NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE SEDIMENTED MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE ALIGNED CIRCULAR PARTICLES IN THE INCLINED CHANNELS

主要应用浸没边界的格子玻尔兹曼方法（immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method, IB–LBM） 对处于不同倾斜角度通道内的三个刚体圆形颗粒在重力作用下下落的动力学特性进行了计算研究. 首先分析通道倾斜角度的影响, 结果显示当通道倾斜角处于59°90°的范围时会发生后一个颗粒超越前一个颗粒的现象. 其次, 研究了Re对颗粒沉降特性的影响, 结果表明Re 越大, 颗粒间发生聚集的时间越早. 研究还发现当3 个颗粒的直径大小不均匀时, 颗粒由大到小纵向依次排列, 或者出现中间小球直径较相邻两个小球直径大的排列情况, 均能促使颗粒加快聚集. 本文的研究结果可为环境工程及地质学中的颗粒沉降问题提供有价值的参考.     

三圆形颗粒在通道中沉降运动的数值研究

主要应用浸没边界的格子玻尔兹曼方法（immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method, IB–LBM） 对处于不同倾斜角度通道内的三个刚体圆形颗粒在重力作用下下落的动力学特性进行了计算研究. 首先分析通道倾斜角度的影响, 结果显示当通道倾斜角处于59°90°的范围时会发生后一个颗粒超越前一个颗粒的现象. 其次, 研究了Re对颗粒沉降特性的影响, 结果表明Re 越大, 颗粒间发生聚集的时间越早. 研究还发现当3 个颗粒的直径大小不均匀时, 颗粒由大到小纵向依次排列, 或者出现中间小球直径较相邻两个小球直径大的排列情况, 均能促使颗粒加快聚集. 本文的研究结果可为环境工程及地质学中的颗粒沉降问题提供有价值的参考.      

湍流射流在等速流动中的扩散

在工程技术问题中,譬如冲压发动机燃烧室内燃料逆气流方向喷射发展的下游流动以及为了防热目的采用所谓气膜冷却等实际问题中,往往遇到湍流射流在等速流动中的热量扩散与质量扩散过程。本文建议采用扩散系数随流动发展距离与流动速度的乘积而变的关系来求解两个简单问题:1.无限平面平行射流的扩散;2.距射流出口相当远处的扩散。     

圆柱管道内运动的小球受到的黏滞阻力的数值分析

为了更好地运用落球法测量研究流体的黏滞系数,研究小球在黏性流体中下落的受力情况,本文对小球在充满黏性流体的圆柱管道的下落过程进行分析。利用COMSOL4.4仿真模拟,建立了合理的仿真模型,并分析了小球受到的黏滞阻力与小球的大小、下落位置的关系。结果表明:选择速度项二阶近似、压强项一阶近似的离散化方法,可以得到和理论值非常相符的仿真结果;当下落过程中小球球心始终在圆柱轴线上时,小球受到的黏滞阻力相对于Stokes力的修正系数,是小球半径与圆柱管道半径的比例函数,本文得到了更大范围的符合理论解的修正系数;当下落过程中小球的球心偏离圆柱轴线时,对于同样大小的小球,黏滞阻力、压强力、黏性力均随着球心到轴线的距离先减小后增大,且具有不同的极小值点。     

基于高速摄影的直角壁面附近柱形空泡动力学行为研究

本文基于高速摄影实验,对直角壁面附近的柱形空泡动力学行为进行了研究。空泡由激光聚焦诱导产生,形成于具有较小间距的两片平行玻璃板之间的液体环境中,从而具有了较为明显的柱形特征。通过改变柱形空泡距离直角壁面顶点的无量纲距离l*和位置角度θ,分别探究了对称和非对称处柱形空泡的完整溃灭行为及变化趋势,并揭示了柱形空泡与直角壁面的相对位置对柱形空泡泡壁变形、形心移动距离及方向等泡动力学特性的影响。研究发现：在第一周期溃灭过程中,柱形空泡远离直角壁面一侧的泡壁将会出现凹陷,并且逐渐发展直至将柱形空泡分为两部分;当空泡位于对称位置时,随着无量纲距离l*的逐渐增大,柱形空泡表面凹陷程度逐渐减弱,且空泡在溃灭阶段的形心移动距离逐渐减小;当空泡位于非对称位置时,随着空泡位置角度θ的减小（对θ<45°的情况而言）,柱形空泡形心的移动方向由指向壁面顶点逐渐变为指向下壁面。     

表面微织构对WC-8Co在往复摩擦磨损中粘结-扩散磨损特性的影响

采用激光表面纹理化在WC-8Co上制备了微沟槽织构,通过往复式摩擦磨损试验对其与Ti6Al4V接触的耐磨性进行分析,并以无表面微沟槽织构的WC-8Co为对比样品,研究了表面微织构对WC-8Co粘结-扩散磨损特性的影响,揭示了摩擦过程中表面微织构的磨损机理. 结果表明:WC-8Co上的微沟槽对摩擦接触面具有抗粘结作用,在高接触载荷下,这种效应更为明显. 织构表面的抗粘结机制是由微沟槽包裹的碎屑产生的. 此外,与无表面微织构的WC-8Co不同,表面织构化的WC-8Co的磨损最初来源于微沟槽边缘的断裂,随后扩展到摩擦表面. 这种磨损特性归因于微沟槽边缘的高热载荷和机械应力集中,以及激光加工过程中WC晶粒长大与摩擦过程中粘结剂Co扩散的协同效应.      

研究柔性体撞击问题的子结构离散方法

本文用子结构方法研究刚性小球和均质柔性杆的纵向撞击以及和均质柔性梁的横向撞击问题,导出了用模态坐标表示的动力学方程,通过对刚性小球和柔性杆的纵向撞击的仿真教育处发现,在总单元数相同的情况下,取8个子结构比较合理,在此基础上对刚性小球和均质柔性梁的横向撞击的特性进行研究,发现撞击力在变化过程中会产生上下波动,当梁的弹性模量增加时,撞击力增大,撞击时间缩短。     

微重力气液两相流动与池沸腾传热

综述了近年来中国科学院微重力重点实验室(国家微重力实验室)完成的一系列微重力气液两相流动与池沸腾传热方面的地基实验、飞行实验和理论研究等方面获得的主要成果.在微重力气液两相流动方面,提出了半理论Weber数模型用于预测微重力条件下气液两相弹-环状流转换,并采用Monte Carlo方法,针对气泡初始尺寸对泡-弹状流转换的影响进行数值研究.通过俄罗斯"和平号"空间站与IL-76失重飞机实验,获得了微重力下的气液两相流型图,与此同时在地面利用小尺度毛细管模型模拟了微重力气液两相流动特征.实验测量了微重力气液两相流压降,并基于微重力流动特性建立了一个泡状流压降关联模型.在微重力池沸腾传热方面,利用我国返回式卫星完成了两次空间实验,其中,第22颗返回式卫星搭载铂丝表面R113池沸腾实验采用控制温度的稳态加热方式,而实践8号育种卫星搭载平面FC-72池沸腾实验则采用控制加热电压的准稳态加热方式.同时,还进行了地面常重力和落塔短时微重力条件下的对比实验研究.观察到丝状加热表面微重力时轻微的传热强化现象,而平板加热表面微重力核态池沸腾低热流时传热强化、高热流时传热恶化.微重力实验中观察到气泡脱落前存在横向运动现象,据此分析了气泡行为与传热之间关系,并提出了一个预测丝状加热表面气泡脱落直径的半理论模型.旨在对相关领域的进一步发展和空间两相流系统的应用提供数据及理论支持.     

固液双相作用下多孔自润滑表面渗流行为分析

以多孔自润滑材料为研究对象，分析载荷作用下多孔基体变形和润滑液在孔隙中的流动特性，探讨多孔表面渗流速度随加载时间变化，分析固-液双相作用下多孔表面渗流与润滑行为.结果表明，多孔基体变形后，孔隙内储存的润滑液受迫流动，在多孔表面发生渗入和析出的流动现象.润滑液在接触区向多孔基体渗入，在接触区入口向多孔表面析出.恒定载荷下，入口两侧润滑液不能保持稳定的渗流现象，而随加载时间呈现出扩散和波动的变化过程.在竖直方向上，多孔材料内的最大流体压力发生在上表面，最大固相应力发生在靠近上表面的次表面位置.随加载时间延长，磨擦界面的液相承载力先增大后降低，固相承载力先降低后增大，最终液相承载力降低为零，外载荷全部由固相材料承担.适当增加载荷能提高润滑液在多孔表面上的渗流速度，改善润滑状态，但也使得润滑液的渗流速度波动更为剧烈.     

水平表面上超细气溶胶粒子的沉积

采用二维模型，讨论了气流水平流动时，超细气溶胶粒子受重力、热泳和扩散效应的作用在工业洁净室中水平工作台表面上的沉积情况。分析了沿流动方向的局部沉积速度与粒径和工作台边缘距离之间的关系，指出了工作台表面上的平均沉积速度分布情况。     

The effect of sphere–wall interactions on particle motion in a viscoelastic suspension of FENE dumbbells

A new method for simulating the motion of particles in viscoelastic Boger fluids is extended to problems with bounded geometries. Viscoelasticity is incorporated into the Stokesian dynamics method by modeling a viscoelastic fluid as a suspension of finite-extension nonlinear-elastic (FENE) dumbbells. Wall–particle and wall–bead interactions are included by using the image system method of Blake; particle–particle and particle–bead interactions are also modified by the presence of the wall. The method of incorporating sphere–wall interactions is verified by doing calculations for several problems involving particle–wall interactions in Newtonian fluids. The method is then used to study particle–wall interactions in viscoelastic dumbbell suspensions by examining several problems of interest: the sedimentation of a spherical particle near vertical and tilted walls; the sedimentation of a nonspherical particle between two flat plates; and the migration of a neutrally buoyant sphere in plane Poiseuille flow. We find that a single sphere falling near a wall moves toward the wall and exhibits anomalous rotation. When the wall is tilted by an amount less than a few degrees, the sphere still moves toward the wall, but tilting the wall greater than an angle of approximately 1.5° results in the sphere falling away from the wall. A nonspherical particle settling in a channel exhibits an oscillatory motion, but ultimately becomes centered in the channel with its long axis parallel to gravity. Finally, it is shown that a neutrally buoyant sphere in plane Poiseuille flow migrates to the channel center in wide channels, but migrates to the walls when the sphere is sufficiently large relative to the channel width.     

Liquid bridge force between two unequal-sized spheres or a sphere and a plane

Liquid bridge force acting between wet particles is an important property in particle characterization. This paper deals with liquid bridge force between either two unequal-sized spherical particles or a sphere and a flat plate under conditions where gravitational effect arising from bridge distortion is negligible. In order to calculate the force of the liquid bridge efficiently and accurately, expressions of liquid configuration and liquid bridge force were derived by building a mechanical model, which assumes the liquid bridge to be circular in shape between either two unequal-sized spheres or a sphere and a plane. To assess the accuracy of the numerical results of the calculated liquid bridge forces, they were compared to the published experimental data.     

Capillary bridges and capillary forces between two axisymmetric power–law particles

Capillary interactions are fundamentally important in many scientific and industrial fields. However, most existing models of the capillary bridges and capillary forces between two solids with a mediated liquid, are based on extremely simple geometrical configurations, such as sphere–plate, sphere–sphere, and plate–plate. The capillary bridge and capillary force between two axisymmetric power–law profile particles with a mediated constant-volume liquid are investigated in this study. A dimensionless method is adopted to calculate the capillary bridge shape between two power–law profile particles based on the Young–Laplace equation. The critical rupture criterion of the liquid bridge is shown in four forms that produce consistent results. It was found that the dimensionless rupture distance changes little when the shape index is larger than 2. The results show that the power–law index has a significant influence on the capillary force between two power–law particles. This is directly attributed to the different shape profiles of power–law particles with different indices. Effects of various other parameters such as ratio of the particle equivalent radii, liquid contact angle, liquid volume, and interparticle distance on the capillary force between two power–law particles are also examined.     

Flow structure in a flat vortex chamber

We investigate a flow in a flat vortex chamber in which the distance between the end walls is smaller than the radius of the chamber. The study was mainly performed by optical methods: a Töpler device was employed, with the Foucault knife replaced by a diaphragm. It is shown that the flow in the chamber has a complicated spatial structure. In addition to the basic helical flow, an intense “transverse” rotation of the type of Taylor-Görtler vortices occurs. In contrast to previously studied flows, where these vortices were observed near a concave surface, in the motion considered transverse vortices occur in the entire working volume of the chamber. In this case, four parallel vortex filaments are formed. The high intensity of the vortices has allowed one to visualize them by the Töpler method and by “tinting” the flow by highly disperse particles. Quantitative dependences of the dimensions of the vortex cells on the flow regime, i.e., on the pressure of gas deceleration, were obtained.     

Mixing Layers in Sink Flow: Effect of Length of Flight on Mixing in a Channel Downstream

We have experimentally and analytically studied transport of a passive scalar in the wake of a thin flat plate located at the centerline of a planar contraction with flat walls. The constant Launder parameter in the contraction, K = 6.25 ×10^− 6, was twice the value required for a turbulent boundary layer to relaminarize. In addition to the mixing analysis inside the contraction, layer mixing is also investigated downstream, where the flow continues inside a constant cross-section channel. In order to generate the passive scalar, the airflow above the plate was heated and the temperature stratification in the wake was traced by measuring the temperature field using constant current anemometry. Using different plate lengths, we found that the degree of mixing, obtained at a given position in the straight channel, is a function of the distance from the plate trailing edge to the contraction outlet. For a plate which does not protrude into the straight channel, we demonstrate the existence of an optimal trailing edge-contraction outlet distance that results in the lowest possible degree of mixing at a given downstream position in the straight channel. This finding is also supported by a semi-empirical relationship based on our developed self-similar solution for mixing layers in planar contractions.     

Accurate measurement of hydrodynamic interactions between a particle and walls

A new experimental setup allows the measurement of hydrodynamic interactions between the walls of a vessel and a particle moving along a three-dimensional trajectory in a viscous fluid. The vertical motion of the particle is measured with an accuracy of 50 nm using laser interferometry, while its horizontal movements are controlled with an accuracy of 20 μm by displacing the vessel in the horizontal direction so as to keep the sphere in the fixed vertical laser beam. Three axisymmetric closed containers are used as examples: two vertical cylinders (with flat and convex lens-shaped lower walls) and a cone. Various effects of combined creeping flow hydrodynamic interactions between the particle and walls are observed. Received: 12 March 1999 / Accepted: 7 June 2001 Published online: 29 November 2001     

Discrete element study of viscous flow in magnetorheological fluids

Using discrete element simulations, we gain insight into the structure of a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) under shear. In simulations with flat walls, the particles arrange in chains, sheet-like structures, or columns along the magnetic field lines, depending on the strength of the applied external magnetic field. Corresponding to the structure formation, three different types of failure mechanisms can be identified. For the characterization of the different regimes, specific particle coordination numbers are introduced. The three structural regimes can be distinguished and described by means of these coordination numbers. To analyze the contact between the MRF particles and the walls of the shear cell, additional simulations with rough walls have been conducted. The resulting structure formation could be successfully classified by the introduced coordination numbers. Based on the analysis of the shear stress transmission both in the case of flat and rough walls, possibilities for shear stress enhancement for technological applications are discussed.     

Separation efficiency of liquid–solid undergoing vibration based on breakage of liquid bridge

Vibrating separation is a significant method for liquid–solid separation. A typical example is the vibrating screen to dewater wet granular matter. The properties of granular matter and the vibrating parameters significantly affect the separation efficiency. This study investigates the effect of vibration parameters in separation based on the breakage of large-scale liquid bridge numerically by using a calibrated simulation model. Through analysing the simulation results, the liquid bridge shape and the volume between two sphere particles for various particle sizes and particle distances were studied in the static condition under the effect of gravity. The results show a general reducing trend of liquid bridge volume when the radius ratio of two particles increases, particularly when the ratio increases to 5. Additionally, a set of vibrating motion was applied to the liquid bridge in the simulation model. A group of experiments were also performed to validate the simulation model with vibration. Then, the effect of vibrating peak acceleration, distance between spheres and radius on the separation efficiency which was reflected by the residual water were investigated. It is found that separation efficiency increased obviously with the peak acceleration and the increase slowed down after the peak acceleration over 1 m/s².     

The motion of rodlike particles in the pressure-driven flow between two flat plates

The motion of freely suspended rodlike particles has been observed in the pressure-driven flow between the two flat plates of a Hele Shaw flow cell at low Reynolds numbers. Data are reported for rodlike particles with aspect ratios of 12.0 suspended in a Newtonian fluid for gap thickness to particle length ratios of 3, 6, and 20; and for rodlike particles with aspect ratios between 5 and 8 in a non-Newtonian fluid (79.25 wt.% water, 20.2 wt.% glycerine, and 0.55 wt.% polyacrylamide). For the Newtonian fluid, the time-dependent orientation of the particles near and far from walls was shown to be in quantitative agreement with Jeffery's theory for ellipsoids suspended in a simple shear flow if an effective aspect ratio is calculated from the experimental period of rotation. Particles aligned with the flow direction and less than a particle half-length from a wall interacted irreversibly with the wall. For the non-Newtonian fluid, the timedependent orientation far from a wall was shown to be in qualitative agreement with Leal's theory for a second-order fluid; however, particles that were aligned with the flow direction and were near walls did not rotate.     

Drag forces of interacting spheres in power-law fluids

Drag forces of interacting particles suspended in power-law fluid flows were investigated in this study. The drag forces of interacting spheres were directly measured by using a micro-force measuring system. The tested particles include a pair of interacting spheres in tandem and individual spheres in a cubic matrix of multi-sphere in flows with the particle Reynolds number from 0.7 to 23. Aqueous carboxymethycellulose (CMC) solutions and glycerin solutions were used as the fluid media in which the interacting spheres were suspended. The range of power-law index varied from 0.6 to 1.0. In conjunction to the drag force measurements, the flow patterns and velocity fields of power-law flows over a pair of interacting spheres were also obtained from the laser assisted flow visualization and numerical simulation.

Both experimental and computational results suggest that, while the drag force of an isolated sphere depends on the power-index, the drag coefficient ratio of an interacting sphere is independent from the power-law index but strongly depends on the separation distance and the particle Reynolds number. Our study also shows that the drag force of a particle in an assemblage is strongly positions dependent, with a maximum difference up to 38%.