场畸变图像的高精度校正。为了验证所提方法的有效性,进行了仿真图像及实际图像的标定实验,结果显示,本方法能适当提高标定精度,在实际实验中均方重投影误差平均值减小了0.0103个像素点,相当于提升了0.7%的校正误差精度。     

基于灰度图差分梯度的雾化角测量方法北大核心CSCD

雾场边界及雾化角作为雾场的重要特性参数,主要通过图像法进行测量。在图像处理过程中,一般是将灰度图转化为二值化图像,然后依次针对二值化图像进行处理和计算。由于雾场的多相流特性,得到的二值化阈值和图像与实际雾场是否一致缺少评判依据。提出根据喷雾的灰度图像直接处理,得到掩模板并作用于灰度图像,采用图像形态学和迭代方法,计算灰度图像的梯度值。通过得到梯度值最大时的灰度图像,计算雾场边界和雾化角。实验表明,该方法提供了一种雾场边界的数值判断依据,通过梯度最大值判断并提取雾场边界,从而通过程序自动实现雾场边界提取与雾化角拟合测量。     

基于光线角度标定的坐标测量方法

提出了一种基于光线角度标定的被测面坐标测量方法。该方法以二维棋盘格参照物作为标定靶,测量得到外置光孔以及标靶上角点的坐标。将由角点过光孔的光线投影于世界坐标系各平面,计算出此光线与摄像机光轴的夹角。拍摄单幅图像,由Harris角点检测算法得到图像坐标系下角点坐标,以像素为单位插值,根据针孔相机原理,可得到CCD靶面上各像素点过光孔的光线与光轴的夹角,以此计算标定靶面上任意点的空间坐标。实验结果表明,该方法具有较高的精度。由于只需要拍摄一幅图像,因此可以完成实时测量。     

Microscopic basis for Fick's law for self-diffusion

We investigate self-diffusion in a classical fluid composed of two species which are distinguished through the color of their particles, either black or white, but are identical as regards their mechanical properties. Disregarding color the fluid is in thermal equilibrium. We show that if a single test particle in the one-component fluid moves asymptotically as Brownian motion, then the color density and current in certain classes of nonequilibrium states are related, on the appropriate macroscopic scale, through Fick's law, and the former is governed by the diffusion equation. If in addition several test particles move asymptotically as independent Brownian motions, then the colored fluid is, on a macroscopic scale, in local equilibrium with parameters governed by the solution of the diffusion equation.Part of this work was done while both authors were at IHES, Bures-sur-Yvette, France.Supported in part by NSF Grant No. PHY 78-15920-02.Supported by a Heisenberg fellowship of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Convolution identities for quasiprobabilities for Bose functions

We present identities relating the equations of motion of various quasiprobabilities for quantum oscillators. These identities turn out useful for checking the consistency of approximations made in constructing the equations of motion with the basic Bose commutator. Moreover, our identities allow to identify the quasiprobability distributions which have the easiest-to-solve equations of motion.     

Requirements for Optical Systems for Virtual Displays

Currently, there are many types of virtual displays and new types arise every year. However, their vast majority appear technically inapplicable because they are inconsistent with a number of key factors related to the eye physiology. In this paper, we present the general requirements for optical systems of virtual displays, taking into account human eye physiology.     

Figure of merit for spectrometers for EDXRF

How should one select the best detector for a particular measurement in energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF)? How should one select the optimum system configuration, i.e. the best shaping time and beam current? Manufacturers provide a variety of specifications, such as energy resolution and maximum count rate, but these are indirectly related to the end use of an EDXRF instrument, the measurement and detection limit of the measured elemental concentrations. We suggest in this paper using the time required to achieve a given statistical uncertainty as a figure of merit. We derive scaling rules for this figure of merit based on conventional specifications, including energy resolution, peaking time, maximum count rate, detector area, and intrinsic efficiency. These scaling rules also include the peak to background ratio of a photopeak and the number of overlapping peaks. We then show how this figure of merit can be used to select the optimum detector and spectrometer configuration for specific applications and compare the results to data obtained with typical systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Memory for pitch versus memory for loudness

The decays of pitch traces and loudness traces in short-term auditory memory were compared in forced-choice discrimination experiments. The two stimuli presented on each trial were separated by a variable delay (D); they consisted of pure tones, series of resolved harmonics, or series of unresolved harmonics mixed with lowpass noise. A roving procedure was employed in order to minimize the influence of context coding. During an initial phase of each experiment, frequency and intensity discrimination thresholds [P(C) = 0.80] were measured with an adaptive staircase method while D was fixed at 0.5 s. The corresponding physical differences (in cents or dB) were then constantly presented at four values of D: 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 s. In the case of intensity discrimination, performance (d') markedly decreased when D increased from 0.5 to 2 s, but was not further reduced when D was longer. In the case of frequency discrimination, the decline of performance as a function of D was significantly less abrupt. This divergence suggests that pitch and loudness are processed in separate modules of auditory memory.     

溶剂化的热力学集团展开理论

把二元溶液的过剩内能（ｅｘｃｅｓｓ ｅｎｅｒｇｙ）分成溶剂－溶剂、溶剂－溶质及溶质－溶质相互作用部分。利用集团展开方法给出了二元溶液在正则系综的配分函数的表达式，利用该表达式得到了溶质的偏摩尔内能（ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｍｏｌａｒ ｅｎｅｒｇｙ）和偏摩尔熵（ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｍｏｌａｒ ｅｎｔｒｏｐｙ）的表达式。在无限稀溶液情形，过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂－溶剂部分又称重组织内能（ｒｅｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｅｎｅｒｇｙ），它反映了溶质存在时对其周围溶剂分子之间的相互作用能的影响。研究表明，在溶质的粒子数密度相对较大时，溶质分子之间的相互作用将影响过过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂－溶剂部分，对于稀溶液，过氧偏摩尔内能的溶剂－溶剂部分与溶质的摩尔分数成线性关系。对低蜜度二元溶液，溶质的过剩偏摩尔内能和过剩偏摩尔熵也与溶质的摩尔分数成线     

Expressions for third-order aberration theory for holographic images

Expressions for third-order aberration in the reconstructed wave front of point objects are established by Meier. But Smith, Neil Mohon, Sweatt independently reported that their results differ from that of Meier. We found that coefficients for spherical aberration, astigmatism, tally with Meier’s while coefficients for distortion and coma differ.     

Map for Simultaneous Measurements for a Quantum Logic

In this paper we will study a function of simultaneous measurements for quantum events (s-map) which will be compared with the conditional states on an orthomodular lattice as a basic structure for quantum logic. We will show the connection between s-map and a conditional state. On the basis of the Rényi approach to the conditioning, conditional states, and the independence of events with respect to a state are discussed. Observe that their relation of independence of events is not more symmetric contrary to the standard probabilistic case. Some illustrative examples are included.     

Call for Nominations for the 2001 Boltzmann Award

Journal of Statistical Physics -