基于科学论证视角的职前科学教师培养研究述评

目前基于科学论证的教学设计研究成果缺乏,且科学教师论证水平普遍较低,且未养成习惯。通过文献法,关注国际本主题相关实证研究成果,发现职前科学教师对科学论证具有不同的理解,科学论证对职前科学教师科学本质观、科学概念和论证能力有影响。基于文献总结,从培养论证能力的专业课程设置、社会性科学议题教学和学科知识强化等3个方面提出建议。     

基于社会性科学议题的化学微项目学习*——以“物质的性质与转化”单元复习为例

在化学课堂中开展社会性科学议题的教学能够发展学生的社会参与意识,结合微项目学习模式,从课堂教学角度出发,构建选定项目、启动项目、实施项目、交流成果等4个教学流程,确立实施教学的核心问题,设计了鲁科版高一化学“物质的性质与转化单元复习课”,进行了基于社会性科学议题的化学微项目学习的实践教学,结合实践的基本情况提出4点反思。     

基于社会性科学议题促进核心素养发展的元素化合物教学*——以“论证重雾霾天气‘汽车限行’的合理性”为例

在“氮及其化合物”教学中,利用社会性科学议题“论证重雾霾天气‘汽车限行’的合理性”,通过直面议题激发原始想法、探讨汽车尾气与雾霾是否存在关系、探讨汽车尾气是不是导致雾霾的主要原因、面对议题的科学决策的具体教学环节,促进学生掌握氮及其化合物的主要性质,建立从物质类别、元素价态视角研究物质性质及转化的思路方法,促进多个维度核心素养的融合发展。经过多轮次教学改进,结合教学实践过程及其教学效果抽提出真实情境的创设、驱动性问题的设计、课前、课上和课后3个阶段统筹安排等教学策略。     

基于社会性科学议题开展化学职业生涯教育——污水处理厂的氮污染治理

新课程标准明确提出化学教学要激发学生树立以化学作为专业和职业的兴趣和理想。以“污水处理厂的氮污染治理”这一社会性科学议题为例,开发了基于SSI的化学职业教学框架,确立了识别议题、评估方案、科学辩论和决策反思等4个教学环节,指导学生基于文献资料和网站了解水处理相关专业及职业,在辩论决策中树立化学领域的职业信心,根据实践结果提出3点化学职业生涯教育建议。     

美国高中化学教科书中的“科学写作”分析与启示——以《化学：概念与应用》为例

科学写作融入科学教育的教学方式日益受到广泛的关注。美国高中化学教科书《化学：概念与应用》中,科学写作呈现出任务形式多元化、强调与科学阅读的联系、关注社会性科学议题等特点。该书启示国内科学教育者从借鉴、选题、合作三个角度开展研究与实践工作。     

社会性科学议题的教学设计与实践——核能发展的进与退

将“核能”作为联系不同学科的桥梁,围绕社会性科学议题“核能发展的进与退”,通过课前准备、课中探讨、课后总结反思等3个环节,引导学生以公民的身份,参与社会热点问题的讨论。结果表明,SSI教学是可行且受欢迎的;学生在思考和对话中进一步学会辩证地看待科技发展的多面性,但论证能力有待提高;建议从学生和教师两方面加强SSI教学培训,利用教育信息技术拓展教学时空以发挥SSI教学成效。     

中考化学试题中的社会性科学议题分析及教学建议

<正>社会性科学议题是由于科学技术应用于社会所引起的争议性复杂问题。根据《义务教育化学课程标准(2022年版)》(下简称“新课标”)的要求,社会性科学议题试题理应成为中考化学试卷的重要组成部分。以2022年8个省份8份省级统一命题中考化学试卷(河北卷、河南卷、江西卷、安徽卷、陕西卷、山西卷、福建卷、海南卷)为研究对象,分析中考化学试卷中社会性科学议题试题的考查特点,为依托社会性科学议题开展化学教学提供若干建议。     

论证“是否应该停止使用氮肥”社会性科学议题教学——氮及其化合物的复习

“氮及其化合物”复习教学中,通过社会性科学议题“是否应该停止使用氮肥”,在真实复杂的两难问题情境中,使学生基于物质类别和元素价态视角分析、设计氮肥的制备、使用以及减少其对环境影响中涉及的含氮物质的转化,提高学生自主应用氮元素“价-类”二维图综合分析、解决真实问题的能力,促进证据推理与模型认知、科学探究与创新意识、科学态度与社会责任等多维度化学学科核心素养的融合发展。经过多轮教学改进,结合教学效果抽提出以下教学策略：课上课下统筹安排,合理设置任务,提高学生参与议题的兴趣,促使学生全身心投入对议题的探讨;聚焦真实问题解决,将议题的探讨过程与关键能力持续进阶紧密结合并相互促进;让学生经历“做真事、真做事、真反思、真发展”的完整过程。     

基于社会性科学议题的跨学科实践活动——一次性筷子的利与弊

以“一次性筷子的利与弊”为社会性科学议题,设置有关工程技术、化学、数学、生物、物理、政策、伦理道德、安全等多个方面的问题,引导学生开展活动逐一探究,从而培养学生的科学思维、跨学科解决实际问题的综合能力,提高核心素养。引导学生整合所有跨学科活动成果尝试解答“一次性筷子利大于弊还是弊大于利”的综合性社会问题,促进学生关注社会,树立社会责任感。每个活动案例按照提出问题、活动探究、成果展示、评价等4个环节进行。     

社会性科学议题融入高中有机化学STSE教学的研究初探——以“有机合成的巨星PX”为例

以"PX:有机合成的巨星"的教学设计和课堂实践为例,将社会性科学议题"PX石化项目"融入高中化学有机合成教学活动中,具体论述了学生进阶学习的任务设计、有机合成流程的问题情境设置、角色扮演活动中学生的立场抉择情况,结合教学后学生对争议性议题学习过程的态度与评价及参与课堂观摩活动的教师的评价,对教学效果和学习目标达成情况进行分析。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.