PHOTOLESIONS IN DNA UPON 193 nm EXCITATION

Aqueous solutions of plasmid (pBR322 and pTZ18R) and calf thymus DNA were excited by 20 ns laser pulses at 193 nm. The quantum yields of single- and double-strand break formation, interstrand cross-links, locally denatured sites, (6–4)photoproducts and biological inactivation (Φ_ssb, Φ_dsb, Φ_icl, Φ_ids, Φ_6–4 and Φ_ina, respectively) were measured. The quantum yields are virtually independent of intensity, demonstrating a one-quantum process. The obtained values in aerated neutral solution in the absence of additives are Φ_ssb= 1.5 × 10^--³, Φ_dsb, = 0.06 × 10^--³ (dose: 10–200 J m^-2), Φ_icl=Φ_Ids= 0.1 × 10³ and Φ_6–4= 0.5 × 10^--³ Both Φ_ssb and Φ_dsb decrease strongly with increasing concentrations of TE buffer (0.01–10 m M ). Biological inactivation of the pTZ18R plasmid was determined from the transformation efficiency of Escherichia coli bacteria strains AB1157, AB1886 uvr and A82480 uvr rec; the Φ_ina values are 1.4 × 10³, 2.1 × 10³ and 3 × 10^--³, respectively. The monoexponential survival curves in all cases show that a single damage site leads to inactivation (one single hit). The biological consequences of different photoproducts are discussed.     

Kinetics and mechanism of oxo-transfer from pyridine N-oxide to dimethyl sulfide catalysed by [Ru(edta)(H2O)] complex (edta=ethylenediaminetetraacetate)

The kinetics of the oxidation of [Ru^III(edta)(H₂O)]⁻ (edta=ethylenediaminetetraacetate) (complex-1) with pyridine N-oxide (PyO) to [Ru^V(edta)O]⁻ (complex-2) and subsequent oxo-transfer from complex-2 to dimethylsulfide (dms) leading to the formation of dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) have been studied spectrophotometrically. The rate of formation of oxo-complex (2) in the reaction of complex-1 with PyO was found to be substitution controlled and first order both in complex-1 and PyO concentrations. The rate of oxo transfer from complex-2 to dms was found to be first order with respect to [complex-2] and [dms]. Kinetic data and activation parameters are found to be consistent to the proposed mechanism.     

REEVALUATION OF THE SPECTRAL AND KINETIC PROPERTIES OF HO2 AND O2- FREE RADICALS

Abstract— The spectra and molar absorbances of the HO₂ and O₂^- free radicals have been redetermined in aqueous formate solutions by pulse and stopped-flow radiolysis as well as by ⁶⁰Co gamma-ray studies. The extinction coefficients at the corresponding maxima and 23°C are ²²⁵= 1400 ± 80 M ^-1 cm^-1 and ²²⁵= 2350 ± 120 M ^-1 cm^-1 respectively. Reevaluation of earlier published rate data in terms of the new extinction coefficients yielded the following rate constants for the spontaneous decay of HO₂ and O₂^-: K _Ho2+HO2= (8.60 ± 0.62) × 10⁵ M ^-1 s^-1; K _Ho2+O2-= (1.02 ± 0.49) × 10⁸ M ^-1 s^-1; K _Ho2+O2- < 0.35 M ^-1 s^-1. For the equilibrium HO₂→ O₂^-+ H⁺ the dissociation constant is K _Ho2= (2.05 ± 0.39) × 10^-5 M or p K _HO2= 4.69 ± 0.08. G (O₂^-) has been evaluated as a function of formate concentration.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SURVIVAL AND THYMINE-DIMER EXCISION IN ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATED ESCHERICHIA COLI

Abstract— The influence of amino acid prestarvation on both the resistance to u.v. light and excision of thymine dimers of bacterial strains E. coli B/r hcr ⁺ thy- trp ^-, E. coli B/r hcr ^-thy^- trp ^-, and E, coli 15 T^- 555–7 thy ^- meth ^- trp ^- arg ^- has been studied.
The prestarvation increased the resistance of all the strains but reasonably inhibited excision of thymine dimers. Thus the enhancement of u.v. resistance after amino acid prestarvation was not due to more complete excision of thymine dimers.     

四磺酸酞菁钴-DDAB表面活性剂薄膜电极的电化学与电化学催化研究

四磺酸酞菁钴配合物阴离子(CoPcTS_4-)在水溶液中可借助离子交换进入阳离子表面活性剂双十二烷基二甲基溴化铵(DDAB)薄膜,从而形成CoPcTS_4-DDAB薄膜电极.循环伏安法表明,该薄膜电极在pH7.0的空白缓冲溶液中十分稳定,有两对准可逆的还原氧化峰,其中第一对峰的E_pc1=-0.28V,E_pa1=-0.18V(vs.SCE),为中心离子Co(II)Co(I)的还原氧化峰;第二对峰的E_pc2=-1.30V,E_pa2=-1.18V,为酞菁环的还原氧化峰.应用循环伏安法估计了该薄膜体系的电荷传递扩散系数D_ct和表观非均相电极反应速率常数k^o'.CoPcTS_4-DDAB薄膜电极可用于对三氯乙酸(TCA)的电化学催化还原.催化电流与TCA浓度在4×10^-5～1×10^-3molL范围内成线性关系.     

THE HABER-WEISS CYCLE

Abstract— The Haber-Weiss cycle:
was investigated at low pH by radiolysis of oxygen or nitrogen saturated solutions of hydrogen peroxide. It was found that reaction 2 has a low rate constant: k ₂= 3.0 ± 0.6 M ^-1 s^-1 (pH 2.3, 22°C). The rate determining step of reaction 2 is most probably the transfer of an electron from a π₈* orbital of HO₂ to the empty _u* orbital of H₂O₂. Overlap between these two orbitals is hindered by the filled π₈* orbitals of H₂O₂. Fe(HI)EDTA catalyses reaction 2.     

UVA self-photosensitized oxygenation of beta-ionone

The steady-state UVA (350 nm) photolysis of ( E )-β-ionone ( 1 ) in aerated toluene solutions was studied by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The formation of the 1,2,4-trioxane ( 2 ) and 5,8-endoperoxide ( 5 ) derivatives in the ratio of 4:1 was observed. Time-resolved laser induced experiments at 355 nm, such as laser-flash photolysis, photoacoustic and singlet oxygen ¹O₂ phosphorescence detection, confirmed the formation of the excited triplet state of 1 with a quantum yield Φ _T = 0.50 as the precursor for the generation of singlet oxygen ¹O₂ ( Φ _Δ = 0.16) and the isomeric α-pyran derivative ( 3 ), which was a reaction intermediate detected by NMR. In turn, the reaction of ¹O₂ with 1 and 3 occurred with rate constants of 1.0 × 10⁶ and 2.5 × 10⁸  m ⁻¹s⁻¹ to yield the oxygenated products 5 and 2 , respectively, indicating the relevance of the fixed s-cis configuration in the α-pyran ring in the concerted [2+4] cycloaddition of ¹O₂.     

LASER PHOTOLYSIS STUDY OF TRIPLET EOSIN AND THIONINE REACTIONS IN PHOTOSENSITIZED OXIDATIONS

Abstract —Nanosecond laser photolysis was used to determine the rate constants of quenching (including chemical reactions) of the triplet states of eosin and thionine, at pH 7, by imidazole, l-histidine, l-methionine, l-phenylalanine, l-tryptophan, 3-indole-acetic acid, cytidine, guanosine, α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, allylthiourea, thiourea, p -nitrosodimethylaniline, I^- N₃^- and Fe(CN)₆^4-. The quenching rate constants for thionine were found to be up to three orders of magnitude higher than those for eosin. The mechanism of photosensitized oxygenations (free radical vs singlet oxygen) is discussed on the basis of the present results.     

ON THE PRODUCTION OF NITROXIDE RADICALS BY SINGLET OXYGEN REACTION: AN EPR STUDY

Abstract— The production of free radicals by reaction of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol with singlet oxygen was studied by EPR spectroscopy. The rate constant of the amine was found to be equal to 8 ×10⁵ M ^-1s^-1 in ethanol and to 4 × 10⁷M^-1s^-1 in phosphate buffer (pH 8). Competition experiments were performed with singlet oxygen quenchers such as NaN₃, DABCO and the quenching rate constants were found to be consistent with the literature values. The EPR method proved to be a valuable technique to study the reaction of singlet O₂ with the sterically hindered amine without any interfering effect.     

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF CYTOSINE N-METHYL ANALOGS IN ALCOHOLIC SOLUTION

Abstract— –The photochemical reactions of 1-methylcytosine (la), 1, N^4-dimethylcytosine (Ib), and 1, N⁴. N^4-trimethylcytosine (Ic) in isopropanol have been investigated. In all three reactions addition of isopropanol occurs across the 5,6-double bond of the pyrimidine ring. For example, in the case of Ir photo-reaction with isopropanol leads to formation of 5,6-dihydro-6–(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)-l, N⁴, N^4-trimethylcytosine (IIc). In all three reactions 5,6-dihydro-l-methyluracil (III) was also isolated as a product; in the case of Ic, 5,6-dihydro-1, N⁴, N⁴-trimethylcytosine (IV) was isolated as well. Evidence is presented that indicates cytosine, cytidine, and 2',3'-isopropylidene cytidine also form adducts with isopropanol. Photoinduced reaction of Ic with ethanol leads to formation of 5.6-dihydro-6–(l-hydroxy-l-ethyl)-l, N⁴. N^4-trimethylcytosine (V).
Both acetone sensitization and di-t-butyl peroxide initiated free radical reactions of Ib with isopropanol leads to formation of an adduct identical to that formed in the unsensitized photochemical reaction of Ib with isopropanol.     

CHEMILUMINESCENCE IN THE OXIDATION OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE: EFFECTS OF LUCIGENIN, SCAVENGERS OF ACTIVE OXYGEN, METAL CHELATORS AND THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN

Abstract— Maximum chemiluminescence in a system containing 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and H₂O₂ required the addition of Fe²⁺:EDTA, oxygen, and lucigenin. In this system luminescence was strongly inhibited by catalase (91% inhibition) or 50 m M mannitol (83%), whereas superoxide dismutase or ascorbate did not significantly change the reaction rate. In the absence of lucigenin, 50 m M mannitol (78%), catalase (76%), or ascorbate (73%) inhibited strongly, while superoxide dismutase inhibited by 60%. Removing EDTA from the lucigenin-containing system caused a 79% decrease in luminescence, while the substitution of desferoxamine for EDTA decreased luminescence by 55%. In the presence of desferoxamine plus EDTA the luminescence increased by 30% in comparison with that seen with EDTA alone. Luminescence in the system containing 6-hydroxydopamine, H₂O₂, Fe²⁺:EDTA and lucigenin required the presence of oxygen (93% inhibition anaerobically), consistent with a mechanism involving reductive oxygenation of the lucigenin. It is concluded that luminescence in the presence of lucigenin involves a substantial contribution from H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺ mediated by a mannitol-sensitive intermediate (conceivably Fenton-derived hydroxyl radicals). In the absence of lucigenin, superoxide and an ascorbate-labile component are additional important participants in the process.     

EXCISION OF PYRIMIDINE DIMERS FROM THE NUCLEAR DNA OF A HAPLOID RESPIRATION-DEFICIENT (ρ) STRAIN OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Abstract— A haploid respiration-deficient (ρ^-) mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibits a lower ability to excise ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers in various post-irradiation treatments as compared to the original respiration-competent wild-type strain. This decrease in excision may account for the inability of ρ^- strains to show liquid-holding recovery.     

PHOTOREDUCTION OF VIOLOGENS WITH NADPH AS REVERSIBLE ELECTRON DONOR

Abstract— The photoreduction of viologens with NADPH as an electron donor was investigated. As the photosensitizer in that reaction, ZnTPP₃^3- and HmP were applied. HmP dissolved by CTAB or Triton X-100 was a more active photosensitizer than ZnTPPS₃^3-. The reduction rate of viologen under steady state irradiation depends remarkably on the type of surfactant used for dissolving HmP. The effect of the surface charge of micelle was examined by laser flash photolysis.     

ELECTRON TRANSFER FROM THE EXCITED STATE OF TYROSINE TO COMPOUNDS CONTAINING DISULFIDE LINKAGES

Abstract— The flash photolysis of aqueous solutions of tyrosine has been studied in the presence of various concentrations of the cyclic disulfide sodium lipoate (thioctic acid, Na⁺ salt). In addition to the formation of phenoxyl radicals and hydrated electrons (and possibly H atoms) from the photoionization of tyrosine, the characteristic spectrum of the radical anion RSSR^- of lipoate was also observed in neutral as well as in alkaline solutions. From the dependence of these yields upon the concentration of lipoate, it was found that a long–lived triplet excited state of tyrosine, rather than the singlet excited state, is involved in these reactions. The negative radical ions RSSR^- are formed by two distinct pathways: (a) Na⁺–lipoate reacts with the solvated electrons which are ejected from the tyrosine triplets ³Tyr → RO.+ e ^-_aq+ H⁺ followed by e ^-_aq+ RSSR → RSSR^-, and (b) by direct interaction of lipoate with triplet excited tyrosine, resulting in the transfer of a negative charge from tyrosine to the disulfide linkage. At high lipoate concentrations, the singlet excited state of lipoate is quenched, k ₄= 1.6 × 10¹⁰ M ^-1 sec^-1, but this reaction does not lead to the formation of RSSR^- radical ions.     

Nd-Fe-MoO42-氰桥混配聚合物修饰铂电极的丙三醇电催化氧化

利用软模板结合电沉积法制备了一种有序化氰桥混配聚合物修饰铂电极（Nd-Fe-MoO₄^2-/Pt）,用循环伏安法研究了在该化学修饰铂电极的丙三醇电催化氧化,并重点讨论了支持电解质的H⁺和SO₄^2-浓度、丙三醇浓度、扫速等因素对丙三醇电催化氧化活性的影响. 结果表明,在弱酸性硫酸钠支持电解质中,适当量SO₄^2-的存在有助于提高Nd-Fe-MoO₄^2-/Pt电极的丙三醇电催化氧化电流;-0.2 ~ 0.3 V电位区间内,其丙三醇氧化峰电流1与循环伏安曲线扫描速率的平方根之间呈现良好的线性关系,体现了扩散控制的反应特性;Nd-Fe-MoO₄^2-/Pt电极的丙三醇电催化氧化电流密度值约为裸铂电极的4倍,而丙三醇电催化氧化反应的表观活化能相对较小,修饰电极的电催化氧化呈现了明显的协同效应,其电催化氧化活性高、电流响应快、催化稳定性好.     

阴离子交换膜修饰的水/1,2-二氯乙烷界面上SO42-离子的转移反应

将一种均相季铵型阴离子交换膜用于修饰水/1,2-二氯乙烷(W/DCE)界面,并利用循环伏安法、差分脉冲伏安法和计时电量法考察了该界面上强亲水性阴离子SO₄^2-的转移反应过程.研究结果表明,该阴离子交换膜所修饰的W/DCE界面比修饰前具有更宽的电化学窗口,而且在界面上可获得完整的SO₄^2-转移的循环伏安曲线和差分脉冲伏安曲线.其中,循环伏安曲线的峰电流与扫速平方根呈线性关系,SO₄^2-在膜内水相中的扩散系数为7.6×10^-8 cm²/s;差分脉冲伏安曲线的峰电流与SO₄^2-的浓度在5~25 mmol/L范围内呈线性关系.另外,利用计时电量法测得SO₄^2-在该界面上转移反应的标准速率常数为1.49×10^-3 cm/s.     

KINETIC STUDIES ON THE STABILIZATION OF THE PRIMARY RADICAL PAIR P680+ Pheo- IN DIFFERENT PHOTOSYSTEM II PREPARATIONS FROM HIGHER PLANTS*

Abstract— The stabilization of the primary radical pair P680+ pheophytin (Pheo)^- through rapid electron transfer from Pheo to the special plastoquinone of photosystem II (PS II), Q_A, was analyzed on the basis of time-resolved (40 ps) UV-absorption changes detected in different PS II preparations from higher plants. Lifetime measurements of¹Chi* fluorescence by single photon counting and a numerical analysis of the redox reactions revealed (1) at exciton densities required for light saturation of the stable charge separation, annihilation processes dominate the excited state decay leading to very similar lifetimes of ¹Chi* in systems with open and closed reaction centers and (2) the difference of absorption changes induced by actinic flashes of comparatively high photon density in samples with open and photochemically closed reaction centers, respectively, provides a suitable measure of the rate constant of QA formation. Conclusion 2 was confirmed in PS II membrane fragments by measurements at three wavelengths (280 nm, 292 nm and 325 nm) where the difference spectrum of Q^-_A formation exhibits characteristic features. The numerical evaluation of the experimental data led to the following results: (1) the rate constant of Q^-_A formation was found to be (300 ± 100 ps)^-1 in PS II membrane fragments and PS II core complexes deprived of the distal and proximal antenna and (2) an iron depletion treatment of membrane fragments does not affect these kinetics. The implications of these results are briefly discussed in terms of the PS II reaction pattern.     

USE OF TRIS (2,2'-BIPYRIDINE) RUTHENIUM(II) DICATION IN A NOVEL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SINGLET OXYGEN REACTION RATES: APPLICATION TO STUDIES OF GELATIN

Abstract— A novel method for the determination of singlet oxygen reaction rate constants is described and applied to studies of cyclohexadiene in methanol and gelatins in H₂O and D₂O. The technique uses tris (2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) dication (Ru(bipy)₃₂₊) as both singlet oxygen sensitizer and in situ oxygen concentration monitor during irradiation of sealed samples. Because of the high efficiency with which the luminescence of Ru(bipy)₃2+* can be detected, and the fact that emission lifetimes are used, the method offers some advantages over those previously described. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. A rate constant of 2.1 (±0.3) x 10⁶ mol^-1 dm³ s^-1 has been determined for the reaction of ¹O₂ with cyclohexadiene in methanol. For two different photographic gelatins the sums of reaction and quenching rate constants are 2.0 (±0.4) x 10⁶ and 3.1 (±2.0) x 10⁵ mol^-1 dm³ s^-1; for swine skin gelatin this value is 3.9 (±2.4) × 10⁵ mol^-1 dm³ s^-1. Chemical reaction, rather than physical quenching, is the dominant reaction route for gelatins and ¹O₂.     

Near-infrared Light Emission from Nanomolar-level Singlet Molecular Oxygen Generated with an Ultra low Concentration Mixture of Hypochlorite and Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract— We report the detection of a weak near-infrared light emission originating from 8 nM singlet molecular oxygen (¹O₂) produced in a mixture of 1 m M hypochlorite (OC1^-) and 8 n M hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The measurements were made with a highly sensitive detection system for ultraweak light emission in the 1.0-1.5 μm wavelength region. The emission intensity exhibited linear dependence for H₂O₂ concentrations in the range of 8-670 n M . The mixture containing a lower concentration (33 μ M ) of OCl^- pseudocontinuously emitted near-infrared light for 5 s. The rate constant for ¹O₂ production obtained from the kinetic analysis agrees with that previously reported. Our results demonstrate the possibility of measuring very low concentrations of ¹O₂ in a OCi-/H₂O² mixture as well as ¹O₂ production in intact living systems.     

钴氰化钠/氯化钠固体溶液微晶体的电化学制备及其特性

钴氰化钠与铁氰化钠结构类似,而其在固/液界面上的电子转移特性却并不显著. 使用扫描电化学显微镜（SECM）构建了fL~pL体积的电化学微体系. 在微体系中溶剂蒸发,电解质则会浓缩结晶. 当电活性物质与支持电解质的晶格参数匹配时,二者可发生共结晶形成固体溶液. 本文采用该方法制得钴氰化钠/氯化钠固体溶液微晶体,结合微加工技术构建了固体电极/固体溶液界面,该钴氰化钠在固体溶液中即有很好的电子转移特性.