铬酸钠一步电合成三氧化铬槽电压变化规律及宏观动力学研究

针对三氧化铬传统生产工艺存在高消耗、高污染等诸多弊端,研究了其电催化绿色合成新技术。在以自制新型复极式电解槽为核心的反应装置中,采用铬酸钠为原料的一步电合成工艺,进行三氧化铬合成反应实验。测得槽电压和阳极液钠铬比动力学数据,表明槽电压变化规律可用来监控和表征电合成反应进程,反应为拟一级反应动力学。建立了槽电压变化和反应宏观动力学数学模型,详细探讨了槽电压的影响因素及其变化规律。     

重铬酸钾电合成过程中Aciplex?膜的污染表征与清洗再生研究

针对重铬酸钾电催化绿色合成过程工业铬酸钾原料中杂质污染Aciplex~?膜的弊端,在自制合成反应装置中研究了膜的污染和清洗方法。测定了离子膜在合成过程中的初始槽电压和电流效率,建立了初始槽电压随膜使用次数、电流效率随初始槽电压变化的数学模型;定义了膜污染率和清洗度;根据定义和所建模型,模型计算值和实验数据相关系数高,可以满意地表征膜的污染规律。研究了一种多元混合液作为膜清洗剂,清洗后的膜清洁度接近1,清洗效果好。     

铬酸钠电化学合成重铬酸钠进程监控及表征

针对重铬酸钠传统工业化生产中存在的污染严重及工艺落后问题,研究了以铬酸钠为原料,再以钌、铱、钛氧化物做复合阳极的自制复极式两室电解槽中电化学合成重铬酸钠绿色新技术。实验表明可用电解槽电压随电解时间的变化规律来监控和定量表征重铬酸钠合成进程,并建立了反应进程数学模型及槽电压随时间变化速率方程,研究发现所建模型定量表征重铬酸钠电化学合成进程良好,详细讨论了槽电压的影响因素。     

三氧化铬二吡啶、三氧化铬吡啶盐酸盐——两种有效的专用氧化剂

近年来,文献[1]陆续报道了多种能选择地将伯、仲醇氧化为醛和酮的专一氧化剂,例如四醋酸铅吡啶,铬酸叔丁酯,Ｎ氯代丁二烯亚胺,二甲硫醚,硝酸氨铈,三氧化铬的吡啶溶液,其中有些氧化剂制备较复杂,或是制备成本较高,使之应用范围较窄。而三氧化铬的吡啶溶液由于氧化醇时条件温和,产物分离方便,在近年来得到了广泛的应用,例在合成前列腺素和甾体的醛的中间体时,得到了几乎定量的产物。我们对三氧化铬吡啶溶液中最具代表性的氧化剂三氧化铬二吡啶及三氧化铬吡啶盐酸盐的合成、应用及氧化机理作了一些探讨。1　实验部分11　试剂和仪器文中所用试剂…     

铂纳米晶的合成及其甲醇电催化性能

以草酰胺作为保护剂,采用胶体法合成铂纳米晶,考察了不同溶液pH值、前驱体与保护剂反应物配比对铂纳米晶形貌及其甲醇电催化氧化活性的影响. 测试表明,pH = 5、反应物配比1:20合成的铂纳米晶的甲醇电催化氧化活性最佳,其峰电流密度达到1709 μA·cm^-2. 空气中搁置3个月后,其表面形貌变化不大,但甲醇的电催化活性显著降低. 0.05 ~ 1.2 V电位范围循环扫描100周期,其循环伏安曲线明显变化,晶体表面原子排列方式也发生变化,由易毒化(100)面逐渐转化为(110)面,其甲醇电催化活性增加.     

重铬酸钾电催化合成反应过程阳极稳定性及析气效应研究

针对重铬酸钾传统生产技术存在的高污染、高消耗等问题,研究了电催化合成重铬酸钾绿色新技术。实验研究了自制钌/铱/钛氧化物复合阳极的电催化性能,表征了电极表面形貌。结果表明,该阳极在铬酸钾溶液中具有较低的析氧电位和稳定的高催化活性。实验测得不同反应条件下的阴极析氢速率,建立了析氢速率和析氢量随阳极液铬酸钾初始浓度、反应温度及反应时间变化的数学模型,指出可用宏观测得的阴极析氢量定量表征重铬酸钾电催化反应进程,并讨论了析氢速率和析氢量的影响因素。     

铬酸酐电催化合成过程阳极稳定性与析气效应研究

针对铬酸酐传统生产技术存在的高污染、高消耗、工艺落后等问题,研究了以重铬酸钾为原料,电催化合成铬酸酐绿色新技术。循环伏安法研究了阳极的电催化性能,扫描电镜分析了表面形貌。结果表明,自制钌/铱/钛氧化物复合阳极在阳极电解液中具有较低的析氧过电位和稳定的高催化活性。实验测得不同反应条件下阴极析氢速率,建立了析氢速率和析氢量随阳极液重铬酸钾初始浓度、反应温度及反应时间变化的数学模型,指出阴极析氢速率可用于定量表征铬酸酐电催化反应进程,讨论了析氢速率和析氢量的影响因素。     

氧化还原刻蚀铜表面对二氧化碳电催化还原性能的研究

大规模化石燃料的使用排放了大量的二氧化碳（CO₂）,导致环境中二氧化碳的含量急剧增加. 为了降低大气中二氧化碳的含量,以电催化的方法将二氧化碳转化为有用的化工原料和燃料是解决能源和环境问题的重要途径. 本文主要利用氧化还原刻蚀法,在铜表面形成复合纳米结构,用于二氧化碳的电催化还原反应研究. 首先,作者通过一定浓度的三氯化铁（FeCl₃）溶液与铜片的氧化还原反应,在刻蚀铜表面时形成具有立方体结构的氯化亚铜纳米材料,用于二氧化碳的电催化还原反应. 为了研究反应时间对催化性能的影响,作者通过改变反应时间（1、2、3和4 h）合成了不同结构的铜基催化剂. 研究发现,在反应3 h后,Cu-3h催化剂对二氧化碳的电催化还原具有较小的起始电压（-0.3 V vs. RHE）和较大的电流密度值,表现出了较强的还原能力. 经检测,所得到主要还原产物为一氧化碳（CO）和甲烷（CH₄）. 在-0.6 V时,二氧化碳催化还原的法拉第效率可达到60%,表明以氧化还原法刻蚀铜表面具有较好的改善二氧化碳电催化还原的能力.     

电催化氧化制备苯甲醛的研究

在超声波槽中电生成纳米金属氧化物,继而以MnO2/Mn2 或金属氧化物氧化还原电对作为媒介,电催化氧化合成苯甲醛.实验表明,电流效率和苯甲醛的产率在超声的参与下有明显的提高,优化了超声电解的条件.在较高温度下反应时,有利于提高生成苯甲醛的电流效率.反应选择性较高,苯甲醛产率可达88.9%.     

偶氮四唑钾盐的绿色电合成反应耦合WS2纳米片催化电解水制氢

析氧反应(OER)作为动力学缓慢的四电子多步骤反应过程,限制了电催化水分解制氢的反应速率,降低了电催化水分解制氢的整体效率,以热力学更有利的有机含能材料氧化反应替代OER与析氢反应(HER)耦合,在降低槽压制得氢气的同时能得到高附加值的化工产品.本文建立了一种新的耦合体系,在阳极侧制备含能离子盐[偶氮四唑钾盐(K₂AZT)]的同时,阴极侧以碳布负载的二硫化钨纳米片(CC@WS₂ NSs)作为HER催化剂促进H₂的形成.该体系仅需要1.65 V的槽电压即可达到10 m A/cm²的电流密度,相比于CC@WS₂ NSs/CF全解水体系(1.87 V)降低了220 m V.耦合体系在至少15 h内保持平稳运行,表现出优异的稳定性能.通过绿色安全的电化学法制备含能化合物避免了传统有机合成方法高能耗、高风险和高成本等问题,为安全生产含能材料提供了新的合成策略.     

A highly accurate and precise method for the assay of chromium metal and chromium(III) oxide

A method capable of a precision of 3 to 5 parts in ten thousand has been developed for the routine assay of high purity chromium metal and chromium trioxide. Use has been made of the favourable gravimetric factor of ferrous ammonium sulfate and of an amperometric end-point. Comparison with the arsenic trioxide method was made.     

Toward the modular synthesis of glycosaminoglycans: synthesis of hyaluronic acid disaccharide building blocks using a periodic acid oxidation

The synthesis of two differentially protected GluNAc-β(1→4)-GluA and GluA-β(1→3)-GluNAc disaccharide modules for the solid-phase assembly of hyaluronic acid are described. A periodic acid/chromium trioxide oxidation was the key transformation to facilitate access to the glucuronic acid moiety from glucose and should find wide application in the oxidation of primary alcohols.     

离子色谱法测定铬酸酐中的微量F~-、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-

建立了离子色谱法测定铬酸酐中微量F~-、SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-的方法。以水合联氨作还原剂,将铬酸酐溶液中的CrO_4~(2-)还原为Cr~(3+),以沉淀的方式除去,采用离子色谱法测定溶液中的微量F~-、SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-,其测量不确定度分别为6％、6％和5％。方法简便,测量结果准确、可靠。     

Oxidative transformations of cembrane diterpenoids I. Oxidation of cembrene with chromium trioxide

1. The oxidation of cembrene with chromium trioxide in aqueous sulfuric acid (the Jones reagent) and in aqueous acetone has given norcembra-2,7,11-trien-4-one, norsolanadione, (3E, 8E)-5-isopropyl-8-methyltrideca-3,8-diene-2,12-dione, and five new compounds the structures of which have been established on the basis of their spectra. 2. Oxidation with chromium trioxide in aqueous acetone, in contrast to oxidation with the Jones reagent, takes place stereospecifically—the C₁₁-C₁₂ double bond of cembrene is not affected.     

A chemical study of thermally activated chromic titanate on silica ethylene polymerization catalysts

Thermally activated ethylene polymerization catalysts which contain chromium and titanium on silica differ from those catalysts which contain only chromium on silica. The characteristics of chromium-titanium catalysts vary with the method of incorporating the titanium and the thermal activation procedure. Titanated catalysts of the kind examined in this article have faster initiation and a higher polymerization rate per unit catalyst weight than corresponding catalysts without titanium. High-density polyethylene produced by this type of titanium-chromium catalyst tends to have a higher melt index and a broader molecular weight distribution than polyethylene made with chromium on silica catalysts. Iodometric titration showed that reduction from the initial hexavalent chromium to trivalent occurs when the dry, catalyst starting material is treated with titanium tetraisopropoxide. A study of the reaction between chromium trioxide and titanium tetraisopropoxide in carbon tetrachloride revealed that (1) it is not necessary to have a reaction between surface silanols and titanium tetraisopropoxide for the reduction to occur, and (2) the reaction product has an absorption near 660 nm in the visible range. Comparison of spectra showed that chromium trioxide on silica reduced by isopropyl alcohol has a shifted absorption, i.e., 600 nm. These findings are interpreted to mean that titanium atoms come sufficiently close to chromium atoms to change their electron density in the starting material and remain close neighbors in the activated catalysts. The interpretation is further supported by ESCA data and leads to the proposal that in this case the activated catalysts contain titanium chromate structures.     

热处理时间对锂电池正极材料Cr8O21的影响

本文以CrO₃为原料,采用高温固相法制备锂电池用正极材料Cr₈O₂₁,系统研究了热处理时间对Cr₈O₂₁结构、电化学性能的影响。采用TGA、XRD、SEM、EDS、ICP、EIS和恒流放电技术对制备的铬氧化物的物相及电化学性能进行研究。结果表明,延长热处理时间有利于提升材料的电化学性能。且不同的热处理时间对材料的电化学性能有重要影响。热处理时间为48 h得到的材料性能优异,在恒放电电流0.05 mA下,材料克比容量达到383.26 mAh·g^-1,克比能量达到1153.83 mWh·g^-1,平均放电电压3.01 V。     

Optimization of conditions for preparing vitamin K3 by oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene with chromium trioxide in acid solutions

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - Optimal conditions were found for oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene to 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone with chromium trioxide in sulfuric and acetic acids. The...     

电镀铬液铬酐含量的电位分析

建立了以硫酸亚铁铵作滴定剂,电位滴定法测定镀铬溶液中铬酐（ＣｒＯ３）含量的方法。     

Oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds with CrO3.SiO2 in supercritical carbon dioxide

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is an effective reaction medium to perform the oxidation of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds with chromium trioxide supported on silica. These reactions were performed by flowing a solution of the alcohol in scCO2 through a column containing the supported reagent and recovering the product by depressurization. This method avoids the use of organic solvents and the contamination of the products with chromium species.     

Multi-walled carbon nanotube modified basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes: Exploring heterogeneity, electro-catalysis and highlighting batch to batch variation

We highlight the heterogeneity and electro-catalysis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes which is shown to be dependant on batch to batch variation via the use of cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Batch to batch variation is often an overlooked parameter which may limit their use in electrochemistry, and in particular, in the development and realisation of commercial electroanalytical sensors and therefore needs to be considered.