利用超高阶导模测量PMN-PT透明陶瓷二次电光系数

以亚毫米尺度的铌镁酸铅-钛酸铅(PMN-PT)透明陶瓷片为导波层制备了对称金属包覆波导,并利用自由空间耦合技术激发了波导中的超高阶导模.根据衰减全反射(ATR)峰的移动,得到了在波导两侧所施加电压与光强反射率的关系,从而计算了PMN-PT透明陶瓷片的二次电光系数.     

基于单通道反射型电光调制器实现不同路光同时调制的方法

提出了一种利用单通道反射型聚合物电光调制器同时调制不同路光的方法。衰减全反射结构的电光调制器,其每一个衰减全反射(ATR)峰的位置分别对应于一个导波共振模式。实验系统中利用衰减全反射导膜峰作为调制通道,使其每一路光路的入射角分别对应于不同导波共振模式的工作角,就可以实现利用单通道的电光调制器同时调制不同路光。提出了三种实现两路光同时调制的模式,并给出了三种模式的调制结果。结果表明,作为调制通道的导模阶数越低,调制效率越高。在832 nm光波波长下,采用最低阶导模进行调制时可以获得42.9%的调制效率。     

Multi-channel light modulation based on the attenuation total reflection

Multi-channel light modulation, which is based on the attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration, is proposed in this paper. The device consists of a prism and a polymer optical waveguide. Guided modes which give rise to the resonance dips in the ATR spectrum are employed to act as the modulation channels. Double channel's modulation with the same modulation signal has been demonstrated in the proposed device.     

热交联型聚氨酯集成双通道电光调制器的制备及其性质的研究

研究了交联型聚氨酯材料集成衰减全反射型双通道聚合物波导电光调制器的制备和性能。这种电光调制器的制备技术非常简单,只要用两个分立的下电极代替单通道调制器中的下电极即可。通过测量器件的调制特性,在832 nm波长下,获得了最大电光系数为24.2 Pm/V,调制带宽约为500 MHz、插入损耗低于1.5 dB。由于器件上下电极的垂直距离为微米级、而通道之间的水平距离为毫米量级的设计,使各通道之间的场不会引起相互交迭,因而未测到各通道间的串扰。另外,热交联型聚合物材料的采用提高了整个器件的热稳定性,在100℃经过800 h后,电光系数仍然保持初值的88%。     

Interaction of Near-Field Light with Ordered Polystyrene Spheres: Experimental Studies

We have experimentally observed the interaction of near-field light excited in a total internal reflection geometry with a periodic two-dimensional array of polystyrene spheres. The angular- and frequencyscanned attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) method was employed to observe the interaction. ATR spectra indicate that there is an easy axis and a difficult axis for the light propagation. When light is incident toward the easy axis, resonant dips appear in the ATR spectra. The experimental results were compared with those obtained by finite-difference time-domain analysis. The numerical results obtained by this method are able to explain a part of the experimental ones. Parts of the dips in the ATR spectra were considered to stem from propagating and whispering-gallery (WG) modes. That is, the propagation of the WG-modes over several spheres may enhance the coupling between the spheres and the incident light, and consequently may induce resonant structures in the ATR spectra.This paper was originally presented at the 5th International Conference on NEAR FIELD OPTICS and RELATED TECHNOLOGIES (NFO-5), which was held on December 6–10, 1998 at Coganoi Bay Hotel, Shirahama, Japan, in cooperation with the Japan Society of Applied Physics and Mombusho Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas “Nearfield Nano-optics” Project, sponsored by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.     

液体物质红外光谱的简便测试方法研究

红外(IR)光谱是液体物质定性分析的重要工具。液体IR光谱常用液膜法制样、透射(TR)法测试,所需用的盐窗价格昂贵、易受力或受潮开裂且表面清洁不彻底或划伤容易造成测试干扰,而且可拆卸液体池安装麻烦,进样时混入空气也会造成测试干扰。研究液体物质红外光谱的简便测试方法,比较改进的TR法(用在一次性压制的KBr片上涂覆液体的涂片法制样)与衰减全反射(ATR)法在液体IR光谱测试中的优劣。选取6种挥发性、吸水性、腐蚀性不同的液体试剂,采用改进的TR法和ATR法测试其IR光谱,比较两种方法所测谱图,并与SDBS谱库中谱图进行比较;同时研究扫描次数和分辨率对ATR法测试谱图的影响。结果发现,两种方法用于液体IR的定性分析都很准确。改进的TR法简化了制样过程且避免了清洁盐窗,降低了成本,但水的干扰仍难以避免;相比之下,ATR法无需制样,更简便、快速,水的干扰基本可以忽略,虽然谱图的整体强度和精细程度不如TR法,但通过提高分辨率、增加扫描次数可得到高质量的谱图。对于易挥发液体,用改进的TR法和ATR法测试时需加大液体用量;对于强酸性和/或腐蚀性液体,建议采用改进的TR法测试;对于吸湿性液体,用ATR法测试的谱图更容易解析。相比之下,除强酸性和/或腐蚀性液体外,其余液体物质皆可用ATR法快速完成IR光谱的准确检测。     

散射介质中层间杂质检测效率的影响因素及分析

散射介质中层间杂质检测是一个非常重要的研究课题.改进现有的Monte Carlo方法,模拟大量光子在散射介质中的传输,得到入射光强、杂质埋藏深度、介质折射率、介质散射系数和各向异性因子对光学透反射成像法检测层间杂质效率的影响规律.结果表明,入射光强、杂质埋藏深度和介质折射率对透反射成像检测结果均有影响,且影响规律相似.增加入射光强、减小杂质埋藏深度或减小介质折射率均可提高反射光成像的检测效率;增大入射光强、减小介质折射率、减小介质散射系数或增大各向异性因子均可提高透射光成像的检测效率.这些规律对散射介质中层间杂质检测具有一定指导意义.     

多光束非定域干涉透射光强分布

研究了多光束非定域干涉现象,得到了多光束非定域干涉的透射光强分布函数。理论研究结果表明,干涉圆环中心位置光强与定域干涉结果一致。对得到的多光束非定域干涉透射光强分布函数进行了数值分析,分析结果表明随着镜面反射系数的增加,非定域干涉条纹变得更加锐细,光谱分辨率提高,同时在低干涉级次处出现了噪声,并且反射系数越高,噪声越明显。在镜面间距不变的情况下,通过改变观察屏位置,对透射光强分布进行数值分析,结果表明干涉级次与干涉圆环倾角的余弦值存在线性关系,通过求斜率可以得到镜面间距。保持观察屏位置不变,通过改变镜面间距,数值分析结果表明干涉级次与干涉圆环半径平方存在线性关系,并且直线斜率与镜面间距也存在线性关系。     

体全息光栅线性记录折射率分布的修正

在讨论非线性记录体全息光栅的光谱特性时,发现一些文献在线性记录时折射率分布的表达式有些不妥.重新讨论了线性记录情况下折射率分布的表达式,引入了光束比和总光强折射率调制系数,用耦合波理论计算讨论了不同光束比和总光强折射率调制系数对光栅衍射光谱特性的影响.计算结果表明,光栅衍射光谱主峰峰值随总光强调制系数的减小而略有降低,主峰峰值随光束比减小下降得不大,带宽随总光强调制系数和光束比的减小而明显变窄,次峰峰值随总光强调制系数和光束比的减小而明显减小.     

Excitation of nonlinear surface electromagnetic waves in the prism-metal film-nematic liquid crystal system

The excitation of nonlinear p-polarized surface electromagnetic waves (SEW) in prism-metal film-nematic liquid crystal (NLC) attenuated total reflection (ATR) systems (Kretschmann ATR system) has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The third-order optical nonlinearity of the NLC (the only nonlinear medium in our system) has been estimated by measuring the dependence of the reflectance minimum on the incident radiation intensity. The nonlinear optical method of determination of the thickness of thin metal films, used in the Kretschmann system, has been suggested. The hysteresis loops in the outgoing intensity versus input intensity curves were obtained experimentally when the light field increases and decreases consecutively.     

FTIR技术应用于香烟烟气的分析

文章采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合气溶胶流管技术(AFT)和衰减全反射技术(ATR)分别得到香烟整体烟气和气溶胶的红外谱图。通过解析红外谱图可得到丰富的基团振动信息,1 230 cm-1处为酚类化合物的C—O伸缩振动峰,1 735 cm-1处的尖峰为羧酸中羰基的伸缩振动峰。由于烟气中气体占主要比例,所以CO在2 118和2 170 cm-1出现较强的双峰,2 343和2 362 cm-1为CO₂特征吸收峰,其强度远远高于其他峰的强度。而气溶胶谱图中最明显的不同就是CO峰消失,CO₂峰强度也大大减弱。因此将两种技术结合,特别是通过分析对比某些特征峰的变化,得到香烟烟气所发生的化学变化、组分挥发以及形态聚集等动态变化过程。为分析香烟燃烧产物提供了一个新思路,且不需对样品进行预处理,具有方便、快捷、无损等优点。     

An ATR analysis of surface roughness induced by electron bombardment

The surface roughness of aluminium films evaporated on quartz prism substrates increases when these films are irradiated by an electron beam under ultra-high vacuum. This conclusion is obtained through a detailed analysis of the evolution of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) dip during electron bombardment and from a theoretical investigation of the influence of surface roughness on the ATR resonance. The observation of a simultaneous increase of the light intensity scattered by the aluminium-vacuum interface confirms this interpretation.     

Finite-Difference Time-Domain Analysis of the Interaction of Gaussian Evanescent Light with a Single Dielectric Sphere or Ordered Dielectric Spheres

The interaction of gaussian evanescent light with a single dielectric sphere or ordered dielectric spheres in an attenuated total reflection (ATR) geometry was analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain method. Various aspects of this interaction were investigated in terms of spatial visualizations of light intensity, reflectance vs. wavelength characteristics, the transient behavior of reflectances, and so forth. In the case of a single sphere, it was evident that the whispering gallery mode can be excited in ATR geometries, but such excitation cannot be easily confirmed only through the observation of wavelength-scanned ATR spectra. In the case of a closely packed two-dimensional array of dielectric spheres, it was found that an easy axis and also a difficult axis for light propagation exist.This paper was originally presented at the 5th International Conference on NEAR FIELD OPTICS and RELATED TECHNOLOGIES (NFO-5), which was held on December 6–10, 1998 at Coganoi Bay Hotel, Shirahama, Japan, in cooperation with the Japan Society of Applied Phisics and Mombusho Grantin Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas “Near-field Nano-optics” Project, sponsored by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.     

Fabrication and characteristics of thermal crosslinking polyurethane integrated double-channel electro-optic modulator

The fabrication and characteristics of a new type of polymeric electro-optic modulator with double channels in attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration, made of a thermally crosslinkable polyurethane, has been demonstrated in this paper. The fabrication procedure of proposed double-channel ATR modulator is extremely simple, it can be implemented by replacing a single electrode with two discrete electrodes in a single channel ATR modulator. Independent operation of both channels is demonstrated at a modulation speed of 500 MHz. The total measured insertion loss of the modulator is below 1.5 dB. There are no measurable cross talks due to the large horizontal separation of two channels and the small vertical separation of the electrode pair. A long-term thermal stability of the fabrication modulator at an elevated temperature, 100 °C, is obtained due to crosslinking polyurethane as the waveguide layer of the devices.     

Self-Modulation of Scattering Intensity from a Silica Sphere Coated with a Sol-Gel Film Doped with J-Aggregates

A micrometer-sized nonlinear optical resonator constituted of a silica microsphere coated with J-aggregates has been fabricated by the sol-gel process. We determined the scattering light spectrum and discuss the application of the observed effect for the realization of an optical switching element. Optical evaluation of the sphere has been performed in the attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) configuration. We excited a whispering gallery mode and measured the nonlinear ATR signal dependence on excitation intensity. The experimental result agrees very well with the simulation results obtained using the Mie theory and the finite-difference time-domain method taking into account optical Kerr nonlinearity. The permittivity of the film of J-aggregates was measured by ATR method at several wavelengths and the value at the desired wavelength was determined by extrapolation using the Lorentz function.     

高空遥测激光多普勒检波系统研究

为解决远距离处人工地震波的检测问题,研究了光源的相干性,系统的稳定性．激光多普勒信号强度、信噪比,位移测量灵敏度和精度等理论及方法。采用在腔内捕人两个直径为1．8mm的可变光阑和输出光的准直结构(4倍)．增大光源的相干长度和可测距离;在两路光中分别加入声光调制器和λ/4波片．实现偏振态匹配并使系统工作更稳定,提高信噪比;采用透镜聚焦接收．增大信号强度;采用特伦逆向反射装置,消除它在位移或振动过程巾因偏摆或横移所带来的影响,使测量灵敏度和精度提高约一倍。将此系统用于2m处的振动进行原理性实验,其振幅测量相对误差为0．1％,可测频率最高为750Hz,因此可用于高空遥测人工地震波。     

聚敛光下的Wollaston棱镜光强分束比研究

从棱镜的结构特点出发,利用折射定律和菲涅耳公式,推导了Wollaston棱镜对聚敛光的光强分束比随方位角的变化关系式。在入射角给定的情况下,分析了方位角对光强分束比的影响。结果表明:在入射角取定值时,方位角对光强分束比的影响基本呈二次曲线型变化;当方位角在160°～180°时,光强分束比最小。     

Surface phonon polariton characteristics of bulk wurtzite ZnO crystal

The surface phonon polariton (SPP) mode of bulk wurtzite (α-) zinc oxide (ZnO) crystal is investigated by means of p-polarized infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy. From the ATR spectrum, a strong absorption dip corresponds to the SPP mode of bulk α-ZnO is clearly observed at 529 cm⁻¹. The experimental SPP mode showed good agreement with the theoretical SPP mode deduced from the surface polariton dispersion curve generated by the semi-infinite anisotropic crystal model.     

不同光照条件下水下成像背景光的建模与研究

由于光在水中传输时的衰减和散射效应, 水下成像系统通常很难达到令人满意的成像效果, 而成像过程中由于光散射产生的背景光则是造成水下图像退化的主要原因. 本文对自然光照和人工光照两种不同光照条件下的水下成像背景光进行了建模和仿真分析. 结果显示: 自然光照下的无穷远处背景光与衰减系数成反比, 与散射系数成正比; 人工光照下的无穷远处背景光则与衰减系数、散射系数和相机-光源距离有关. 两种光照条件下的背景光都可以用无穷远处背景光的指数衰减表达式来表示. 水下图像背景光的强度主要与水体光学参数、相机-景物的距离、相机-光源的距离及相机成像角等因素有关. 本文的研究结论不仅可用于水下成像系统的设计与优化, 也可用来从水下图像背景光中估计水体光学参数、相机-景物距离等图像信息.     

非扫描衰减全反射探测法监控光漂白过程

提出了一种基于衰减全反射原理的实时探测方法。其实验框架由半导体激光器、空间滤波器、聚焦透镜、耦合棱镜、CCD接受装置等组成。激光束先经空间滤波器扩束，再由透镜聚焦，以一定角宽度的光束聚焦于耦合棱镜底面，由于棱镜底面的波导结构，在反射光斑中会出现若干条吸收峰，即显示出标志波导模式的一组黑线，若外界条件变化时(如紫外光照射、电极化等)，波导薄膜某些参量会受外界条件的变化而变化，表现为黑线的移动，可根据黑线的移动量，精确测量每一时刻波导薄膜的折射率和膜厚等参量。利用这种技术，可以广泛地用于条波导制作、镀膜监控、薄膜极化监控、工业气体浓度监控等领域。