高压热处理石墨-六角氮化硼微晶混合物的结果分析

 为了进一步研究用球磨法制备B-C-N物质的规律性,在4.5~5.8 GPa压力、800~1 300 ℃温度条件下,对用球磨法获得的石墨-六角氮化硼微晶混合物进行高压热处理。热处理后产物的XRD、XPS及FT-IR测试表明：在4.5 GPa、800 ℃时,样品中出现部分hBN晶化现象,但石墨仍然保持微晶状态;当温度升到1 300 ℃时,样品中不仅存在晶化的hBN,而且出现一种类石墨结构的B-C-N三元化合物。与相关研究资料对比后认为：这一新化合物近似于BC₃N。压力增加到5.8 GPa而温度保持1 300 ℃时,结果变化不大。     

石墨-六角氮化硼微晶混合物与水高压反应产物分析

 利用球磨法制备石墨-六角氮化硼微晶混合物，并在6.1 GPa、800~1 500 ℃条件下与水进行高压反应，以便研究用水作触媒合成B-C-N三元化合物的可能性。通过对反应产物的XRD、XPS谱分析发现：高压下随着温度的升高，反应产物中出现再结晶石墨，其晶化程度逐渐提高；但没有出现再结晶六角氮化硼，也未出现立方氮化硼。在球磨不充分条件下，石墨-六角氮化硼混合物的XRD谱没有完全弥散，它们与水高压反应时，能观察到石墨与立方氮化硼分别结晶的现象，但都没有形成B-C-N晶化结构。     

制备生物炭的结构特征及炭化机理的XRD光谱分析

XRD光谱分析是研究物质内部结晶结构物质的重要手段。利用X射线技术分析了不同物料来源和制备方式对生物炭结晶结构特征及其炭化机理。结果表明：生物炭均含有d₁₀₁和d₀₀₂晶面衍射峰类石墨微晶纤维素炭,但炭化后析出的盐分随不同物料,差异较大,如牛粪、蓖麻粕以及糠醛渣的CaCO₃含量要高于其他生物炭,而仅牛粪与蓖麻粕含有CaMg(CO₃)₂。随温度升高,玉米秸秆炭中半纤维素优先分解,然后为纤维素石墨微晶化,结晶度提高,向更稳定的碳化合物转化。其中的矿物盐分随着炭化裂解温度升高,由稀土类氧化物→醋酸盐类物质→碳酸盐类物质逐步析出,CaCO₃的含量也随之增多。不同炭化方法的炭化机理不同,先干燥后炭化可促进半纤维素的分解,高温微波处理则是强烈震荡,主要促进物质多键断裂分解,碳酸盐类物质析出相对较少。通过X射线衍射分析可以很好研究生物炭内部结构结晶特征,可有效反映其炭化过程裂解机理。     

生物柴油/柴油颗粒的拉曼光谱分析

为了进一步降低柴油机燃用生物柴油的颗粒排放,利用激光拉曼光谱技术,研究了柴油机应用废气再循环(EGR)前后,燃烧柴油(B0)、生物柴油(B100)及其调和油(B50)的颗粒微观结构,采用五带拟合法对一阶拉曼光谱进行拟合,并计算了颗粒石墨微晶尺寸和石墨晶格C—C键长。结果表明：随着生物柴油掺混比的增加,颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;I_D1/I_G逐渐减小,颗粒中有序石墨结构含量增加,石墨化程度提高。引入EGR会使得颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;I_D1/I_G升高,颗粒有序石墨结构含量减少,石墨化程度降低,B0,B50和B100颗粒的I_D1/I_G在应用EGR前后分别降低了约8.5%,10.6%和11.8%。六种颗粒的缺陷类型主要属于石墨烯层边缘缺陷,掺混生物柴油和引入EGR均会使得颗粒碳层边缘缺陷浓度增加,颗粒中挥发性有机物的官能团含量增加,增强了颗粒氧化活性。掺混生物柴油使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸增加,EGR使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸减小,生物柴油和EGR对柴油机颗粒石墨晶格C—C键长影响不大,C—C键长约为0.142 nm。     

阵列碳纳米管的石墨化程度

采用化学气相沉积法制备了阵列碳纳米管薄膜,对阵列碳纳米管的石墨化程度进行了系统研究。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)对样品形貌以及结构进行了表征。探讨了不同实验参数对阵列碳纳米管石墨化程度影响的机理。结果发现,在一定催化剂浓度范围内,催化剂浓度过低时,阵列碳纳米管的石墨化程度较差,而随着催化剂浓度的增加,阵列碳纳米管的石墨化程度逐渐变好;生长石墨化程度较好的阵列碳纳米管需要合适的进液速度,进液速度过低或过高都会使得碳纳米管的石墨化程度变差;此外,生长石墨化程度较好的阵列碳纳米管也需要合适的生长温度,生长温度过低或过高都会使得碳纳米管的石墨化程度变差。     

阵列碳纳米管的石墨化程度

采用化学气相沉积法制备了阵列碳纳米管薄膜,对阵列碳纳米管的石墨化程度进行了系统研究。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)对样品形貌以及结构进行了表征。探讨了不同实验参数对阵列碳纳米管石墨化程度影响的机理。结果发现,在一定催化剂浓度范围内,催化剂浓度过低时,阵列碳纳米管的石墨化程度较差,而随着催化剂浓度的增加,阵列碳纳米管的石墨化程度逐渐变好;生长石墨化程度较好的阵列碳纳米管需要合适的进液速度,进液速度过低或过高都会使得碳纳米管的石墨化程度变差;此外,生长石墨化程度较好的阵列碳纳米管也需要合适的生长温度,生长温度过低或过高都会使得碳纳米管的石墨化程度变差。     

PAN基碳纤维在石墨化过程中的拉曼光谱

采用激光拉曼光谱研究了PAN基碳纤维在石墨化(2 000～3 000 ℃)过程中的结构变化;比较了石墨化前后纤维表面和断面拉曼光谱特征。结果表明：高温石墨化后,碳纤维的一级拉曼光谱有3个峰(D,G和D′),表征碳纤维结构有序程度的拉曼参数主要有D和G峰的半高宽(FWHM)、G峰的拉曼位移和D与G峰的积分强度比R(I_D/I_G)。随着热处理温度的提高,D和G峰的半高宽、G峰的拉曼位移和R值均逐渐减小,即使经过3 000 ℃高温处理后,D峰仍然存在,R值为0.19,说明纤维中仍存在无序结构。另外,R值与纤维中石墨微晶的基面宽度L_a成反比,石墨化后纤维取向性的增加使得表面和断面的拉曼光谱有明显的差异。因此,可利用激光拉曼光谱来定量表征碳纤维的石墨化程度和取向。     

FeCl_3对准东煤基多孔碳孔隙结构与石墨化协同调控

多孔碳制备过程中,孔结构的发展和石墨化的演变相互依存,且高的石墨化度往往导致孔隙结构衰减。为同时提高煤基多孔碳孔隙结构与石墨化程度,本文以我国大储量准东煤为原料,通过添加FeCl_3实现孔隙结构与石墨化度的协同调控,探究不同FeCl_3添加量的影响。结果表明:随着FeCl_3添加量增加,煤焦比表面积由346 m~2·g~(-1)增加到574m~2·g~(-1);石墨化程度逐渐增加,I_G/I_(All)由8.774%增加到9.328%。通过分析得出:FeCl_3水解及热解作用产生的铁氧化物与热解、活化过程产生的CO反应原位形成CO_2,对煤焦刻蚀,促进微孔的发展;煤焦中无定型碳与还原性Fe形成Fe_3C中间相,在碳不断"溶解析出"过程实现了催化石墨化的进行;酸洗过程释放了一部分中孔。由此可见,FeCl_3同时起着微孔造孔剂、中孔模板剂及催化石墨化促进剂的作用。     

煤系针状焦微晶结构的XRD与Raman分峰拟合定量研究

采用XRD和Raman光谱分析技术,结合分峰拟合的数学方法,对不同生产厂家的三种煤系针状焦Coke-N,Coke-H,Coke-P进行了研究。由XRD分析结果计算出了三种针状焦的石墨化度、晶体结构类型以及晶粒尺寸(La和Lc),通过对XRD的分峰拟合处理,得出了三种针状焦中趋于规整结构的碳微晶含量(Ig)。通过对样品的XRD分析可知,Coke-N和Coke-P的石墨化程度及Lc相接近,并且明显大于Coke-H;La之间的关系为:Coke-NCoke-PCoke-H。通过Raman光谱结合分峰拟合的数学方法对样品进行了定量分析。研究结果表明,三种针状焦在拉曼位移1 000~2 000cm-1处有5个一阶谱拟合峰(G,D1,D2,D3,D4)。对样品的拉曼一阶谱拟合后所得出的每个拟合峰面积进行计算,可以用来定量分析三种针状焦中碳微晶结构的分布情况。由I_G/I_(All),I_(D1)/I_G,I_(D2)/I_G,I_(D3)/I_G,I_(D4)/I_G的计算可知,Coke-N和Coke-P的微晶结构比Coke-H的微晶结构更规整。在Coke-N中理想石墨碳微晶所占比例为0.33,而Coke-H和Coke-P分别为0.086和0.311。另外,Coke-H在三个样品中的无定形碳比例明显大于另外两个样品。Raman光谱分析结果与XRD的分析结果相吻合。由此可以看出,采用XRD和拉曼光谱分析技术可以从微观层面判定宏观质量不同的煤系针状焦差异的实质。     

高比表面积石墨化生物炭吸附性能研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,ZnCl_2作为活化剂,FeCl_3作为石墨催化剂前驱体,通过同步活化石墨化的方法制备出多孔石墨化生物炭。利用亚甲基蓝吸附试验、N_2吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜对制备的多孔石墨化生物炭的吸附性能及生物炭表面微观结构、形貌特征进行了分析。实验结果表明当炭化温度为1000?C,浸渍比1:1、FeCl_3溶液用量为160 m L时制得的多孔石墨化生物炭吸附性最佳。温度升高会造成生物质炭内孔隙塌陷,从而使得平均孔径增大,比表面积下降,但是可以提高ZnCl_2造孔能力;浸渍比提高时,Zn~(2+)浓度的增加一方面会增强造孔能力,另一方面也会造成平均孔径增加,微孔数减少,限制整体的吸附能力;FeCl_3在低浓度下制备得到的生物质炭层状结构较少,影响材料的吸附性能。     

Kinetic of poly(vinylidene fluoride) defluorination under X-ray irradiation

Modification of the photoelectron and C KVV spectra during the long-term surface degradation of partially crystalline PVDF under simultaneous soft X-ray and electron irradiation are reported. Deep radiative carbonization brings about the formation of carbynoid structures (chain-like carbon) in the surface; as a result the shape of the electron emission spectra of carbon in the carbonized sample essentially differs from that of graphite and PVDF. Analysis of carbon core-level electron spectra via decomposition onto spectral components shows presence of partially (CH, CF) and fully (=C=, -C≡) carbonized units of polymeric chain thus pointing on two-step mechanism of polyme ric chain transformation from the initial to a carbynoid. Results of the mathematical modeling of the first step of the chain transformation show it to be a second order process.     

高密度间苯二酚-甲醛碳气凝胶ICF靶的制备与吸附性能研究

以间苯二酚和甲醛为前驱体,通过改进传统制备技术解决了高密度间苯二酚-甲醛(CRF)碳气凝胶制备过程中的龟裂问题,制备出了符合ICF实验需要的高密度CRF碳气凝胶材料。分别对CRF碳气凝胶的元素组成和物相组成进行了鉴定,采用自动吸附仪考察了CRF碳气凝胶对N2和H2的吸附性能。结果表明：该碳气凝胶是一种由C元素组成的类似石墨结构的非晶固态材料,结构均匀性好,具有良好的机械加工性能,比表面积达676 m2·g-1,平均孔径为7.16 nm;氢吸附质量分数达2.28%,相应体积密度为17.83 kg·m-3。     

高密度间苯二酚-甲醛碳气凝胶ICF靶的制备与吸附性能研究

 以间苯二酚和甲醛为前驱体,通过改进传统制备技术解决了高密度间苯二酚-甲醛(CRF)碳气凝胶制备过程中的龟裂问题,制备出了符合ICF实验需要的高密度CRF碳气凝胶材料。分别对CRF碳气凝胶的元素组成和物相组成进行了鉴定,采用自动吸附仪考察了CRF碳气凝胶对N₂和H₂的吸附性能。结果表明：该碳气凝胶是一种由C元素组成的类似石墨结构的非晶固态材料,结构均匀性好,具有良好的机械加工性能,比表面积达676 m²·g^-1,平均孔径为7.16 nm;氢吸附质量分数达2.28%,相应体积密度为17.83 kg·m^-3。     

Hierarchical Carbon‐Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles as a Magnetically Separable Adsorbent for Removing Thiophene in Liquid Fuel

Hierarchical carbon‐encapsulated iron nanoparticles (Fe@Cs) with typical core/shell structure are successfully synthesized from starch and iron nitrate by an easy‐to‐handle process at different carbonization temperatures (600–1000 °C). The nanoparticles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the carbonization temperature has an important effect on the morphology, the core shape, the diameters, and the porous structure as well as performance of Fe@Cs. Fe@C samples carbonized at 900 °C (Fe@C‐900) show the relatively perfect quasi‐spherical bcc‐Fe core/carbon shell porous structure and their diameters are in a narrow range of 20–50 nm. The adsorption capabilities of Fe@C samples obtained at different carbonization temperatures for removal of thiophene from model oils are evaluated and compared in a batch‐type adsorption system. It has been found that among all of the samples measured, Fe@C‐900 shows the highest adsorption capability with an increase of 54% for thiophene in comparison with that of the commercial activated carbon. The feasibility of the as‐prepared Fe@C‐900 as a magnetically separable adsorbent is also demonstrated.     

全谱拟合法研究聚丙烯腈基碳纤维形成过程中晶态结构演变

通过全谱拟合法对碳纤维制备过程中不同阶段纤维的XRD谱图进行处理,得到不同阶段纤维的微观结构参数,研究了聚丙烯腈(PAN)基碳纤维制备过程中晶态结构的演变.全谱拟合法基于晶体衍射的严格物理理论,拟合目标为整个衍射谱,并不是个别衍射峰,所得结果具有更高的可信度.研究结果表明:PAN原丝中的高分子链沿纤维轴高度取向,表观晶粒尺寸为6.5 nm左右;经过预氧化处理,纤维中的有序结构遭到破坏,表观晶粒尺寸锐减.纤维中逐渐形成梯形结构并沿纤维轴取向,从而形成新的有序结构;经过碳化处理后,环状梯形结构转变为碳的层状结 关键词： 碳纤维 晶体结构 XRD 全谱拟合法     

Study of energy transfer from capping agents to intrinsic vacancies/defects in passivated ZnS nanoparticles

The study of energy transfer mechanism from different capping agents to intrinsic luminescent vacancy centres of zinc sulphide (ZnS) has been reported in the present work. Nanoparticles of capped and uncapped ZnS are prepared by co-precipitation reaction. These nanoparticles are sterically stabilized using organic polymers—poly vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-mercaptoethanol and thioglycerol. Monodispersed nanoparticles were observed under TEM for both capped and uncapped ZnS nanopowders. However, for uncapped ZnS nanopowders, tendency for formation of nanorod like structure exists. Size of ZnS crystallites was calculated from X-ray diffraction pattern. The primary crystallite size estimated from X-ray diffraction pattern is 1.95–2.20 nm for capped nanostructures and 2.2 nm for uncapped nanostructures. FTIR spectra were conducted to confirm capping. Zeta potential measurements have been done to check the stability of dispersed nanoparticles. Band gap measurement was done by UV–visible spectrophotometer. Excitation and emission spectra are also performed in order to compare optical properties in various samples. Increase in emission intensity and band gap has been observed by adding different capping agents in comparison to uncapped ZnS nanoparticles. The results show that in capped ZnS nanoparticles the mechanism of energy transfer from capping layer to photoluminescent vacancy centres is more pronounced.     

Modification of X-ray excited photoelectron and C KVV Auger spectra during radiative carbonization of poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Modifications of the photoelectron and C KVV Auger spectra during the long-term surface degradation of partially crystalline PVDF under simultaneous soft X-ray and electron followed by ion irradiation are reported. Deep radiative carbonization brings about the formation of carbynoid structures (chain-like carbon) in the surface, while the number of interchain cross-links is insignificant. As a result, the shape of the electron emission spectra of carbon in the carbonized sample essentially differs from that of graphite and PVDF. The ion bombardment of the carbonized sample destroys one-dimensional structure due to the formation of cross-links. Thus, carbon atoms transit into sp²-hybrid state and, therefore, the photoelectron and Auger spectra show features characteristic for microcrystalline graphite.     

Effects of carbonization temperature on microstructure and electrochemical performances of phenolic resin-based carbon spheres

Activated phenol resin-based carbon spheres (APCS) electrodes with high double layer capacitance and good rate capability were prepared from phenol resin-based spheres (PS) at different carbonization temperatures prior to KOH activation. The carbonization temperature has a marked effect on both the pore structure and the electrochemical performances of the APCS in 6 M KOH electrolyte. APCS carbonized at 600 °C results in higher specific surface area and larger pore size, and hence higher capacitance and better rate capability. The specific capacitance of the APCS in 6 M KOH aqueous solution can be as high as 282 F g⁻¹. It remains 252 F g⁻¹ as the current density increases to 1000 mA g⁻¹.     

Hard carbon derived from corn straw piths as anode materials for sodium ion batteries

Hard carbon is considered as the most promising anode material for practical sodium ion batteries. Herein, we report biomass-derived hard carbon made from corn straw piths through a simple carbonization process. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra elucidated highly disordered structures, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the hard carbons have many local ordered structures containing turbostratic nanodomains and more nanovoids surround the turbostratic nanodomains. The electrochemical performances of the hard carbons were systematically investigated in sodium ion batteries. By optimizing the carbonization temperature, the sample carbonized at 1400 °C (HC1400) exhibited high reversible capacity of 310 mAh g^?1 and good cycling stability; the capacity can still retain 274 mAh g^?1 after 100 cycles. More importantly, HC1400 can deliver reversible capacity of 206 mAh g^?1 with 79% retention rate after 700 cycles measured at a current density of 200 mA g^?1, which is much better than those in most previous reports. This study provides a way to develop inexpensive, renewable, and recyclable materials from biomasses towards next-generation energy storage applications.