一维超分子体系的研究进展

超分子化学是一个新兴领域,但现今对形成超分子体系所需要的超分子非共价键作用力的理解还不是很全面。文章介绍了几个典型的通过金属配位作用、氢键、π-π堆积、疏水作用和多个非共价键共同作用等自组装的一维超分子体系,以期为超分子的设计提供理论依据。     

中国超分子聚合物的研究与动态

超分子聚合物是高分子科学与超分子科学交叉的研究方向.超分子聚合物的研究在中国引起了学术界的广泛兴趣,中国的学者们对推动此研究领域的发展做出了贡献,并在新的超分子聚合方法、可控超分子聚合以及功能超分子聚合物等方面取得了一系列重要的创新成果.本文总结和评述了中国超分子聚合物的研究与动态,并展望了超分子聚合物化学、超分子聚合物物理、超分子聚合物表征及功能超分子聚合物的未来发展.     

几类典型的超分子液晶研究进展

超分子液晶结合了超分子化学和液晶两者的特点,是近年来研究的一个热点.在简述超分子化学和超分子液晶概念的基础上,对非共价键结合包括氢键型、离子型和金属络合型的超分子液晶结构和研究现状作了简介,并对超分子液晶常用的表征方法进行了概述.     

超分子聚集诱导发光材料的研究进展及展望

通过超分子自组装构建发光材料是超分子化学研究的重要领域之一.超分子自组装作为一种简单且高效的手段,可以将不同结构的分子通过非共价键作用力构建成具有精确结构和多功能的组装体,进一步赋予了超分子材料独特的物理特性.由于超分子发光材料中非共价键相互作用力具有动态且可逆的性质,因此使其具有对刺激物特异性识别和对微环境变化敏感的特点,从而被广泛应用于生物传感和成像、药物传递、化学传感、人工光收集系统、信息加密和光催化等领域.基于此,为了了解超分子发光材料的最新研究进展,主要按照氢键相互作用、π-π堆积和多种非共价键相互作用,较系统地阐述了最近四年超分子发光材料,从设计到制备再到应用的最新研究进展,并且进一步展望了其未来所面临的挑战.     

肽超分子自组装:结构调控和功能化

生物分子自组装对生物体有重要意义,利用生物分子构筑具有功能性的有序组装体一直是人们关注的焦点.肽分子是一类重要的组装基元,肽的超分子自组装可形成多种纳米或微米尺度的结构,并可应用于能源、医药等领域.如何实现肽自组装结构的精准调控以及精准调控肽自组装实现功能化,是目前该领域面临的新挑战.肽的自组装是基于非共价键力的协同作用实现的,通过各种因素调节这些非共价键力的作用,是实现自组装结构调控和功能化的关键.虽然自组装结构调控可以通过改变外部环境调控,但是通过精确分子设计、组装基元分子间的相互作用调控可以更好地实现结构的精准调控;并有利于进一步通过引入功能性分子作为组装基元,实现自组装体的功能化.本文将针对肽自组装体的结构调控以及功能化两个方面对相关研究进行综述.     

药物输送体系构筑中的超分子组装策略

超分子组装提供了药物输送体系设计的新原理。以高效的分子间非共价键作用为驱动力,超分子药物输送体系能够利用结构简单的分子单体获得精确的成分控制,并使得载体结构易于预测,形貌与体积易于调控,有利于实现药物的控制释放。本文首先总结超分子药物输送体系的研究背景,之后重点介绍基于环糊精、杯芳烃、柱芳烃和葫芦脲的主-客体体系的超分子药物输送体系的构建与药物输送功能,然后介绍水溶性的超分子有机框架在药物输送方面的应用,最后提出了超分子药物载体实用化需要克服的若干挑战性问题。     

基于非生物折叠体的分子识别

利用分子自组装的方法控制大分子量的线性有机分子的构象是物理有机化学一个富于挑战性的研究课题. 近年来, 化学家已经成功利用不同的分子内非共价键作用力如氢键和疏溶剂作用等诱导线性分子的折叠乃至螺旋构象的产生. 综述了近年来这种新的非生物二级结构形式在分子识别研究中的应用.     

芳香电子供体-受体折叠体的结构与功能

芳香电子供体-受体折叠体是由一定长度的柔性连接分子、含π电子供体(D)或称为富π电子的1,5-二烷基萘酚(Dan)等和含π电子受体(A)或称为缺π电子的1,4,5,8-萘四甲酸二酰亚胺(Ndi)等基团构成,通过分子内或分子间D-A交替堆叠而形成的折叠体。芳香电子供体-受体折叠体的形成涉及二级结构(构象)的分子自组装。自愈合功能的发现是芳香电子供体-受体折叠体研究的新亮点。本文综述各种芳香电子供体-受体折叠体的链结构、分子内或分子间D-A协同相互作用、折叠体结构和形成机理、以及镊子型折叠体的自愈合功能。     

基于芳香分子-糖类手性超分子组装体及功能

手性超分子组装体广泛存在于自然界中,因其在材料、化学和生物学等领域广阔的应用前景,引起了科学家们极大的兴趣。其中以糖类分子作为手性源,经分子自组装构筑手性超分子组装体的研究已成为超分子化学领域的研究热点之一。本文综述了基于糖类修饰的苝酰亚胺分子、偶氮苯分子、联苯类分子和卟啉类分子等芳香分子化合物经自组装构筑的手性超分子组装体,介绍了其在有机溶剂和水的混合溶剂、水中的凝胶性质,超分子手性特征和功能,糖分子类型与超分子组装体手性间的关系等,并对基于糖类的手性超分子组装体的前景进行了展望。     

基于天然小分子化合物的超分子自组装

天然产物来源广泛、手性结构独特、具有多修饰位点、良好的生物相容性和可控的降解性, 与其他非天然产物的自组装体系相比, 具有更多的优势. 简单修饰的天然产物在溶剂中容易形成氢键、π-π堆积、范德华作用等非共价键作用, 促使分子有序排列形成聚集体, 成为超分子自组装体系的重要构筑基元. 同时, 其独特的手性结构在分子有序排列过程中, 通常会实现手性由分子层次到超分子层次的传递和放大, 因此, 可用于构建螺旋带、纳米管等多种手性组装体. 天然产物良好的生物相容性和生物活性, 也使得基于此类化合物的组装体可应用于组织工程、药物传递、细胞成像等生命科学领域, 显示其广阔的应用前景. 本文介绍了基于氨基酸、糖、核苷碱基、甾体、三萜等天然产物缀合物在超分子自组装特性方面的研究概况及其发展趋势.     

Template-Directed Quantitative One-Pot Synthesis of Homochiral Helical Receptors Enabling Enantioselective Binding

Template-directed synthesis and dynamic covalent chemistry were implemented to achieve quantitative one-pot syntheses of homochiral helical cavities inside aromatic foldamers. One-handed helical receptors P- 1 , M- 1 , P- 2 and M- 2 were assembled from their precursors in the presence of appropriate templates (d - and l -tartaric acid, and d - and l -sorbitol, respectively) via three sequential steps in one pot: imine-linked chain elongation, template-induced folding and [4+2] cycloaddition between helical turns. These helical receptors were proven to enantioselectively bind chiral guests used as the templates, and the differences between the association constants of enantiomeric guests were up to more than two orders of magnitude. The structures and binding modes of the receptors were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and ¹H NMR spectroscopy.     

Selective Encapsulation of Disaccharide Xylobiose by an Aromatic Foldamer Helical Capsule

Xylobiose sequestration in a helical aromatic oligoamide capsule was evidenced by circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, and crystallography. The preparation of the 5 kDa oligoamide sequence was made possible by the transient use of acid‐labile dimethoxybenzyl tertiary amide substituents that disrupt helical folding and prevent double helix formation. Binding of other disaccharides was not detected. Crystallographic data revealed a complex composed of a d ‐xylobiose α anomer and two water molecules accommodated in the right‐handed helix. The disaccharide was found to adopt an unusual all‐axial compact conformation. A dense network of 18 hydrogen bonds forms between the guest, the cavity wall, and the two water molecules.     

A Stimuli-Responsive Macromolecular Gear: Interlocking Dynamic Helical Polymers with Foldamers

Herein, macromolecular gears composed of helical poly(phenylacetylenes) (PPAs) bearing short oligopeptides as pendant groups are described, in which the two structural motifs (framework and substituents) are combined. These gears are obtained by polymerization of the acetylene groups introduced at the C-terminus of short oligopeptides formed by achiral (Aib)_n units (n=1–3) derivatized at the N-terminus by a single enantiomer (R or S) of α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid (MTPA, Mosher's reagent). The chiral information of the MTPA is transmitted to the achiral Aib fragments and, through either chiral tele-induction and/or chiral harvesting mechanisms, is further transferred to the polyene backbones, which adopt preferentially P or M helical senses. Moreover, these materials also show dynamic behavior and respond to the action of external stimuli by either inverting the P/M sense and/or modifying the elongation in fully reversible processes.     

Metal-Coordination-Assisted Folding and Guest Binding in Helical Aromatic Oligoamide Molecular Capsules

The development of foldamer-based receptors is driven by the design of monomers with specific properties. Herein, we introduce a pyridazine-pyridine-pyridazine diacid monomer and its incorporation into helical aromatic oligoamide foldamer containers. This monomer codes for a wide helix diameter and can sequester metal ions on the inner wall of the helix cavity. Crystallographic studies and NMR titrations show that part of the metal coordination sphere remains available and may then promote the binding of a guest within the cavity. In addition to metal coordination, binding of the guest is assisted by cooperative interactions with the helix host, thereby resulting in significant enhancements depending on the foldamer sequence, and in slow guest capture and release on the NMR time scale. In the absence of metal ions, the pyridazine-pyridine-pyridazine monomer promotes an extended conformation of the foldamer that results in aggregation, including the formation of an intertwined duplex.     

A Stimuli‐Responsive Macromolecular Gear: Interlocking Dynamic Helical Polymers with Foldamers

Herein, macromolecular gears composed of helical poly(phenylacetylenes) (PPAs) bearing short oligopeptides as pendant groups are described, in which the two structural motifs (framework and substituents) are combined. These gears are obtained by polymerization of the acetylene groups introduced at the C‐terminus of short oligopeptides formed by achiral (Aib)_n units (n=1–3) derivatized at the N‐terminus by a single enantiomer (R or S) of α‐methoxy‐α‐trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid (MTPA, Mosher's reagent). The chiral information of the MTPA is transmitted to the achiral Aib fragments and, through either chiral tele‐induction and/or chiral harvesting mechanisms, is further transferred to the polyene backbones, which adopt preferentially P or M helical senses. Moreover, these materials also show dynamic behavior and respond to the action of external stimuli by either inverting the P/M sense and/or modifying the elongation in fully reversible processes.     

Supramolecular behaviour of bulky arylboranes in the crystalline state

The aromatic monoboranes 1, 2 and bisboranes 3, 4 of which 4 is a newly synthesised compound have been studied with reference to their supramolecular behaviour in the crystalline state. While the monoboranes crystallise purely, the bisboranes form channel-type solvent inclusions with m-xylene (3a) and nitrobenzene (4a) in the crystals, showing their potential as clathrate hosts in the realm of optically and electronically interesting compounds.     

Allosteric Recognition of Homomeric and Heteromeric Pairs of Monosaccharides by a Foldamer Capsule

The recognition of either homomeric or heteromeric pairs of pentoses in an aromatic oligoamide double helical foldamer capsule was evidenced by circular dichroism (CD), NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography. The cavity of the host was predicted to be large enough to accommodate simultaneously two xylose molecules and to form a 1:2 complex (one container, two saccharides). Solution and solid‐state data revealed the selective recognition of the α‐⁴C₁‐d ‐xylopyranose tautomer, which is bound at two identical sites in the foldamer cavity. A step further was achieved by sequestering a heteromeric pair of pentoses, that is, one molecule of α‐⁴C₁‐d ‐xylopyranose and one molecule of β‐¹C₄‐d ‐arabinopyranose despite the symmetrical nature of the host and despite the similarity of the guests. Subtle induced‐fit and allosteric effects are responsible for the outstanding selectivities observed.     

Synthesis of Amphiphilic Supramolecular Miktoarm Star Copolymers by Molecular Recognition

Synthesis of novel amphiphilic supramolecular miktoarm star copolymers has been achieved through complementary molecular recognition and interactions between carboxy groups and amino groups. Polystyrenes carrying two and one carboxy groups at the middle of the polymer chain are used as precursors to react with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) end‐capped with a primary amine functionality (–NH₂) or a quaternary ammonium hydroxide functionality (–N⁺(CH₂CH₃)₃OH⁻). The result suggests that the basicity of the amine plays a key role in the molecular recognition procedure. The efficiency of ionic bond formation can be enhanced from 40% up to 97% by using PEO‐N⁺(CH₂CH₃)₃OH⁻ instead of PEO‐NH₂. The obtained supramolecular polymers can be dissociated in dilute acid solution at room temperature.