微波在样品消解中的应用

介绍微波消解样品的基本原理、特点、应用及注意事项。用微波消解样品，效率高、速度快、易于控制、对环境无污染，应用于矿石、金属、食品、化工产品、医药及环境样品等样品化学分析的预处理，是传统加热消解样品的理想替代方法。     

微波消解ICP-MS法同时测定蔬菜中14种元素

研究了蔬菜中Ag、Al、As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Se、Zn、Hg 14种元素同时准确测定的方法。用具孔电子控温加热板蒸干蔬菜样品,高压密闭微波化学工作站消解蔬菜干样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定蔬菜中的14种元素。优化了微波消解条件和仪器测定条件。所有标准曲线的线性范围在0~200.0μg/L之间,回归方程的相关系数皆大于0.999,方法的检出限均小于0.22μg/L,加标回收率在81%~118%之间,精密度RSD小于4.44%;西红柿叶国家标准样品(GSBZ 51001-94)的验证分析,测定值均在保证值范围内。本方法具有快速、准确、可靠、灵敏度高及多元素同时分析等特点,可进行批量蔬菜样品测定,赋予"无公害蔬菜市场准入制度"的实施。     

ICP-MS测定农产品样品中6种痕量元素

建立了ICP-MS测定分析果蔬类、大米等农产品样品中痕量元素的方法。样品通过HNO3-H2O2混酸体系微波消解,以Rh作为内标溶液消除基体干扰,在仪器最佳条件下测定植物样中镉、铅、铬、铜、镍、锌六种痕量元素。结果表明：检出限为0.002～0.5ug/g ;相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.84% ~7.35% 。利用所建立的方法测定了大米(GBW10010)、小麦(GBW10011)、芹菜(GBW10048)、大葱(GBW10049)4种标准物质,分析结果均在参考值范围内。方法简单、快速、准确,适用于批量样品中多元素的同时测定。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定淡水产品中多种金属元素

摘要：建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱（ICP-MS）同时测定淡水产品多11种金属元素的定量分析方法。比较了传统的湿法消解和微波消解两种消解方式对淡水产品测定影响。实验结果表明,微波消解方法不仅能够快速地将待测元素从淡水产品基体中释放出来,而且能够很好地保留在消解液中,待测元素的回收率较高。所建立方法测定了GBW10024（GSB-15）扇贝和GBW10051（GSB-29）猪肝标准物质,所得结果与标准值吻合度较高。采用微波消解-ICP-MS法测定市售的淡水产品中多种金属元素,其样品回收率在91.20%~110.81%。该方法快捷、准确、灵敏高,满足大批量淡水产品中金属元素分析测定要求,可为公安部门维护“食药环”领域安全稳定提供依据。     

微波消解/ICP-MS法测定镰形棘豆中18种元素含量

利用微波消解/ICP-MS法对青海省不同生长地点的镰形棘豆中18种元素进行了含量测定.方法的加样回收率在96.42%~104.29%之间,相对标准偏差在0.87%~2.13%之间,具有较高的准确度和精确度.结果表明镰形棘豆含有丰富的微量元素,同时重金属元素含量较低.试验结果为镰形棘豆的药效性和药理毒理提供了理论依据.     

微波消解–电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定地球化学样品中的碘

建立微波消解–电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定地球化学样品中的碘。样品采用10%氨水微波消解,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行测定,跳峰扫描,发射及射频功率分别为1 200 W、1 250 W,单元素积分时间为1.5 s,雾化气流量为1.02 L/min。碘的质量浓度在0.00～300 μg/L范围内与质谱峰强度线性关系良好,线性相关系数为0.999 8,检出限为0.012 μg/g。采用所建方法对标准物质GBW 07405、GBW 07407、GBW 07451、GBW 07389、GBW 07309、GBW 07311进行测定,相对误差为0.31%～1.96%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.53%～5.41%(n=12)。该方法样品处理过程简便、高效,适用于批量地球化学样品中碘的测定。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时测定畜禽粪便中7种重金属元素

粪便样品干燥、研磨后,称取0.25 g样品,加入8 mL硝酸,采用微波消解方法进行前处理。采用KED模式消除质谱干扰,采用内标校正消除非质谱干扰(Ge作为Cu、Zn、Cr的内标,Bi作为Hg和Pb的内标,Rh作为As和Cd的内标),建立了可同时测定畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Cd、Pb、Hg 7种重金属元素的微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法。方法线性相关系数均在0.999 5以上,检出限为0.005～0.305μg/L,加标回收率为83.6%～112%,相对标准偏差为0.70%～5.6%。方法灵敏度、准确度和精密度高,实用性强,适用于同时检测畜禽粪便中多种重金属元素,对畜禽粪便的科学还田具有指导意义。     

微波消解-ICP-MS测定塑料原料中14种催化剂残留元素

采用微波消解法预处理聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)常用塑料原料,使用压力控制装置对消解过程进行监控并对消解条件进行摸索,考察了消解量、消解体系、消解温度和保持时间对消解结果的影响,优化选择了电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)的测定参数和内标元素。建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定塑料原料中Li、Ca、Mg、Al、Si、Ti、V、Cr、Co、Zn、Ga、Zr、Sb、Hf 14种元素的催化剂残留的检测方法。方法检出限在0.001～10.60μg/L,回收率在82%～120%之间,相对标准偏差小于20%。     

高压微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定小米样品中铜铅锌镉铬镍砷

准确测定小米中的重金属对控制和提高食品安全具有非常重要的意义。采用高压微波消解法,以HNO₃-H₂O₂体系处理样品,选择⁵²Cr、⁶⁰Ni、⁶³Cu、⁶⁶Zn、⁷⁵As、¹¹¹Cd、²⁰⁸Pb为测量同位素,采用He气模式的碰撞反应池技术测定Cr和As,采用仪器自带干扰校正公式对Cd的测定结果进行校正,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定小米样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As的方法。重点对溶样条件进行了优化,结果表明在优化的实验条件下,校准曲线的相关系数均不小于0.999,检出限为0.000 5～0.01μg/g,测定下限为0.002～0.4μg/g。按照实验方法对小米成分分析标准物质中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As平行测定12次,各元素测定值与认定值基本一致,相对标准偏差(RSD)均在7.0%以内。采用实验方法对蔚县小米样品进行分析,结...     

Total dissolution of environmental and biological samples by closed-vessel microwave digestion for radiometric analysis

Dry soil, fish-fillet ash, and grass ash were dissolved with a closed-vesselmicrowave oven system and mineral acids. Reagents and dissolution conditionswere varied to ensure total dissolution and recovery of radionuclides. Solventsto dissolve 99.9% of the mass of 3 g samples satisfactorily were 45 ml 14NHF followed by 60 ml 4N HNO₃ saturated with H₃BO₃ for soil, 60 ml 9N HNO₃ followed by 60 ml 14N HF for grass,and 60 ml 9N HNO₃ for fish. The reliability of the dissolutionwas tested with samples from the DOE Quality Assurance Program.     

Determination of Pt from coke samples by ICP-MS after microwave assisted digestion and microwave assisted cloud point extraction

Platinum in coke samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted sample digestion and temperature controlled microwave assisted cloud point extraction (MW-CPE). Interferences due to hafnium (¹⁷⁹Hf¹⁶O) were successfully eliminated using MW-CPE with 2-MBT prior to the determination of platinum by ICP-MS. The validity of the method was studied by spike recovery tests and by analyzing certified reference material (BCR-723 street dust). The results obtained for platinum in the BCR-723 were generally in good agreement with the certified values. Furthermore, the preliminary platinum results obtained for coke sample by ICP-MS after MW-CPE were compared to those obtained by a reference method (NiS-Fire Assay preconcentration/Te coprecipitation and ICP-MS determination).     

Moderated pressure microwave digestion system for preparation of biological samples

A new type closed digestion vessel was constructed for digestion of biological samples. In this the vapour pressure can be maintained on moderated level (150-300 kPa) by means of an internal cooling spiral. During the operation the reflux of the condensed acid and water vapour continuously renews the liquid phase over the sample. By this way a less expensive microwave system may be applied. The performance of this instrument is practically equal to the commercial systems. The digestion time of plant and tissue samples is 5-10 min and the analytical results for reference materials are in good agreement with the reference values.     

Feasibility study on in situ microwave digestion prior to analysis of biological samples by total reflection X-ray fluorescence

A microwave-assisted, micro-digestion procedure was developed and evaluated for analysis of solid samples by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Digestion of a 1.1-mg sub-sample of the NIST Bovine Liver (1577a) standard reference material was performed directly on the surface of common, siliconized quartz reflectors with a 20-μl H₂O₂+20 μl HNO₃ mixture. The method was evaluated in terms of variations in the peak-to-background ratio (detection limits) and on the recovery rates for various volatile and non-volatile analytes. The characteristics of the reflector surface, the order of addition of the digestion reagents as well as the microwave power must be carefully controlled for successful application of the methodology.     

Determination of stable lead isotope ratios in environmental samples: Combination of microwave digestion and ICP-MS

Microwave digestion was applied as pretreatment of environmental samples for the determination of lead isotope ratios by ICP-MS. Microwave digestion decomposed the samples easily and rapidly without lead contamination. The lead isotope ratios could be measured directly by ICP-MS without tedious lead purification, because the influence of the matrix elements on measurements of lead isotope ratios is small enough to be ignored.     

Trace element analysis of biological materials by thermal and epithermal neutron activation analysis

A scheme for instrumental neutron activation analysis of biological materials is proposed. The scheme is based on a combination of thermal and epithermal activation. The accuracy is evaluated by analyzing 4 standard reference materials. Results from the analysis of human blood serum and plasma are given.     

Low volume microwave digestion and direct determination of selenium in biological samples by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A low volume microwave digestion (LVMWD) procedure has been developed to have all forms of selenium (Se) compounds in biological samples decomposed to Se (IV) and allow total Se be directly determined by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS), or voltammetrically. Between 0.3 and 0.4 mL of mixed digestion reagents consisting of concentrated (15.4 M) HNO₃-(18.5 M) H₂SO₄ (v:v = 10:1) and >5 to <40 mg sample were found ideal systems with an optimized MW digestion program. Total Se in five certified reference materials was accurately determined. The results obtained by the conventional and LVMWD techniques agreed well. By avoiding pre-reduction step, this method, suitable for a wide range of biological samples, fully takes the advantages of HG-AFS or voltammetric techniques for their high sensitivity, high tolerance to matrix-related interference and accessibility in instrumentation. LVMWD not only enhances the sample output by 3 times and reduces the operational cost and acid wastes, but also makes the small sample analysis possible for many environmental and medical related research objectives. The digestion pathways of Se containing organic samples are also discussed based on the experimental results.     

Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction prior to low-temperature electrothermal vaporization ICP-MS for trace element analysis in environmental and biological samples

A new method of hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) prior to electrothermal vaporization (ETV) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) determination of trace Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Hg, Pb and Bi, based on gaseous compounds introduction into the plasma as their diethyldithiocarbmate (DDTC) chelates, was developed. The use of the reagent DDTC as chemical modifier could not only enhance the analytical signals, but also decrease the vaporization temperature. At a temperature of 1300 degrees C, trace Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Hg, Pb and Bi can be vaporized completely into the ICP. The factors affecting the formation of the chelates and their vaporization behaviors were investigated in detail, and the microextraction conditions were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of the proposed method were 12.4, 28.7, 7.9, 4.5, 3.3, 4.8 and 1.6 pg ml(-1) for Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Hg, Pb and Bi, respectively. Enrichment factors of 305, 284, 24, 29, 20, 73 and 43 could be achieved within 15 min of extraction time, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the seven determinations of 0.5 ng ml(-1) of target analytes were 8.8, 6.9, 7.1, 9.4, 10.2, 6.1 and 10.8%, respectively. The newly developed method has been applied to the determination of trace Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Hg, Pb and Bi in environmental water and human serum samples, and the recoveries for the spiked samples were in the range of 88-116%. In order to validate this method, two certified reference materials, GBW08501 peach leaves and GBW(E)080040 seawater, were analyzed, and the determined values were in good agreement with the certified values.