超价分子SO2和SO3成键性的研究

SO2,SO3和H2SO4这样的分子,由于其中S原子的"超价”(supervalent)而被称为"超价分子”.对于它们的成键特性,除早期价键理论的共振论观点外,一般都采用简单分子轨道理论观点加以解释,认为在SO2和SO3分子中,诸原子在同一平面上,S原子sp2杂化,与O原子形成σ键,S的另一个p轨道与分子平面垂直,其余O原子也各有一个与分子平面垂直的p轨道,这些p轨道线性组合形成离域π轨道.SO2中的离域π键是Π43,SO3中则是Π64.之后对S原子d轨道是否参与成键的研究表明,S的dπ轨道可以与O的pπ轨道形成π键,认为S原子d轨道参与了π键的形成[1,2].本文通过分子轨道理论的自洽场法从头算和价键理论的广义价键法(Generalized Valence Bond,GVB)计算,根据计算结果对SO2和SO3的成键性做进一步的讨论.......     

碳和硅结构化学的比较(续)

3碳原子成键的多样性碳原子能形成多种型式的共价键,这种特性在元素中是独一无二的。碳的电负性为2.5,这表明碳原子既不容易丢失电子成正离子,也不容易得电子成负离子。碳原子的价电子数目正好和价轨道数目相等,这使碳原子不容易形成孤对电子,也不容易形成缺电子键。碳原子的半径较小,在分子中碳原子可以和相邻原子的轨道有效地相互叠加,形成较强的化学键。这些共价键多姿多彩,下面利用较简单的价键理论的杂化轨道概念描述键型,不过真正的成键作用通常是比这些描述更为精巧和更为扩展的。碳原子的典型的杂化作用列于表3中。表3碳原子的杂化…     

一般化杂化轨函及夹角公式

量子力学应用到化学键方面最重要的成就之一就是从理论上说明键的角度和强度。作为现代化学键理论的一个重要组成部分,杂化轨道理论在阐明分子构型,成键性质及分子物性方面的成就是众所周知的。然而,迄今为止我们只见到了含f轨道的夹角公式,且缺少诸种杂化轨函之间关系的统一表达式,本文将讨论包括任意原子轨道在内的杂化轨道的一般化键函数和夹角公式。关于杂化键的强度问题,已另文专述。     

Ni(110)-p2mg(2×1)-CO表面的几何结构和电子态

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)总能计算研究了Ni(110)-p2mg(2×1)-CO表面的原子结构和电子态. 计算结果表明: CO分子吸附于该表面的短桥位附近, 分子吸附能为1.753 eV, CO分子的键长dC—O为0.117 nm, 分子与表面竖直方向的夹角为20.0°, 碳原子和短桥位中点的连线与竖直方向的夹角为20.9°; 吸附的CO分子内原子间的伸缩振动频率为1876和1803 cm-1. 态密度研究结果表明吸附作用主要来自CO分子π、σ轨道与衬底d轨道间的杂化作用. CO分子σ轨道和衬底表面镍原子dxz轨道杂化形成的表面电子态主要位于费米能以下-10.4 至-8.8 eV和-7.4至-5.1 eV 范围内. σ和dxz轨道间的杂化作用可能是形成p2mg表面对称性的重要因素之一.     

价电子对互斥理论与电价理论相结合判定分子的共轭类型

以价电子互斥理论与杂化轨道理论为基础,首先确定中心原子或离子的杂化类型以及总电子对的结构,并确定处于同一平面的原子;然后摒除σ键,仅分析π键,并根据价键理论,确定参加共轭的原子对共轭π键所贡献的电子数,最终达到对分子共轭类型的判别。     

无机含氧酸中央体价轨道杂化方案的讨论

无机含氧酸中央体价轨道杂化方案的讨论李炳焕（唐山师范专科学校化学系０６３０００）常见无机含氧酸根离子的构型有正四面体和平面三角形，分别以ＭＯｎ－４和ＭＯｎ－３表示。其中央体Ｍｎ＋与配体Ｏ２－之间可以σ键和π键结合，在成键过程中，中央体价轨道的杂化方案...     

成键能力大的杂化轨道形成共价键的键能也大吗?

在我们的许多教科书中,当讲到原子轨道杂化的原因时,都是这样叙述的:杂化轨道具有更强的方向性,伸展得更远,可以与其他原子的原子轨道进行更大程度的重迭,从而提高成键能力,形成更牢固的化学键,使分子更加稳定。于是给学生形成了这样一个“基本概念”,“杂化轨道的成键能力越大,形成的共价键键能     

确定ABm型分子几何构型的一种简便方法——6n规则

L.Pauling首先提出杂化轨道的概念,成功地解释了AB_m型分子的几何构型,即通过确定A原子轨道的杂化形式,从而确定其分子的几何构型。判断A原子轨道杂化形式及分子的几何构型可以采用价电子对互斥模型,但该模型需要先写出路易斯电子式,再确定成键和孤对电子数,比较繁琐。尽管文献对价电子对互斥模型作了改进,但还需计算键对和孤对电子数。为此,我归纳出一种只需AB_m型分子的总价电子数和配位数m就能确定A原子轨道杂化形式,继而推断分子几何构型的经验规则——6n规则。     

基于创新能力培养的杂化轨道理论教学策略

以提高大学生的科学素养为切人点,以突出对科学本质的理解为突破点,构建有助于培养创新能力的杂化轨道理论的教学策略：利用价键理论的“不足”,创设问题情境;以问题组凸现杂化轨道理论所蕴含的科学方法;将科学本质教育有机融人杂化轨道理论教学全过程。     

臭氧的分子结构

在现行的一些教科书中,对于臭氧的分子结构大都是这样写的:“O_3分子呈三角形,键角116.8°,键长127.8pm,在这个分子中,每个氧原子都以sp~2杂化态相结合,在分子中有一个大π键,π_3~4。”我认为“O_3分子中每个氧原子都以sp~2杂化态相结合”的这种说法是不太合理的,其理由如下: 首先,杂化轨道理论是鲍林为解决多原子分子的空间构型而提出的,是对价键法的补充和发展。对于多原子分子来说,电子对的方向性和分子的空间构型是一致的。我们把多原子分子的一个电子对描述为一个原子的适当的杂     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.