Pilot plant for flue gas treatment with electron beam -start up and two stage irradiation tests

The pilot plant for flue gas treatment with electron beam has been built at Power Plant Kaweczyn, near Warsaw. The irradiation part of the pilot plant has been put in operation in 1991 whereas the complete installation including bag filter started to work in spring 1992. The starting tests consisted of studying the components reliability and influence of the two-stage irradiation process on efficiency of NO_x removal. The results have shown that the two- stage irradiation leads to remarkable energy savings and retains high NO_x removal. The mathematical models of the double and triple irradiation process are discussed.     

Gas transport properties of asymmetric polyimide membranes prepared by ion‐beam irradiation

Ion beam irradiation has been widely used to modify the structure and properties of membrane surface layers. In this study, the gas permeability and selectivity of an asymmetric polyimide membrane modified by He ion irradiation were investigated using a high vacuum apparatus equipped with a Baratron absolute pressure gauge at 76 cmHg and 35 °C. Specifically, we estimated the effects of the gas diffusion and solubility on the gas permeation properties of the asymmetric membranes with the carbonized skin layer prepared by ion irradiation. The asymmetric polyimide membranes were prepared by a dry–wet phase inversion process, and the surface skin layer on the membrane was irradiated by He ions at fluences of 1 × 10¹⁵ to 5 × 10¹⁵ ions/cm² at 50 keV. The increase in the gas permeability of the He⁺‐irradiated asymmetric polyimide membrane is entirely due to an increase in the gas diffusion, and the gas selectivity increases of the membranes were responsible for the high gas diffusion selectivities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 262–269, 2007.     

紫外光照下高铁肌红蛋白的还原

实验中我们发现紫外波段光源照射高铁肌红蛋白(metmyoglobin,metMb)时,能发生与添加化学还原剂还原metMb相似的过程,本文采用紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis),圆二色光谱(CD)研究了metMb在特定紫外光源下的还原过程。580 nm和544 nm处还原峰的面积变化显示,metMb在光照时能被还原至MbFe髤H2O状态,且不同的光源、特定紫外定波长、温度、pH以及不同气体存在等条件下metMb的还原程度不同。在温度为10℃,偏碱性条件时,定波长254 nm照射有利于metMb还原;气体存在时,由于气体小分子与血红素铁的配位能力不同,不同气体对光照metMb还原的催化作用程度也有差异,CO和O2的存在对此过程有催化促进作用,这一结论在医学和生理学上有重要的意义。     

A new calorimeter for simultaneous measurement of isotherms and heats of adsorption

A new calorimeter designed for simultaneous measurements of heats and isotherms of gas adsorption and desorption systems is presented. It consists of a volumetric/manometric gas adsorption instrument, the adsorption vessel of which is placed within a second vessel filled with inert gas. This gas acts as a sensor, as not only its temperature but also its pressure is increased if heat is released from the adsorption vessel via the sensor gas to its thermostated surroundings. Indeed, the time integral of the sensor gas pressure signal turned out to be strongly related to the total heat released from the adsorption vessel.A basic theoretical equation of the measurement procedure is given. Results of numerous calibration measurements are presented. The question of what type and amount of sensor gas should be used to achieve high sensitivity of the instrument is discussed.Two examples of measurements of heats of adsorption and adsorption isotherms are given, namely adsorption of N₂ on alumina oxide (CRM-BAM-PM-104) at 77 K and CO₂ on zeolite Na13X and wessalite DAY both at 298 K.     

微波辐照活性炭床烟气脱硝实验研究

微波诱导催化作用结合活性炭的吸附和还原能力可以实现烟气中氮氧化物的还原脱除. 利用微波反应器开展了微波辐照活性炭烟气脱硝实验, 研究了微波辐照功率(反应温度)、烟气流率、NO浓度以及烟气共存成分对脱硝效率的影响. 实验结果表明, 微波功率越高, 脱硝效率也越高, 在560 W可达80%左右的脱硝效率|活性炭质量越大脱硝反应越完全, 50 g活性炭可脱除83%的NO|烟气流率增加脱硝效率降低|烟气中氧的存在对脱硝有一定促进作用, 烟气含湿量过大对脱硝不利. 脱硝反应动力学研究表明, NO的反应级数近似为1, 速率常数为k＝1.33 min^－1. BET测试表明, 微波辐照活性炭后其表面积有少量下降.     

Empirical models for NOx and SO2 removal in a double stage flue gas irradiation process

A multidimensional regression method has been applied to construct empirical model equations of NO_x and SO₂ removal efficiency in e–b process for a two-stage irradiation system based on results achieved for the EPS Kaw czyn pilot plant. The influence of different parameters such as dose, temperature, gas humidity and ammonia stoichiometry have been studied. Model equations describe with satisfactory accuracy experimental results. Therefore obtained models equations can be used for prediction of NO_x and SO₂ removal efficiency in e–b process during two-stage irradiation of flue gases, particularly in the case of scale-up. The results will be implemented in the industrial electron beam flue gas treatment installation being constructed at EPS Pomorzany, Dolna Odra PS Group SA, Poland (flue gas flow 270,000 N m³/h, total beam power of applied accelerators 1.2 MW).     

Hydrate-based carbon dioxide capture from simulated integrated gasification combined cycle gas

The equilibrium hydrate formation conditions for CO2/H2 gas mixtures with different CO2 concentrations in 0.29 mol% TBAB aqueous solution are firstly measured.The results illustrate that the equilibrium hydrate formation pressure increases remarkably with the decrease of CO2 concentration in the gas mixture.Based on the phase equilibrium data,a three stages hydrate CO2 separation from integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) synthesis gas is investigated.Because the separation efficiency is quite low for the third hydrate separation,a hybrid CO2 separation process of two hydrate stages in conjunction with one chemical absorption process (absorption with MEA) is proposed and studied.The experimental results show H2 concentration in the final residual gas released from the three stages hydrate CO2 separation process was approximately 95.0 mol% while that released from the hybrid CO2 separation process was approximately 99.4 mol%.Thus,the hybrid process is possible to be a promising technology for the industrial application in the future.     

填充床介质阻挡放电脱除气化燃气中苯的研究

以生物质气化焦油典型组分--苯作为模型物,采用填充床介质阻挡放电（DBD）对气化燃气氛围中的苯进行脱除。考察了燃气组成、填充物种类、反应温度及催化剂还原方式对苯脱除的影响。结果表明,反应温度200 ℃时,空气气化燃气与水蒸气气化燃气氛围内的苯脱除率比较接近,但燃气中存在少量O₂会导致脱除率明显下降。并且,提高放电能量密度,使用高介电常数、高比表面积及孔容积的填充物能提高苯脱除率。采用传统还原和等离子体还原两种方式分别制得Ni/γ-Al₂O₃（C）、Ni/γ-Al₂O₃（P）催化剂,以Ni/γ-Al₂O₃（C）为DBD填充物,反应温度在230-330 ℃时,苯脱除率随温度升高而下降,330 ℃时达到最低脱除率11.6%;温度高于330 ℃,苯脱除率随温度急剧上升且在430 ℃达到最大值85.4%。等离子体还原可制得大比表面积及高分散性的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃（P）,其苯脱除率随温度变化的趋势与Ni/γ-Al₂O₃（C）一致,但在430 ℃时达到更高的脱除率90.0%。苯脱除过程中燃气的甲烷化可提高出口燃气中CH₄浓度,但燃气的热值略有下降。     

18O8+离子辐照胸腺嘧啶N2O饱和水溶液产物的分析

利用UV、HPLC、GC、GC-MS、GC-FT-IR等分析仪器对中能18O8+离子辐照胸腺嘧啶N20饱和水溶液进行了分析,对羟基加成产物、二聚体等十几种产物进行了鉴别,计算了各种产物的G值,对重离子辐照与γ射线辐照的结果进行了比较,最后对重离子作用机制进行了探讨.     

A Simple Gas Chfkmakgrwh Sample Introduction System

Abstract

In the course of investigating the effects of gm radiation on saw solid metal organic complexes it was decided to observe these effects by the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the gaseous irradiation products utilizing gas chromatography. This approach required the development of a system for the quantitative transfer of these gaseous products from sealed glass irradiation vessels into the gas chromatograph.     

Influence of the Feed Gas Composition on the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in Commercial Operations

Key technical challenges relating to the Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)synthesis applied in the commer- cialization of coal/gas-to-liquids(CTL/GTL)technolo- gies have been reviewed.Based on the experiences ac- cumulated from pilot plant,semi-work test and lab re- searches,the influences of the H_2/CO ratio and the CO_2 in the feed gas on the F-T process as well as on CTL/GTL complex in terms of product yields,energy efficiency and carbon utilization efficiency have been studied.Being contrary to the current design schemes for F-T process using the coat derived syngas and the iron-based cata- lyst,it is suggested to feed the F-T synthesis unit with a syngas having a H_2/CO ratio of 0.5 and then adjusting to 1.4 via the recycling process.As a result,the carbon efficiency of the whole plant could be reached to as high as 50%.For the issue of CO_2 addition to the feed gas, it is proved that only a diluting role is played under the current commercial slurry phase F-T process.     

The Process Analysis of the Synthesis of Cyclohexyl Methyl Dichlorosilane by Gas Chromatograph

For the preparation of the cyclohexyl methyl dichlorosilane(CMD),it has been reported by Speier⑴ that the mixture of cyclohexene is sealed in a glass ampule and heated in boiling water. Endo disclosed a method in which the hydrosilylation is at 70℃ under irradiation. The present paper proposes a method for preparation of CMD under normal condition without high pressure and irradiation. The restriction on the manufacture facilities and apparatuses can be relieved and productivity can be remarkably enhanced, which permit the decrease of a manufactory cost. In order to improve the working efficiency and investigate the mechanism of the reaction, process analysis is employed based on gas chromatograph with valuable results obtained.     

Optimized sample preparation for isotopic analyses of CO2 in air: systematic study of precision and accuracy dependence on driving variables during CO2 purification process

A systematic analysis of efficiency, reproducibility and accuracy of cryogenic purification of CO(2) from air samples for isotopic analyses is presented. The technical characteristics of the cryogenic line are given in detail. To study the cryogenic process, three different operating parameters are considered: flow rate of the gas entering the line, pressure of the gas in the line, and CO(2)-trap shape. Experimental results demonstrate that efficiency, reproducibility and accuracy strongly depend on the CO(2)trap shape. Moreover, a dependence of reproducibility and accuracy on the flow rate of the gas is found, but not on its pressure. High precision (< or =0.02 per thousand for delta(13)C and < or =0.05 per thousand for delta(18)O) and good accuracy (<0.09 per thousand for delta(13)C and <0.14 per thousand for delta(18)O) is achieved after applying the N(2)O correction.     

Study on methanol reforming–inorganic membrane reactors combined with water–gas shift reaction and relationship between membrane performance and methanol conversion

When a methanol reforming–membrane reactor is employed as a hydrogen generator for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), three important aims should be simultaneously achieved in one process, which are methanol conversion improvement, high hydrogen recovery, and high CO removal efficiency. To achieve the aims, we investigated five different configurations of a membrane reactor (a methanol reforming–microporous membrane (MMi) reactor, methanol reforming–mesoporous membrane (MMe) reactor, methanol reforming–mesoporous membrane–water–gas shift (MMeW) reactor, methanol reforming–macroporous membrane (MMa) reactor and methanol reforming–macroporous membrane–water–gas shift (MMaW) reactor). As a result, the MMi reactor was not suitable for a hydrogen carrier of PEMFC due to low hydrogen recovery. The MMe and MMa reactor showed low CO removal efficiency due to low permselectivity of the mesoporous and macroporous membrane. In contrast, the MMeW and MMaW reactor gave simultaneously methanol conversion improvement, high hydrogen recovery, and high CO removal efficiency in one process. The low CO removal efficiency due to low permselectivity of the mesoporous and macroporous membrane was significantly enhanced by the water–gas shift reaction in the permeate side of the MMeW and MMaW reactor. In addition, based on the reaction results in the MMi, MMe and MMa reactor, it was confirmed that methanol conversion in a membrane reactor system is higher as a membrane used in a membrane reactor has higher total permeance difference (∑permeance of products − ∑permeance of reactants).     

Highly selective ethylbenzene production through alkylation of dilute ethylene with gas phase-liquid phase benzene and transalkylation feed

A novel industrial process was designed for the highly selective production of ethylbenzene.It comprised of a reactor vessel,vapor phase ethylene feed stream,benzene and transalkylation feed stream.Especially the product stream containing ethylbenzene was used to heat the reactor vessel,which consisted of an alkylation section,an upper heat exchange section,and a bottom heat exchange section.In such a novel reactor,vapor phase benzene and liquid phase benzene were coexisted due to the heat produced by isothermal reaction between the upper heat exchange section and the bottom heat exchange section.The process was demonstrated by the thermodynamic analysis and experimental results.In fact,during the 1010 hour-life-test of gas phase ethene with gas phase-liquid phase benzene alkylation reaction,the ethene conversion was above 95%,and the ethylbenzene selectivity was above 83% (only benzene feed) and even higher than 99% (benzene plus transalkylation feed).At the same time,the xylene content in the ethylbenzene was less than 100 ppm when the reaction was carried out under the reaction conditions of 140-185℃ of temperature,1.6-2.1 MPa of pressure,3.0-5.5 of benzene/ethylene mole ratio,4-6 v% of transalkylation feed/(benzene+transalkylation feed),0.19-0.27 h-1 of ethene space velocity,and 1000 g of 3998 catalyst loaded.Thus,compared with the conventional ethylbenzene synthesis route,the transalkylation reactor could be omitted in this novel Industrial process.     

The double window for electron beam injection into the flue gas process vessel

The double window configuration for electron beam injection into the flue gas treatment process vessel applied in Polish Pilot Plant was described. The effectiveness of such a system was discussed and flue gas dosimetry results were presented. Approximately 64% of total beam power with initial electron energy 0.7 MeV was delivered into the gas phase due to the losses in double window (two 50 μm titanium foils and 70 mm air gap between them) and process vessel definite diameter 1.6 m.     

甲基环己基二氯硅烷合成工艺的研究

研究了在常压和无光照的情况下由环己烯和甲基二氯硅烷合成甲基环己基二氯硅烷的工艺，着重研究了合适的催化剂和助催化剂对氢硅加成反应的影响，并就反应液温度和反应时问对反应产物的影响进行色谱跟踪，研究显示反应过程可由反应液温度或反应时间来控制。该过程生产设备简单、操作简便、收率高。     

Behavior of Mercury Vapor Upon Irradiation by a Mercury Lamp in an Inert Gas

Abstract

The behavior of mercury vapor during irradiation by a mercury lamp is investigated. Using the flameless atomic absorption technique for mercury determination, it was found that when mercury vapor in an inert gas is irradiated by a mercury lamp, the atomic absorption signal of mercury is decreased rapidly and the signal may be restored by heating to 70°C. These phenomena indicate that the irradiation products of mercury vapor in the quartz tube are deposited on the tube, and are dissociated into the mono-atomic state of mercury upon heating.     

Optimization of energy consumption for NOx removal in multistage gas irradiation process

Previously reported results of the tests performed on industrial pilot plant for EB flue gas treatment has proved the theoretical assumption that multistage gas irradiation leads to power consumption savings in comparison with single gas irradiation process. In this paper the results of theoretical and experimental studies are presented concerning optimization of the ratio of dose distribution between the particular stages. Nonuniform dose distribution causes further decrease in power consumption for NO_x removal.     

Microwave-assisted one-pot synthesis of substituted tetrahydrocarbazole and 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7H-pyrido[a]carbazoles

One-pot synthesis of one-substituted tetrahydrocarbazole and 4-substituted 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7H-pyrido[a]carbazoles from substituted quinolinylhydrazines and cyclohexanone in acetic acid was performed by microwave irradiation in a controlled temperature with simultaneous cooling system in closed vessel. The optimization procedures of process variables, power, temperature, and irradiation time are reported in detail, and the results from microwave processes are compared with conventional ones.