葡萄糖转运蛋白4功能调节信号通路及其在药物研发中的应用

葡萄糖转运蛋白4(glucose transporter 4,GLUT4)是胰岛素响应组织骨骼肌和脂肪组织内负责葡萄糖吸收的转运蛋白,它与生物体糖代谢过程密切相关.在肥胖或以胰岛素抵抗为特征的2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病中,GLUT4功能受损;反之,GLUT4功能的变化也能影响整体的糖代谢水平.本文概述了GLUT4的功能、组织分布、功能调节方式以及调控GLUT4功能的小分子化合物的研究进展,讨论了GLUT4在其他疾病中的应用,并展望了其未来研究方向.     

葡萄糖转运蛋白显像剂6-~(18)FDG的制备及在小鼠体内的分布

为了研究正电子核素18F标记的葡萄糖转运蛋白显像剂6-18氟-6-脱氧葡萄糖的制备及在小鼠体内的生物学分布, 以D-葡萄糖为起始原料, 经过丙酮和苯甲醛对1,2,3,5位羟基的定位保护, 然后用对甲苯磺酰氯和6位的羟基反应得到能被18F-进攻的离去基团, 最后用18F-离子通过亲核取代反应实现对葡萄糖6位的氟代标记; 反应中间体用NMR和MS表征, 最终产物用标准品6-19FDG在HPLC下对照确认, 测定放化纯度, 观察其在小鼠体内的生物学分布. 6-18氟-6-脱氧葡萄糖的放射性标记过程需35 min(从加速器轰击结束算起), 放化产率70%±5%(校正后, n=5), 放化纯度>95%. 小鼠体内的生物学分布表明, 各个器官在1.0 min达到峰值, 然后逐渐平衡. 初步研究结果表明, 6-18FDG是一种很有价值的葡萄糖转运蛋白显像剂, 为以后的体内外研究及活体显像奠定了基础.     

大鼠小肠壁细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白一级结构及功能的研究

应用序列同源性cDNA作探针,从大鼠小肠壁细胞cDNA文库中筛选出了葡萄糖转运蛋白cDNA克隆。经双脱氧法测定该克隆的cDNA全序列为2466bp,翻译区1566bp,编码522个氨基酸。从氨基酸全序列分析得到12个疏水区段,每区段为21个氨基酸。此葡萄糖转运蛋白可能在细胞膜上跨膜12次,构成葡萄糖通道。     

细胞松弛素B对葡萄糖/质子共转运蛋白GlcPSe的抑制机理

通过分子动力学对细胞松弛素B与葡萄糖/质子共转运蛋白的两种质子化状态进行了模拟, 发现细胞松弛素B对处于去质子化阶段的葡萄糖转运蛋白具有更好的抑制效果. 结果表明, 357号色氨酸和117号脯氨酸是葡萄糖转运蛋白结合细胞松弛素B的关键氨基酸; 并且当抑制剂与受体蛋白结合时, 位于第10号跨膜螺旋上的357号色氨酸与细胞松弛素B的相对位置对抑制剂的结合有重要意义.     

纤维二糖与葡萄糖催化转化制备乙二醇(英文)

选用纤维二糖作为探针分子,探索纤维素催化转化制备乙二醇过程的反应路径.分别考察了纤维二糖和葡萄糖在双组分催化剂H2WO4和Ru/C下的催化反应活性.结果表明,乙二醇不仅来自于纤维二糖水解产物葡萄糖的逆羟醛缩合作用,同时也可以来自于纤维二糖的直接逆羟醛缩合过程.而且,纤维二糖的直接逆羟醛缩合作用对糖苷键的水解也有一定的促进作用.比较发现,钨基催化剂作用下纤维二糖的逆羟醛缩合反应活性比葡萄糖要低,因此乙醇醛可以缓慢产生并在Ru/C催化剂上迅速加氢生成乙二醇.使得以纤维二糖作为原料比以葡萄糖作为原料时获得更高的乙二醇收率.     

靶向抗肿瘤药N-(N’-苄氧羰基甘氨酰脯氨酰)丙卡巴肼(Z-GP-Pcb)的环境友好合成及其透过血脑屏障活性评价

利用靶向策略设计了抗肿瘤药物N-(N’-苄氧羰基甘氨酰脯氨酰)丙卡巴肼(Z-GP-Pcb),发展了3步法合成丙卡巴肼(Pcb).首先以4-甲基苯甲醛为原料,经二溴异氰脲酸(DBI)转化为N-异丙基-4-甲基苯酰胺.该化合物经2-碘酰基苯甲酸(IBX)直接氧化为N-异丙基-4-甲酰基苯酰胺,随后还原胺化得Pcb.最后与N-苄氧羰基甘氨酰脯氨酸缩合得Z-GP-Pcb,总收率49.9%.另外,本研究还建立了体外平行人造膜渗透测血脑屏障(PAMPA-BBB)方法评价Z-GP-Pcb透过血脑屏障(BBB)活性,发现其透膜常数(Pe)为(19.22±4.25)×10^-6cm·s^-1,大于母药Pcb[(11.14±1.34))×10^-6cm·s^-1],具有较高的透过BBB活性.     

纤维二糖与葡萄糖催化转化制备乙二醇(英文)

选用纤维二糖作为探针分子,探索纤维素催化转化制备乙二醇过程的反应路径.分别考察了纤维二糖和葡萄糖在双组分催化剂H2WO4和Ru/C下的催化反应活性.结果表明,乙二醇不仅来自于纤维二糖水解产物葡萄糖的逆羟醛缩合作用,同时也可以来自于纤维二糖的直接逆羟醛缩合过程.而且,纤维二糖的直接逆羟醛缩合作用对糖苷键的水解也有一定的促进作用.比较发现,钨基催化剂作用下纤维二糖的逆羟醛缩合反应活性比葡萄糖要低,因此乙醇醛可以缓慢产生并在Ru/C催化剂上迅速加氢生成乙二醇.使得以纤维二糖作为原料比以葡萄糖作为原料时获得更高的乙二醇收率.     

5-羟色胺转运蛋白显像剂的研究进展

中枢神经系统5-羟色胺神经元功能异常,特别是突触前膜的5-羟色胺转运蛋白（SERT）密度的变化常导致复杂的精神紊乱疾病。SERT的正电子发射断层（PET）和单光子发射断层（SPECT）活体显像剂有助于研究该系统的变化与精神紊乱疾病的关系,以及精神紊乱病人疗效的监测。本文综述了近年来SERT显像剂的最新研究进展,并指出了今后该类显像剂的发展趋势。     

基于弹性网络模型的麦芽糖转运蛋白功能残基的识别

基于弹性网络模型的热力学方法, 识别出麦芽糖转运蛋白质体系中的关键残基, 探讨了麦芽糖转运蛋白内长程协同效应, 研究结果有助于更好地理解该转运体系发挥生物学功能的分子机制.     

胆固醇酯转运蛋白抑制剂的3D-QSAR模型

利用VolSurf参数和比较分子场分析(CoMFA)方法对N,N-二取代三氟-3-氨基-2-丙醇衍生物类胆固醇酯转运蛋白抑制剂进行了三维定量构效关系(3D-QSAR)模型研究, 均得到较好的结果, 训练集模型具有良好的预测能力. VolSurf参数分析表明抑制活性高的分子必须具有合适的亲水性、多的氢键给体和少的氢键受体; 在一定范围内, 分子量大、表面光滑且非球性高的分子抑制活性高; 高疏水性以及质量中心与疏水区中心的高不平衡性对活性是不利因素. CoMFA结果表明, 立体作用对活性的影响较静电作用稍强, N-苯基取代基苯氧基的间位体积大且正电性强的基团对活性有利, N-苄基取代基的间位体积大且合适的电负性对活性有利, 而苄基的对位立体位阻的增加则对活性不利. VolSurf参数提供了分子整体性质信息, CoMFA提供了取代基信息, 两者互为补充, 对该类抑制剂新化合物的设计具有指导意义.     

A Potent Glucose–Platinum Conjugate Exploits Glucose Transporters and Preferentially Accumulates in Cancer Cells

Three rationally designed glucose–platinum conjugates (Glc–Pts) were synthesized and their biological activities evaluated. The Glc–Pts, 1 – 3 , exhibit high levels of cytotoxicity toward a panel of cancer cells. The subcellular target and cellular uptake mechanism of the Glc–Pts were elucidated. For uptake into cells, Glc–Pt 1 exploits both glucose and organic cation transporters, both widely overexpressed in cancer. Compound 1 preferentially accumulates in and annihilates cancer, compared to normal epithelial, cells in vitro.     

金属钌配合物的抗肿瘤活性及其作用机理

金属配合物在医药领域起着重要的作用,金属钌配合物在抗肿瘤活性研究方面取得了重要的进展.结合本组的研究工作,本文对金属钌配合物在抗肿瘤活性以及抗肿瘤作用机制方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

铂类抗癌药物的多功能纳米递送体系

以顺铂为代表的小分子铂类抗癌药物是临床应用的一线化疗药物,但其严重的毒副作用和难以克服的耐药性限制了铂类药物的临床应用和研发。运用纳米药物递送技术可以实现药物的靶向递送和可控释放,来提高药物的生物利用度,降低药物的毒副作用以及耐药性,为癌症的治疗带来新的希望。此外,丰富多样的纳米递送体系易于实现药物与具有生物学活性试剂的共运输,从而为各种治疗策略以及诊疗策略的联用提供可能,为最终实现癌症的精准治疗展现广阔前景。本文从靶向递药、药物可控释放、联合治疗、诊疗一体化四个方面对铂类抗癌药物的多功能纳米递送体系在癌症治疗中的最新研究进展进行综述,同时通过列举最新研究成果,展示了新材料、新技术以及新颖设计思想在铂基纳米递送体系中的应用。     

Discovery of New Glucose Uptake Inhibitors as Potential Anticancer Agents by Non-Radioactive Cell-Based Assays

Tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis to support growth and survival, thus require more glucose supply. Glucose transporters GLUTs, primarily GLUT1, are overexpressed in various cancers. Targeting GLUTs has been regarded as a promising anticancer strategy. In this study, we first evaluated 75 potential GLUT1 inhibitors obtained from virtual screening of the NCI chemical library by a high-throughput cell-based method using a fluorescent glucose analogue 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) in COS-7 and SKOV3 cells that express high levels of GLUT1. Four compounds, #12, #16, #43 and #69, that significantly inhibited glucose uptake were further evaluated using flow cytometry directly measuring 2-NBDG uptake at the single-cell level and a Glucose Uptake-Glo^TM assay indirectly measuring 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake in SKOV3, COS-7 or MCF-7 cells. The inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth was also determined in SKOV3 and MCF-7 cells, and #12 exhibited the best growth inhibitory effect equivalent to a known GLUT1 inhibitor WZB117. Although the anticancer effect of the identified potential GLUT1 inhibitors was moderate, they may enhance the activity of other anticancer drugs. Indeed, we found that #12 synergistically enhanced the anticancer activity of metformin in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells.     

Lysosome‐targeted Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Anticancer Complexes Bearing Phosphine‐Sulfonate Ligands

The synthesis, characterization and biological activity of four cyclometalated Ir (III) complexes ( Ir1 ‐ Ir4 ) containing different phosphine‐sulfonate ligands are reported. Most of these complexes showed good activity against A549 cancer cell lines and the human HeLa cervical cell lines. Spectroscopic properties study displays that all four complexes show rich fluorescence with emission maxima in the range of 474–510 nm. Fluorescence property of these complexes provides a tool to investigate the microscopic mechanism by confocal microscopy. Notably, the typical Ir (III) complex Ir4 can specially localize to lysosome, damage it and induce cell death via apoptosis. In addition, Ir4 enters into A549 cancer cells dominantly through energy‐dependent pathway.     

(Metallo)porphyrins as Potent Phototoxic Anti‐Cancer Agents after Irradiation with Red Light

Novel photoactive (metallo)porphyrins were synthesised and characterised. When irradiated with light at a wavelength greater than 600 nm, these porphyrins act as photosensitisers and show high cytotoxicity towards two different human cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values down to 0.4 μM . A paramagnetic copper(II) porphyrin is the first photosensitiser to display excellent phototoxicity, explained by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping of hydroxy radicals and experimentally confirmed by the discovery of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside A2780 cells after irradiation with red light. This finding indicates that paramagnetic compounds should be considered for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Furthermore, an additive effect of cisplatin and a zinc porphyrin, both at subtherapeutic concentrations of 0.22 μm, was observed.     

Cyclometalated Palladium(II) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Anticancer Agents for Potent In Vitro Cytotoxicity and In Vivo Tumor Growth Suppression

Palladium(II) complexes are generally reactive toward substitution/reduction, and their biological applications are seldom explored. A new series of palladium(II) N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes that are stable in the presence of biological thiols are reported. A representative complex, [Pd(C^N^N)(N,N′‐nBu₂NHC)](CF₃SO₃) ( Pd1 d , HC^N^N=6‐phenyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, N,N′‐nBu₂NHC=N,N′‐di‐n‐butylimidazolylidene), displays potent killing activity toward cancer cell lines (IC₅₀=0.09–0.5 μm ) but is less cytotoxic toward a normal human fibroblast cell line (CCD‐19Lu, IC₅₀=11.8 μm ). In vivo anticancer studies revealed that Pd1 d significantly inhibited tumor growth in a nude mice model. Proteomics data and in vitro biochemical assays reveal that Pd1 d exerts anticancer effects, including inhibition of an epidermal growth factor receptor pathway, induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, and antiangiogenic activity to endothelial cells.     

The Effect of a New Glucose–Methotrexate Conjugate on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Cell Lines

Patients with hematologic malignancies require intensive therapies, including high-dose chemotherapy. Antimetabolite–methotrexate (MTX) has been used for many years in the treatment of leukemia and in lymphoma patients. However, the lack of MTX specificity causes a significant risk of morbidity, mortality, and severe side effects that impairs the quality of patients’ life. Therefore, novel targeted therapies based on the malignant cells’ common traits have become an essential treatment strategy. Glucose transporters have been found to be overexpressed in neoplastic cells, including hematologic malignancies. In this study, we biologically evaluated a novel glucose–methotrexate conjugate (Glu–MTX) in comparison to a free MTX. The research aimed to assess the effectiveness of Glu–MTX on chosen human lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. Cell cytotoxicity was verified by MTT viability test and flow cytometry. Moreover, the cell cycle and cellular uptake of Glu–MTX were evaluated. Our study reveals that conjugation of methotrexate with glucose significantly increases drug uptake and results in similar cytotoxicity of the synthesized compound. Although the finding has been confined to in vitro studies, our observations shed light on a potential therapeutic approach that increases the selectivity of chemotherapeutics and can improve leukemia and lymphoma patients’ outcomes.     

抗癌新药氟哌酸基甲硫酰(2-乙酰基苯)腙的伏安法研究

氟哌酸基甲硫酰 (2 乙酰基苯 )腙 (norfloxacinylcarbothioic (2 acetylbenzyl)hydrazone ,简称NCABH)是在缩胺硫脲的结构中引入氟哌酸基合成的一种新抗癌药物。本文采用线性扫描伏安法、循环伏安法和常规脉冲溶出伏安法研究了该药物的电化学行为。实验结果表明 :NCABH在电极表面存在吸附特性 ,在pH =10的 0 .2mol LNa2 B4 O7 NaOH缓冲溶液中 ,该药物在 - 0 .72V(vs .SCE)处有一灵敏的还原峰 ,在选定的最佳条件下 ,浓度在 2 .0× 10 - 7～ 4 .0× 10 - 5mol L与其峰电流有良好的线性关系 ,检测限为 5 .0× 10 - 8mol L ,方法用于模拟尿、血清样品中痕量药物的测定 ,回收率均在 95 %～ 10 2 %之间