花生壳碳基固体酸催化环己烯与甲酸酯化反应(英文)

碳基固体酸是一种可替代液体质子酸的无定形碳材料,具有酸密度大、催化活性高等优点.花生壳是农业废弃物,以其为原料制备碳基固体酸具有成本低、原料可再生和环境友好等优点.甲酸环己酯是重要的化工产品,可用于香料和涂料工业.传统的甲酸环己酯制备方法是以环己醇和甲酸为原料,在酸催化条件下进行酯化反应而得.近年来,随着环己烯的大规模生产,利用环己烯与甲酸直接酯化制备甲酸环己酯引起广泛关注.此外,甲酸环己酯还可通过水解反应转变为环己醇.环己醇可以进一步转化为己二酸和己内酰胺,从而用于化纤工业中尼龙-6和尼龙-66的生产.目前,工业上采用环己烯水合反应制备环己醇,由于热力学限制,并受到环己烯与水相容性差的影响,环己烯单程转化率仅为~10%,循环量较大,能耗很高.以环己烯为原料,通过甲酸环己酯制备环己醇克服了上述环己烯直接水合的缺点,具有很好的发展前景.我们研究组使用HZSM-5分子筛作为催化剂,采用"一锅法"由环己烯经甲酸环己酯制备环己醇,环己醇收率可达40%.但是环己烯在酸性条件下可发生低聚反应,生成的副产物会堵塞HZSM-5孔道,造成催化剂失活.本文在前述研究基础上,以花生壳为原料,经过碳化、磺化过程制备得到了碳基固体酸PSCSA.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、热重分析(TG)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和元素分析等方法表征了PSCSA的结构、微观形貌、热稳定性以及酸性质,考察了其催化环己烯与甲酸酯化反应性能,并与几种常见的固体酸催化剂进行了比较.FT-IR结果显示,经磺化后,PSCSA表面出现了–SO3H和–COOH基团.XPS结果则说明PSCSA表面所有的S元素均属于–SO3H,可利用元素分析测定S含量,进而得到–SO3H密度.此外,由于花生壳属于天然物质,成分并不均一,因此PSCSA的SEM照片中不同部位颗粒的微观形貌差异较大.采用PSCSA作为催化剂,考察了其催化环己烯与甲酸酯化反应性能,优化了反应条件.在酸/烯摩尔比为3/1,PSCSA用量0.07 g/mL环己烯,413 K反应1 h,环己烯转化率为88.4%,甲酸环己酯选择性为97.3%;副产物包括环己醇、二聚环己烯和环己基醚等.比较了PSCSA与几种常用固体酸如HZSM-5、离子交换树脂Amberlyst-15和Nafion NR50的催化性能,其中,Amberlyst-15催化性能最优,在393 K下反应,环己烯转化率亦达91.5%,甲酸环己酯选择性98.1%;但是,高昂的价格限制了其在工业上的大规模应用.与HZSM-5相比,PSCSA催化的环己烯与甲酸酯化反应的初始速率较低,反应时间超过30 min后,环己烯转化率迅速增加.在本反应中,PSCSA在甲酸存在条件下发生溶胀,使得大量的甲酸分子插入到碳材料本体中;而环己烯与甲酸具有较好的相容性,因此环己烯可以进入到碳材料本体中,与活性中心–SO3H充分接触,从而具有较高的反应速率.并且,由于溶胀需要一定的时间,在反应初期溶胀不充分时,环己烯、甲酸与活性中心接触有限,因此反应较慢;反应一定时间后,PSCSA充分溶胀,更多的–SO3H参与到反应中,反应速率加快.PSCSA重复使用性较好,第3次使用时环己烯转化率为68.6%;继续使用,催化剂不再失活.PSCSA在反应初期失活是–SO3H流失造成的.构成PSCSA的多环芳香烃可以部分溶解到溶剂中,进而带走其包含的–SO_3H.PSCSA的后期活性稳定则说明可以流失的活性中心是有限的.     

A Carbon Material as a Strong Protonic Acid for Efficient Synthesis of 4(3H)‐Quinazolinones

Carbon‐based solid acid catalyst has been applied to catalyzing the synthesis of 4(3H)‐quinazolinones from the cyclization reaction of 2‐aminobenzamide with aroyl chlorides. The results showed that the catalyst was very efficient with the average yield over 85%. This carbon material with strong protonic acid sites as heterogeneous catalyst has some advantages such as high activity, strikingly simple work‐up procedure, non‐pollution, and reusability, which will contribute to the green process greatly.     

Sulfamic Acid–Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐(4,6‐Dimethyl‐oxazolo[4,5‐c]quinolin‐2‐yl)‐chromen‐2‐ones using the Conventional Method and Microwave Irradiation

A rapid and efficient method for the preparation of 3‐(4,6‐dimethyl‐oxazolo[4,5‐c]quinolin‐2‐yl)‐chromen‐2‐ones by the reaction between 3‐amino‐2,8‐dimethyl‐quinolin‐4‐ol and 2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐carboxylic acid using sulfamic acid as a acid catalyst and dimethyl formamide as a solvent using the conventional method and microwave irradiation is reported.     

Three‐component solventless Strecker synthesis of α‐aminonitriles catalysed by a renewable sulfonated nanoporous carbon catalyst (CMK‐5‐SO3H)

The one‐pot three‐component synthesis of a variety of α‐aminonitriles has been studied using a catalytic amount of a sulfonic acid‐functionalized ordered nanoporous carbon catalyst, CMK‐5‐SO₃H, at room temperature under solvent‐free reaction conditions. The heterogeneous catalyst could be readily isolated from the reaction mixture and reused at least ten times without significant loss in activity. A clean, rapid and simple method for the preparation of α‐aminonitriles using the recoverable CMK‐5‐SO3H catalyst is described.     

双相体系中凹土负载型固体酸 SO42-/In2O3-ATP催化己糖降解5-羟甲基糠醛

凹土(ATP)有“千用之土、万土之王”之美誉,我国江苏省盱眙凹土矿资源量占世界储量的49%和我国储量的74%. ATP是一种天然链层状结构的含水镁铝硅酸盐黏土矿物,其分子式为(Mg,Al)4(Si)8(O,OH,H2O)26·nH2O. ATP具有一定酸性,层结构中的结构羟基可形成 Br?nsted酸位点,暴露的 Al3+离子可形成 Lewis酸位点. ATP经酸化或离子交换后作为催化剂直接应用较少.由于 ATP具有较大的比表面积和较好的热稳定性,是良好的催化剂载体,因此多将 ATP作为载体负载催化活性组分制备负载型催化剂. 5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)是由生物质得到的十二种平台化合物之一,是非常重要的中间体,可用于生产呋喃类衍生物,制备精细化学品、液体燃料和多种聚合物,还可生产5-羟基-4-酮-2-戊烯酸和乙酰丙酸.γ-戊内酯(GVL)是一种乙酰丙酸的加氢产物,可以代替乙醇作为汽油添加剂,也可用来生产丁烯同分异构体等化学品.本文以天然 ATP为载体,通过浸渍-焙烧法设计和制备了兼具 Br?nsted酸和 Lewis酸的新型固体酸催化剂 SO42?/In2O3-ATP.该催化剂可催化己糖直接转化为 HMF. ATP固有的微观结构和高比表面积使反应选择性提高.同时,结合固体酸活性位表征技术探索了己糖转化历程和 HMF生成机制.结果表明, In(III)的引入使 ATP催化性能更加优越.固体酸的 Lewis酸位和 Br?nsted酸位能分别有效催化葡萄糖异构和果糖脱水.优化的最佳反应条件为： GVL：H2O双相体系比例9：1,反应温度180oC,反应时间60 min.底物为葡萄糖时, HMF最高收率为40%. SO42?/In2O3-ATP固体酸比纯 ATP酸性更强,可重复使用4次,且不腐蚀设备,后处理简单,绿色环保.     

High Catalytic Performance of Mesoporous Dual Brønsted Acidic Ternary Poly (Ionic Liquids) for Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation

A newfangled cross‐linked dual Brønsted acidic ternary mesoporous poly (ionic liquids)(MPILs) with mesoporous structure was successfully synthesized with divinylbenzene as cross linker, 1‐vinyl‐3‐butyl imidazole bromide and sodium p‐styrene sulfonate as functional group through an ordinary post‐modification method and anion exchange process. A sponge‐like mesoporous tunnel structure was observed and the obtained P (BVS‐SO₃H)‐SO₃CF₃ sample appeared a relatively high thermal stability, a large surface area (up to 286.8 m²/g) and great pore volume (0.73 cm³/g). The abundant dual acidic group of sulfonic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid of the composite in the polymer framework impart Brønsted acidity. For the sake of demonstrating our claims, the sample has been used as a novel solid acid catalyst for the reaction of alkylation of o‐xylene with styrene to 1‐diphenylethane (PXE). Under optimal reaction conditions (reaction under 120 °C for 3 hr, catalyst amount was 0.5 wt% of the reaction system, and the mass ratio of o‐xylene/styrene was 7.5:1, a 100% conversion of styrene and 93.7% PXE yield was acquired. After four times recycle, the yield remains 53.3%. Comparing with the commercial liquid acid catalyst, it processing a higher catalytic property and recyclability. Moreover, this fresh dual acidic heterogeneous catalyst owning a promising future applied in other acidic catalytic reactions and provide a new method to modify catalyst.     

N‐Doped Sub‐3 nm Co Nanoparticles as Highly Efficient and Durable Aerobic Oxidative Coupling Catalysts

A nano‐coating associated with sulfuric acid leaching protocol was developed to prepare N‐doped sub‐3 nm Co‐based nanoparticle catalyst (Co?N/C) using melamine–formaldehyde resin as the N‐containing precursor, active carbon as the support, and Co(NO₃)₂ as the Co‐containing precursor. By thermal treatment under nitrogen atmosphere at 800 °C and leached with sulfuric acid solution, a stable and highly dispersive Co?N coordination structure was uniformly dispersed on the formed Co?N/C catalyst with a Co loading of 0.47 wt % and Co nanoparticle size of 2.55 nm. The Co?N/C catalyst was characterized with XRD, XPS, Raman, SEM, TEM, ICP, and elemental analysis. The Co?N/C catalyst showed extremely high catalytic efficiency with a TON of 257 for the aerobic oxidative coupling of aldehydes with methanol to directly synthesize methyl esters with molecular oxygen as the final oxidant. The Co?N/C catalyst also showed broad substrate range and stable recyclability. After recycling for 7 times, no obvious deactivation was detected. It was confirmed that the sub‐3 nm Co?N coordination structure formed between metallic Co nanoparticles and pyridinic nitrogen doping into graphitic layers functions as the active site to activate molecular oxygen for the β‐H elimination from generated hemiacetal intermediates to produce methyl esters. The nano‐coating associated with acid leaching protocol provides a novel strategy to prepare highly efficient non‐precious metal‐based catalysts.     

The Syntheses and Reactions of 3‐Arylsydnone‐4‐carboxamide Phenylhydrazones

Reactions of aniline with 3‐arylsydnone‐4‐carbohydroximic acid chlorides ( 1 ) gave the de sired substitution products 5 . 3‐Arylsydnone‐4‐carboxamide phenylhydrazones ( 7 ) were obtained unexpectedly by the reaction of carbohydroximic acid chlorides 1 with phenylhydrazine in suitable conditions. Compounds 7 could react with both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of acid catalyst to give 3‐aryl‐4‐(1′‐phenyl‐5′‐substituted‐1′,2′,4′‐triazol‐3′‐yl)sydnones ( 11 ).     

Eco‐friendly synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes catalyzed by ionic liquid in aqueous media

A biodegradable functionalized ionic liquid 3‐(N,N‐dimethyldodecylammonium)propanesulfonic acid hydrogen sulfate ([DDPA][HSO₄]) was prepared and used as a Brønsted acid–surfactant‐combined catalyst for the eco‐friendly one‐pot synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes at 100°C in water. Under these conditions, the reaction of various aromatic aldehydes with dimedone generated 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes in good yields with a simple postreaction procedure. The products could simply be separated from the catalyst/water system, and the catalyst could be reused at least six times without noticeably decreasing the catalytic activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).     

Synthesis of Novel Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Bearing Two Acidic Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups and its Catalytic Evaluation for Enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation of Indoles and Enones

A novel chiral phosphoric acid catalyst bearing two acidic phenolic hydroxyl groups was synthesized. Its catalytic activity as a chiral Brøsted acid has been examined in the enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of indoles and enones as a model reaction. In comparison with the other chiral phosphoric acid catalysts, the reaction catalyzed by the novel chiral catalyst afforded the desired 3‐substituted indoles in a higher enantioselectivity (up to 69% ee).     

Application of Sulfonic Acid Functionalized SBA‐15 as a New Nanoporous Acid Catalyst in the Green One‐Pot Synthesis of Spirooxindole‐4H‐pyrans

Sulfonic acid functionalized SBA‐15 (SBA‐Pr‐SO₃H) as a new nanoporous solid acid catalyst was applied in the green one‐pot synthesis of spirooxindole‐4H‐pyrans via condensation of isatins, malononitrile or methyl cyanoacetate or ethyl cyanoacetate, and 4‐hydroxycoumarin in water solvent. SBA‐Pr‐SO₃H was proved to be an efficient heterogeneous nanoporous solid acid catalyst with a pore size of 6 nm that could be easily handled and removed from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and can be recovered and reused for several times without any loss of activity. The significant merits of present methodology are its simplicity, short reaction time, good yields, and environmentally benign mild reaction condition as water was used as a green solvent.     

Tetraphosphine/palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of heteroaryl halides with 3‐pyridine‐ and 3‐thiopheneboronic acid: an efficient catalyst for the formation of biheteroaryls

An easily prepared tetraphosphine N,N,N′,N′‐tetra(diphenylphosphinomethyl)‐1,2‐ethylenediamine (L1) associated with [Pd(η³‐C₃H₅)Cl]₂ affords an efficient catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of 3‐pyridineboronic acid with heteroaryl bromides. Reaction could be performed with as little as 0.02 mol% catalyst and a high turnover number of 2500 is obtained. A wide range of substrates is investigated with satisfactory yields, and good compatibility with aminogroup‐substituted pyridines and unprotected indole is exhibited. This protocol can also be applied successfully to the reaction of heteroaryl bromides with 3‐thiopheneboronic acid. This Pd‐tetraphosphine catalyst efficiently restrains the poisoning effect from heteroaryls, and shows good stability and longevity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The synthesis of metal–organic framework Al‐MIL‐53‐derived Brønsted acid catalyst and its application in the Mannich reaction

A metal–organic framework Al‐MIL‐53‐NH₂‐derived Brønsted acid catalyst (Al‐MIL‐53‐RSO₃H) has been synthesized employing a post‐synthetic modification strategy under mild conditions. The Al‐MIL‐53‐RSO₃H catalyst was successfully utilized in the nitro‐Mannich reaction taking advantage of its strong Brønsted acidity. Good to excellent yields of Mannich adducts were achieved for a variety of acylimine substrates in the presence of 0.1 mol% Al‐MIL‐53‐RSO₃H. Furthermore, the Al‐MIL‐53‐RSO₃H catalyst can be recycled five times without decreasing the yield and selectivity of Mannich adducts.     

FeCl_3: Highly Efficient Catalyst for Synthesis of α-Amino Nitriles

α‐Amino nitriles are synthesized by the three‐component coupling reaction of aldehydes, amines and trimethylsilyl cyanide using FeCl₃ as a solid acid catalyst, under solvent‐free conditions in good yields. The catalyst was recovered by simple filtration and was recycled in subsequent reactions.     

Ultrasound Promoted and Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Cyclocondensation Reaction for the Synthesis of 4(3H)-Quinazolinones

4(3H)‐Quinazolinones were synthesized in high yields by one‐pot three‐component condensation of anthranilic acid, carboxylic acid and aniline in the presence of ionic liquid such as 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF₄) as catalyst under solvent free and neutral conditions.     

Solvent‐free condensation of aromatic aldehydes and 2,3‐dimethyl‐1‐phenyl‐3‐pyrazolin‐5‐one by p‐toruenesulfonic acid

Solvent‐free condensation easily occurred by mixing aromatic aldehydes and 2,3‐dimethyl‐1‐phenyl‐3‐pyrazoline‐5‐one (antipyrine) in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid as a solid acid catalyst at room temperature to give the corresponding disubstituted products as sole products in high yields.     

Synthesis of novel benzoxazines containing glycidyl groups: A study of the crosslinking behavior

Benzoxazines derived from aniline and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and from phenol and 4‐aminobenzoic acid were prepared with two different synthetic approaches. When the carboxylic group reacted with epichlorohydrin, glycidylic derivatives M‐1 and M‐2 , respectively, were obtained. The ring opening of benzoxazine and epoxy took place simultaneously with no catalyst for both monomers. Likewise, both ring‐opening polymerizations took place when boron trifluoride monoethylamine (BF₃·MEA) or 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine was used as a catalyst for M‐1 . However, for M‐2 , when BF₃·MEA was used as a catalyst, the epoxy and benzoxazine ring openings could be distinguished, and a polyether intermediate containing benzoxazine side chains could be obtained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1529–1540, 2006     

Ytterbium(III) triflate: An efficient and simple catalyst for isomerization of 2′‐hydroxychalcone and 2′‐aminochalcones in ionic liquid

Isomerization of 2′‐hydroxychalcone and 2′‐aminochalcone have been investigated using ytterbium(III) trifluromethanesulfonate {Yb(OTf)₃} (30 mol %) as Lewis acid catalyst in [bmim][BF₄] ionic liquid. The effect of different metal triflates as Lewis acid, catalyst loading and reaction media was studied for this isomerization reaction. Advantages of the methodology include short reaction time, excellent yields, catalytic use of Lewis acid, and recovery and reuse of the catalyst. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).     

Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Bis(4‐hydroxycoumarin)methanes in the Presence of Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Nanoporous Silica (SBA‐Pr‐SO3H)

An efficient and simple method for the synthesis of bis(4‐hydroxycoumarin)methanes has been achieved through a one‐pot condensation of aryl aldehydes and 4‐hydroxycoumarin in the presence of nanoporous solid acid catalyst of SBA‐Pr‐SO₃H with pore size of 6 nm. Excellent yields, short reaction times, reusability of the catalyst and simple workup are advantages of this synthetic procedure.     

A Novel Synthesis of Isoflavones via Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization Reaction

Isoflavone derivatives were synthesized via intramolecular cyclization of 3‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐3‐oxopropanal derivatives, using CuI as the catalyst, 2‐picolinic acid (=pyridine‐2‐carboxylic acid) as the ligand, K₂CO₃ as the base, and DMF as the solvent, in up to 96% yield. The synthesis is functional group‐tolerant.